(八)動詞
1.動詞的概念及種類 動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，按在句中的功用分為以下四種：
類別 用法及意戶 例詞 例句與說明
實
義
動
詞 及物動詞（vt.） 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 like, enjoy,
watch, want She likes watching TV.
Do you enjoy listening to music?
不及物動詞(vi.) 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 rise, come, arrive, happen That story happened last year.
When did Tom arrive?
連系動詞 本身有詞義，但須與表語一起構成謂語 表示“是”，“仍是” be, stay, remain She remains a teacher.
表“變得” become, get, grow, fall, go,turn It’s getting warm.
表“聽/看/聞/摸/嘗 起來” sound / look / smell / feel / taste That sounds a good idea.
It tastes delicious.
表“似乎”,“好象” seem,appear He seems all right.
助動詞 本身無意義不單獨作謂語 謂語動詞是單獨的行為動詞，在一般現(xiàn)在時/過去時的句中幫助構成否定或疑問 Do, Does, Did(位于句首構成一般問句) Does he speak English?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
He doesn’t speak English.
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于謂語動詞前來表否定) Jane didn’t go to school yesterday.
與doing連用構成進行時 be (not) doing She is doing her homework now.
與done連用構成被動語態(tài) be done The tree was planed last year.
與done連用構成完成時 have / has / had done She has gone back.
后接動詞原形構成將來時 will/ shall do I shall do it.
情態(tài)動詞 本身有意義，但不能單獨作謂語，與主要動詞原形一起表示說話人的語氣，情態(tài)，沒有人稱、數(shù)的變化。 表“能夠” can/could(沒其他形式)
be able to(有各種時態(tài)與形式) Jane could swim when she was six.
I’ll be able to speak French next year.
表“許可” may(較正式)
can(口語) You may smoke here.
“can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以
表“請求許可” can/could(用于一、二人稱)
may/might(用于第一人稱) Can you help me?
May I help you?=Can I help you?
表“可能” can/could
may/might(不用于問句) “can’t”只用于否定
“may not / might not”不可能
表“必須” must
have to(可有各種時態(tài)) “mustn’t”意為“不可以”，表禁止
“don’t/doesn’t have to”意為“不必”
表“應該” should,ought to有義務
be supposed to shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不應該
are not supposed to不應該
表“一定” must Tom must be late.
表“需要” need 作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句，疑問句或條件從句
作行為動詞時，常用于肯定句
表“敢”
表“請求指示” dare
shall I / we / he…？ —“Shall I open the door”?
—“Sure,please.”
Where shall we meet?
表“向對方提出請求” Will / Would you please? —“Will you please open the door?”
—“Sure.”
詢問對方的意思 Would you like to…? —“Would you like to try one more.”
—“No,thank you.”
表說話人的意愿 shall You shall be back at ten。
“命令、允諾、強制”等，用于二、三人稱 He shall obey the rules.
表“意愿”，用于各人稱 will/would I will answer the phone.
表“過去常常習慣于” used to 過去曾有的動作/狀態(tài)；過去的習慣，此時相當于would；表次數(shù)時不用。
would 表過去動作的重復，有明確的時間狀語；表過去的次數(shù)時不用。
表“祝愿” may May you succeed.
2．動詞的基本形式及變化規(guī)則如下表：
情況/形式 原形 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去式 過去分詞
一般情況 talk 加-ing
talking 加-ed
talked 加-ed
talked
以e結尾 remove 去e加-ing
removing 加-d
removed 加-d
removed
以輔音字母加-y結尾 carry 加-ing
carrying 改y為i加-ed
carried 改y為i再加-ed
carried
以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞 stop 雙寫結尾輔音字母加-ing
stopping
雙寫結尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped 雙寫結尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped
以s,x,sh,ch[tF]結尾的詞 watch 加-ing
watching 加-ed
watched 加-ed
watched
以ie結尾的詞 tie 改ie為y再加-ing
tying 加-d
tied 加-d
3．動詞的時態(tài)
時
態(tài) 基本用法 常與之連用的時間狀語 例句
一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài) 習慣性或常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.
sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc He reads French every morning.
