Text A Animals at Risk：Who Cares？
本課主要單詞
1.Species n.（單復數(shù)同形）種，類
1）There are more than 250 species of shark in the world.（世界上有250多種鯊魚。）
2）Darwin wrote “The Origin of Species.” （達爾文寫了《物種起源》。）
3）She feels a species of nervousness.（她有一種緊張的感覺。）
2.Extinct adj. dead， wiped out， no longer existing（火熄滅了；消亡了的；滅絕了的）
extinction n.
1）Please make sure that the fire is extinct before you leave.（在你離開前，請確保爐火已滅。）
2）All hope was extinct.（所有的希望都落空了。）
3）This species will be extinct in a few decades.（幾十年后這個物種將會滅絕。）
4）Pandas are in danger of extinction.（大熊貓正面臨滅絕的危險。）
5）The sudden extinction of lights in the room frightened the children.（室內(nèi)燈光突然熄滅把孩子們嚇壞了。）
請指出下面句子中的錯誤：
The total extinction of this species is inevitable.
句子中的total應去掉，因為extinction已包含“所有”的意思，再用total就多余子。
3.Pace n. 步速；速度；節(jié)奏；步 v. 踱步；用步量
1）The tree is ten paces from the house.（樹與房屋相距十步。）
2）He quickened his pace when he found he was lagging behind.（發(fā)現(xiàn)自己落了后他便加快了步伐。）
3）They had to slow down the pace of new product development because of lack of fund.（由于缺少資金他們不得不放慢新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的速度。）
4）The pace he set was too fast for the others.（他定的步速對其他人來說太快了。）
5）He is trying hard to keep pace with his classmates.（他正努力跟上他的同學。）
6）Many people complain of the rapid pace of modern life.（許多人抱怨現(xiàn)代生活節(jié)奏太快。）
7）He paced slowly around the room.（他慢悠地在房間里踱著步。）
8）He paced out the distance between the two trees.（他用步子測出兩棵樹之間的距離。）
At a snail's pace（非常緩慢地）
At one's own pace（以輕松自在的速度）
Set the pace（定步速，起帶頭作用）
Pace car（賽車開始時在跑道上領駛一圈但本身不參賽的領駛車）
Pacemaker（領跑人；帶頭人；起博器）
4.Compete v. 競爭，比賽
competition n. 競爭，比賽
competitive adj. 競爭的
1）He would compete with three others for a trip to Korea……（他將和另三個人競爭以得到去韓國旅游的機會。）
2）I am going to compete in two items——100 meter dash and broad jump.（我將參加兩個項目的比賽：100米短跑和跳遠。）
3）Young people should be prepared for the fierce competition in the future job market.（年輕人應為今后就業(yè)市場的激烈競爭做好準備。）
4）There is a lot of competition for this job.（有許多人爭奪這工作。）
5）He is no competition for Mike.（他不是邁克的對手。）
6）He doesn't like competitive sports.（他不喜歡競技性體育項目。）
7）How can we adapt ourselves to the highly competitive society？（我們怎樣才能適應這個高度競爭的社會？）
8）He holds that women are not as competitive as men.（他認為女性不像男性那樣有競爭力。）
5.Likelihood n. 可能性；有希望的事
likely adj. 有可能的；可信的；恰當?shù)?BR> 1）Is there any likelihood of his coming？（他有可能來嗎？）
2）There is every likelihood that the performance will be a success.（演出極有可能獲得成功。）
3）In all likelihood it will be a sunny day to morrow.（十之八九，明天是個大晴天。）
4）It is likely that they will agree with us.（他有可能會同意我們的意見。）
5）He is not likely to be elected.（他不可能當選。）
6）Her story doesn't sound likely.（她的說法不太可信。）
7）They are looking out for a likely place to build the school.（他們正在找尋建這所學校的合適地點。）
6.Clearance n. 清除，清理；余地
clear v. 清除；越過；不觸及地通過
-ance是一個名詞后綴，用在動詞后面可構成名詞。如：
appearance（出現(xiàn)，外表），endurance（忍受），utterance（發(fā)言，發(fā)聲），attendance（出席，侍候）等等。
1）The clearance of the old furniture made the room more spacious.（清理了舊家俱，屋里更寬敞了。）
2）He was responsible for the clearance of the theatre when the fire broke out.（著火時，由他負責出清劇院的觀眾。）
3）The bridge has a clearance of three metres above water.（該橋橋下凈空有3米。）
4）Clearance sale（清倉削價銷售）
Take-off clearance（起飛許可）
Foreign exchange clearance（國際匯兌清算）
Clearance order（清拆命令）
5）He is clearing the table.（他正在收拾桌子。）
6）The athlete cleared the bar easily.（那位運動員輕松越過橫桿。）
7）The truck cleared the tunnel.（卡車通過了隧道。）
7.Vegetation n.（總稱）植物，植被
vegetate. v.（植物）生長