表能力，性格，特征等 Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述 The moon turns round the earth.
劇本、圖、文的解說 The scene changes back to the park.
按時刻表，計劃決定好了的事 The train leaves at 8:00.
在“時間，條件，方式，讓步狀語從句”中表“將來”動作 I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般過去時態(tài) 具體的過去時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) ...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. Mary was here a moment ago.
過去常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，特征 He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虛擬語氣”中表“現(xiàn)在/將來”的情況 He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用語中表“現(xiàn)在/將來”,常與“could/would”連用在“時間，條件，讓步”等狀語從句中表“過去將來” I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般將來時態(tài) shall(’ll)用于第一人稱will(’ll)用于各人稱，表示“將會”“意愿” tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即將發(fā)生，打算做” It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“計劃，安排” He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即將就要發(fā)生/做” She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表計劃決定，要求，命令，傳達命令指示等” You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
過去將來時態(tài) “should+v.原/would+v.原”表過去預計將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)”。常用于從句或引語中 常用于狀語從句、名詞性從句或間接引語中。 She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“過去即將發(fā)生或打算要做” She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“過去的計劃，安排” I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“過去即將，就要” I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“過去的計劃決定，要求命令等” He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài) 說話時正進行的動作 now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time He is playing basketball now.
現(xiàn)階段正進行的動作 I’m writing a book these days.
表“計劃安排好的將來動作” She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反復經(jīng)?！钡膭幼?，常與always等連用，有責備，高興等較濃的感情色彩。 They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表進行。 Here comes the bus.
過去進行時態(tài) 過去某一時刻正進行的動作 this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment?
過去某一階段正進行的動作 Last year we were building the library.
在過去看來即將發(fā)生的動作 He wondered whether she was leaving.
現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) 過去開始的動作/狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 since+時間點/…ago/從句；for+時段；in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet I have lived here for six years.
在現(xiàn)在為止一個動作狀態(tài)已多次發(fā)生 I’ve seen the film four times.
到現(xiàn)在為止時的一動作狀態(tài)經(jīng)歷 I’ve never been to America.
過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在還有影響 He has just come back.
4．動詞的語態(tài):
動詞的語態(tài)有主動語態(tài)（主語是動作的發(fā)出者）和被動語態(tài)（主語是動作的承受者）。被動語態(tài)由be/get(助動詞)+過去分詞構成，be/get體現(xiàn)時態(tài)變化。主動變被動時，時態(tài)保持不變；動作的執(zhí)行者由“by短語”表示；get+過去分詞側重動作的效果，通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用，其一般現(xiàn)在時/一般過去時變否定式，疑問時要借助助動詞。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
（1）不及物動詞一般沒有被動語態(tài)。
The sun sets in the west.
易錯的常見的不用被動語態(tài)的不及物動詞有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
（2）主動句帶雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的句子，可將“間接賓語”或“直接賓語”變成被動語態(tài)的主語，還有一個賓語叫保留賓語。一般將“間接賓語”變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z。當變直接賓語為被動句的主語時，要在保留賓語（間接賓語）前加一個介詞to（給，表方向）或for（替）。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
（3）主動句帶有復合賓語時，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞之后，改稱為“主語補足語”即主補。當賓補是不帶to的不定式時，被動句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
（4）含有“動-介/動-副/動-副-介”等短語動詞的句子，變成被動語態(tài)時，要把這些短語看成一個整體（相當于一個動詞），不能漏掉任何詞。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
（5）含有“動-名-介”型短語動詞的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，也可將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
（6）被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別：
被動語態(tài)，表“動作”，用相應的時態(tài)，時態(tài)變化比較豐富。
系表結構，表“性質(zhì)”，常用一般時態(tài)。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
1.動詞的概念及種類 動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，按在句中的功用分為以下四種：
類別 用法及意戶 例詞 例句與說明
實
義
動
詞 及物動詞（vt.） 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 like, enjoy,
watch, want She likes watching TV.
Do you enjoy listening to music?
不及物動詞(vi.) 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 rise, come, arrive, happen That story happened last year.
When did Tom arrive?
連系動詞 本身有詞義，但須與表語一起構成謂語 表示“是”，“仍是” be, stay, remain She remains a teacher.
表“變得” become, get, grow, fall, go,turn It’s getting warm.
表“聽/看/聞/摸/嘗 起來” sound / look / smell / feel / taste That sounds a good idea.
It tastes delicious.
表“似乎”,“好象” seem,appear He seems all right.
助動詞 本身無意義不單獨作謂語 謂語動詞是單獨的行為動詞，在一般現(xiàn)在時/過去時的句中幫助構成否定或疑問 Do, Does, Did(位于句首構成一般問句) Does he speak English?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
He doesn’t speak English.
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于謂語動詞前來表否定) Jane didn’t go to school yesterday.
與doing連用構成進行時 be (not) doing She is doing her homework now.
與done連用構成被動語態(tài) be done The tree was planed last year.
與done連用構成完成時 have / has / had done She has gone back.
后接動詞原形構成將來時 will/ shall do I shall do it.
情態(tài)動詞 本身有意義，但不能單獨作謂語，與主要動詞原形一起表示說話人的語氣，情態(tài)，沒有人稱、數(shù)的變化。 表“能夠” can/could(沒其他形式)
be able to(有各種時態(tài)與形式) Jane could swim when she was six.
I’ll be able to speak French next year.
表“許可” may(較正式)
can(口語) You may smoke here.
“can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以
表“請求許可” can/could(用于一、二人稱)
may/might(用于第一人稱) Can you help me?
May I help you?=Can I help you?
表“可能” can/could
may/might(不用于問句) “can’t”只用于否定
“may not / might not”不可能
表“必須” must
have to(可有各種時態(tài)) “mustn’t”意為“不可以”，表禁止
“don’t/doesn’t have to”意為“不必”
表“應該” should,ought to有義務
be supposed to shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不應該
are not supposed to不應該
表“一定” must Tom must be late.
表“需要” need 作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句，疑問句或條件從句
作行為動詞時，常用于肯定句
表“敢”
表“請求指示” dare
shall I / we / he…？ —“Shall I open the door”?
—“Sure,please.”
Where shall we meet?
表“向對方提出請求” Will / Would you please? —“Will you please open the door?”
—“Sure.”
詢問對方的意思 Would you like to…? —“Would you like to try one more.”
—“No,thank you.”
表說話人的意愿 shall You shall be back at ten。
“命令、允諾、強制”等，用于二、三人稱 He shall obey the rules.
表“意愿”，用于各人稱 will/would I will answer the phone.
表“過去常常習慣于” used to 過去曾有的動作/狀態(tài)；過去的習慣，此時相當于would；表次數(shù)時不用。
would 表過去動作的重復，有明確的時間狀語；表過去的次數(shù)時不用。
表“祝愿” may May you succeed.
2．動詞的基本形式及變化規(guī)則如下表：
情況/形式 原形 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去式 過去分詞
一般情況 talk 加-ing
talking 加-ed
talked 加-ed
talked
以e結尾 remove 去e加-ing
removing 加-d
removed 加-d
removed
以輔音字母加-y結尾 carry 加-ing
carrying 改y為i加-ed
carried 改y為i再加-ed
carried
以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞 stop 雙寫結尾輔音字母加-ing
stopping
雙寫結尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped 雙寫結尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped
以s,x,sh,ch[tF]結尾的詞 watch 加-ing
watching 加-ed
watched 加-ed
watched
以ie結尾的詞 tie 改ie為y再加-ing
tying 加-d
tied 加-d
3．動詞的時態(tài)
時
態(tài) 基本用法 常與之連用的時間狀語 例句
一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài) 習慣性或常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.
sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc He reads French every morning.