vegetable n. 蔬菜的；植物的
1）He was amazed by the colorful vegetation of the tropical forest.（熱帶森林中奇異多彩的植物令他驚奇。）
2）It is essential that the vegetation of this area should be preserved.（保護這一地區(qū)的植被是很必要的。）
3）He had some green vegetables for dinner.（他晚餐吃了些蔬菜。）
4）The vegetables in the garden vegetate vigorously.（園子里的植物在茁壯成長。）
8.Ignore v. 不顧，不理，忽視
ignorance n. 無知
ignorant adj. 無知的
1）He was fined for ignoring a red light.（他因為闖紅燈而被罰款。）
2）The teacher ignored the question raised by one of the students.（那位老師對學生提出的問題沒加理會。）
3）Some species become extinct because of people's ignorance.（有些物種由于人們的無和而滅絕。）
4）Ignorance of this law is no excuse if you break the law.（不懂法不能作為違法的借口。）
5）They demanded to know why they had been kept in ignorance of the truth.（他們要求知道不讓他們了解除事情的真相的原因。）
6）He was kept ignorant of the fact that his son failed the exam.（他對兒子考試不及格這件事一無所知。）
7）I am ignorant about /of what has happened.（對所發(fā)生的事情我全然不知。）
9.Threat n. 威脅；兇兆
threaten v. 威脅
1）The survival of civilization is under threat.（人類文明的生存在受到威脅。）
2）This might be a threat to national security.（這可能對國家安全構成威脅。）
3）The boy threatened that he would leave home if his parents beat again.（那男孩威脅說如果父母再揍他，他就離家出走。）
4）They were threatened with starvation when flood drowned their village.（洪水淹沒他們村子時他們受到了饑餓的威脅。）
10.Ornament n. 裝飾；裝飾品 v. 裝飾，美化
1）They bought a lot of ornaments and hung them on the Christmas tree.（他們買了許多裝飾品并把它們掛在圣誕樹上。）
2）She wouldn't buy it as it is more for ornament than for use.（她不原意買那個東西，因為它主要供裝飾而不實用。）
3）They ornament the hall with oil paintings.（他們用油畫裝點大廳。）
4）They found themselves entering a manificently ornamented house.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己進入了一座裝飾華美的屋子。）
11.Tourist n. 旅游者，觀光者 adj. 游覽的
tourism n. 旅游業(yè)
tour n. 旅行；參觀
v. 旅行；參觀
1）She showed a group of tourists round the museum.（如領著一群游客參觀博物館。）
2）The Great wall is one of the chief tourist attractions in Beijing.（長城是北京的主要旅游點之一。）
3）Tourism is a big industry in this country.（旅游業(yè)在這個國家是一個龐大的行業(yè)。）
4）His dream is to make a round-the-world tour.（他的夢想是作環(huán)球旅行。）
5）We are going to tour north-west China this summer.（今夏我們打算游歷中國西北地區(qū)。）
6）He toured music halls in Germany.（他在德國的音樂廳作巡回演出。）
12.Variation n. 變化
variable adj. 易變的
vary v. 變化
1）He always told us the same story with no variations.（他總是給我們講那個沒有任何變化的故事。）
2）Weather conditions may cause variations in blood pressure.（天氣狀況可能引起血壓的變化。）
3）The variable weather gave us a lot of trouble.（多變的天氣給我們帶來不少麻煩。）
4）He is hard to get along with as he has a variable temper.（他的脾氣反復無常很難相處。）
5）Opinions vary on this point.（對這一點看法各異。）
6）He doesn't want to vary his habit.（他不想改變自己的習慣。）
12.Trophy n. 戰(zhàn)利品；獎品
1）He was going to hang the horns of the antler on the wall as a trophy.（他將把鹿角掛在墻上作為紀念品。）
2）She got a gold trophy for badminton.（她獲得了羽毛球比賽的金杯。）
13.Magnificent adj. 壯麗的，宏偉的；極美的
1）The king lived in this magnificent palace.（國王住在這座宏偉的宮殿里。）
2）The magnificent scenery dazzled the tourists.（壯麗的景色使游客的眼花繚亂。）
3）Their magnificent performance gripped the audience.（他們動人的表演牢牢地抓住了觀眾。）
14.Survive v. 幸存；比活得長
survival n. 幸存
survivor n. 幸存者
1）Eight people survived the fire.（八人在大火中幸免于死。）
2）The old woman survived her husband by 10 years.（那位老婦人比她丈夫多活十年。）
3）Survival was unlikely since the river water was so deep and cold.（河水既深又冷清活無望。）
4）He was the only survivor of the massacre.（他是*的幸存者。）
15.Seal n. 海豹；印章 v. 封口
1）Many Canadian seals wore killed to reduce the numbers to help the species to survive.