表能力，性格，特征等 Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述 The moon turns round the earth.
劇本、圖、文的解說 The scene changes back to the park.
按時刻表，計劃決定好了的事 The train leaves at 8:00.
在“時間，條件，方式，讓步狀語從句”中表“將來”動作 I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般過去時態(tài) 具體的過去時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) ...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. Mary was here a moment ago.
過去常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，特征 He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虛擬語氣”中表“現(xiàn)在/將來”的情況 He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用語中表“現(xiàn)在/將來”,常與“could/would”連用在“時間，條件，讓步”等狀語從句中表“過去將來” I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般將來時態(tài) shall(’ll)用于第一人稱will(’ll)用于各人稱，表示“將會”“意愿” tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即將發(fā)生，打算做” It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“計劃，安排” He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即將就要發(fā)生/做” She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表計劃決定，要求，命令，傳達命令指示等” You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
過去將來時態(tài) “should+v.原/would+v.原”表過去預計將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)”。常用于從句或引語中 常用于狀語從句、名詞性從句或間接引語中。 She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“過去即將發(fā)生或打算要做” She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“過去的計劃，安排” I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“過去即將，就要” I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“過去的計劃決定，要求命令等” He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài) 說話時正進行的動作 now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time He is playing basketball now.
現(xiàn)階段正進行的動作 I’m writing a book these days.
表“計劃安排好的將來動作” She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反復經(jīng)?！钡膭幼?，常與always等連用，有責備，高興等較濃的感情色彩。 They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表進行。 Here comes the bus.
過去進行時態(tài) 過去某一時刻正進行的動作 this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment?
過去某一階段正進行的動作 Last year we were building the library.
在過去看來即將發(fā)生的動作 He wondered whether she was leaving.
現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) 過去開始的動作/狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 since+時間點/…ago/從句；for+時段；in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet I have lived here for six years.
在現(xiàn)在為止一個動作狀態(tài)已多次發(fā)生 I’ve seen the film four times.
到現(xiàn)在為止時的一動作狀態(tài)經(jīng)歷 I’ve never been to America.
過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在還有影響 He has just come back.
4．動詞的語態(tài):
動詞的語態(tài)有主動語態(tài)（主語是動作的發(fā)出者）和被動語態(tài)（主語是動作的承受者）。被動語態(tài)由be/get(助動詞)+過去分詞構成，be/get體現(xiàn)時態(tài)變化。主動變被動時，時態(tài)保持不變；動作的執(zhí)行者由“by短語”表示；get+過去分詞側重動作的效果，通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用，其一般現(xiàn)在時/一般過去時變否定式，疑問時要借助助動詞。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
（1）不及物動詞一般沒有被動語態(tài)。
The sun sets in the west.
易錯的常見的不用被動語態(tài)的不及物動詞有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
（2）主動句帶雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的句子，可將“間接賓語”或“直接賓語”變成被動語態(tài)的主語，還有一個賓語叫保留賓語。一般將“間接賓語”變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z。當變直接賓語為被動句的主語時，要在保留賓語（間接賓語）前加一個介詞to（給，表方向）或for（替）。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
（3）主動句帶有復合賓語時，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞之后，改稱為“主語補足語”即主補。當賓補是不帶to的不定式時，被動句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
（4）含有“動-介/動-副/動-副-介”等短語動詞的句子，變成被動語態(tài)時，要把這些短語看成一個整體（相當于一個動詞），不能漏掉任何詞。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
（5）含有“動-名-介”型短語動詞的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，也可將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
（6）被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別：
被動語態(tài)，表“動作”，用相應的時態(tài)，時態(tài)變化比較豐富。
系表結構，表“性質(zhì)”，常用一般時態(tài)。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.