（大量的加拿大海豹被獵殺是為了減它們的數(shù)量使該物種幸存下來。）
2）The document bore an official seal.（這件上蓋有官方大印。）
3）She sealed the envelope and put it in the postbox.（她封上信封后把信放入郵筒。）
16.By-product n. 副產(chǎn)品
by-是一個前綴，表示“次要的”，“附帶的”，如：by-channel（支渠），by-effect（副作用），by-lane（小巷）；by-line（副業(yè)），by-work（第二職業(yè)）；by-road（小路）等等。
17.Conservation n. 保存；保護
conserve v. save， preserve（保存，保護）
1）People are paying more and more attention to the conservation of wildlife.（人們越來越重視野生動物的保護。）
2）Conservation of water is of great importance.（節(jié)約用水非常重要。）
3）He leaned against the tree quietly to conserve strength.（他靜靜地靠在樹上以節(jié)省體力。）
4） It is known to all that we should conserve natural resources.（眾所周知，我們應該保護自然資源。）
18.Reserve v. 保留；預計 n. 保留；儲備物
1）These seats are reserved for special quests.（這些座位是保留給特別的客人的。）
2）We will reserve the plane ticket for you until tomorrow afternoon.（機票給你保留到明天下午。）
3）I reserve the right to respond later.（我保留稍后作出回應的權利。）
4）He reserved two tickets for tomorrows show.（他定了兩張明天的演出票。）
5）A bright future is reserved for you.（光明的前程正等待著你。）
6）During the war， she always kept a reserve of tinned food in the house.（戰(zhàn)爭期間，她總是在家里儲備聽裝食品。）
7）Many animals use their fat reserves in their body to pull through the winter.（許多動物用體內(nèi)儲備的指肪熬過冬天。）
8）The bank's cash reserves couldn’t meet the demand.（這家銀行的現(xiàn)金儲備滿足不了需要。）
19.Breed v. 繁殖；飼養(yǎng)；養(yǎng)育 n. 品種，種類
1）Some animals will not breed when caged.（有些動物關在籠內(nèi)就不產(chǎn)仔。）
2）He was bred to be a gentleman.（他被作為紳士養(yǎng)育成人。）
3）They are of the same breed.（他們是同一類人。）
4）They raise many breeds of dog.（他們養(yǎng)著許多不同種的狗。）
20.Provided conj. if （假如，若是）
1）We will be there before 10， provided we don't waste time.（如果我們不浪費時間，我們就能在10點之前到那兒。）
2）We will go provided that the weather is fine.（假如天晴，我們就去。）
3）Provided that no objection is raised， we will set back the program.（如果沒人反對，我們就把這個項目推遲。）
請注意：provided不是過去分詞，而是連詞，作“假如，只要”解，在口語中常用providing. Provided that與if的不同在于：provided that所表示的“如果”，含有希望該條件實現(xiàn)的含義。
21.Determination n. 決心，決定；結(jié)論
determine v. 決定，決定
1）He is a man of determination.（他是一個有決斷力的人。）
2）This strengthened his determination not to give in.（這更堅定了他不屈服的決心。）
3）The doctor's determination was made after the blood test.（醫(yī)生的結(jié)論是在驗血之后作出的。）
4）We haven't determined a date for the meeting.（我們還沒有確定會議的日期。）
5）He determined to study harder.（他決心更努力地學習。）
6）They are determined to carry out the plan.（他們決心實施這一計劃。）
22.Clash n. 沖突 v. 發(fā)生沖突
1）Thousands of demonstrators clashed with the police.（數(shù)千名*者與警察發(fā)生了沖突。）
2）They wanted to visit both places， but the dates clashed.（他們兩個地方都想去，但日程有沖突。）
3）They got into a verbal clash because of a misunderstanding.（由于誤解他們產(chǎn)生了口角。）
4）An armed clash is unavoidable.（武裝沖突不可避免。）
請注意區(qū)別crash，crush和clash.
Crash指因墜下或猛沖而砰地碰撞，如plane crash（墜機）；crush指壓碎，壓壞，如crush a plot（粉碎陰謀）；crush grapes（榨葡萄）
本課簡介
當一個物種的死亡率高于出生率時，久而久之這個物種就會滅絕。自生命產(chǎn)生起的數(shù)百萬年間，已有多個物種 滅絕。無法適應環(huán)境變化的生物，難以與適應性更好、更強壯的生物相抗衡的生物，其后的命運都將是消亡。在過去的幾十年中，人為地獵殺動物或是改變其生息 的自然環(huán)境已使得其些物種滅絕。如此事便不勝枚舉。亞馬遜地區(qū)自然環(huán)境的改變、植被的毀壞將使多個物種滅絕。盲目無度地獵殺動物使得北美的水牛幾近滅絕。
越來越多的人們開始關注野生動植物的保護。方法之一是將瀕臨滅絕的物種移進動物園和公園，使它們有可能繁衍足夠多的后代將來能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生動物保護區(qū)，使動物在自然環(huán)境中得到照顧。
本課語言點
1.An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death——rate.
本句中become是連系動物， extinct是形容詞，extinct 通常指動、植物的種滅絕，不再存在。句子中的it代指 （the） animal species.
fail to do sth. 意思是“沒能做到…”如：
1） He failed to realize his dream of flying round the world.（他沒能實現(xiàn)飛行世界的夢想。）
2） I failed to persuade him to give up smoking.（我沒能勸說他把煙戒掉。）
3） Don't fail to live up to what your parents expect of you.（別辜負父母對你的期望。）
4） Don't fail to wake me up.（不要忘記叫醒我。）
Keep pace with 是一個常用詞組，意思是“跟上”，如：
1）He was too old to keep pace with the modern ideas of life.（他年紀大了，跟不上現(xiàn)代生活觀念。）
2）Earnings have not kept pace with inflation.（收入還沒有與通貨膨脹的速度保持同步。）
2.We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species become extinct over the million of years since life began.
本句中的tell不是“告訴”的意思，而是“斷定”或“辨別”的意思。如：
1）Can you tell her from her twin sister？（你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎？）
2）Can you tell which is right？（你能斷定哪一人是對的嗎？）
that在句中引導賓主從句，做tell的賓語。
1）He had had a bad cold over Christmas.（他在圣誕節(jié)期間得了重傷風。）
2）They read a lot of books over the vacation.（假期里他們看了不少書。）
3.…… extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes， or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal.
that在句中引導定語從句，修飾animal.
specialize 通常指“專門研究，專門從事”，如：
1） He specializes in medicine. （他專攻醫(yī)科。）
2） This shop specializes in cooking utensils.（這家商店專門經(jīng)銷飲具。）
在本課文中specialize的意思是“專化，以特殊方式演化?！?BR> Animals and plants are specialized to fit their surroundings. （動植物是按照特殊方式演化以適應各自的環(huán)境的。）
too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如：
1） I was too disappointed to try again.（我太失望，不想再嘗試。）
2） He is too young to take care of himself.（他太年幼，照顧不了自己。）
compete with 意思是“與…競爭”，也可用compete against.
1）He didn't want to compete with others for this position.（他不想與別人競爭這個職位。）
2）Sometimes animals have to compete against each other for the chance to survive.（有時，動物為了生存不能相互競爭。）
better adapted意思是“適應得更好的”。better是副詞well 的比較級形式，adapted 是過去分詞做形容詞用。這類表達形式在英語中十分常見，如：well-known，poorly-dressed，better-prepared等等。
4.A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed……
a number of 意思是“許多”，如：
1）A number of proposals had been put forward at the meeting. （會上提出了許多建議。）
2）A number of students have passed the exam.（已有許多學生通過了考試。）
of在本句中的意思是關于，相當于about.如：
1） They were not told of this new policy. （關于此項政策，他們沒有被告知。）
2） They wanted to know every detail of what had happened.（對于已發(fā)生的事，他們想知道每一個細節(jié)。）
5.There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation.
Likelihood是一個名詞，意思是“可能”，相當于 possibility，that在本句中引導同位語從句，對 likelihood作進一步的補充說明。如：There is no doubt that he is a reliable person.（毫無疑問，他是一個可信賴的人。）
Clearance 在本句中的意思是“（植被）砍伐殆盡；清除。”
Clearances of vegetation will lead to the loss of water and soil.（砍伐植被會引起水土流失。）
6.The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting.
a case of 在本句中的意思是“一個例子，”相當于“an example of ” 如：
1） This is a case of students cheating on exams. （這就是學生作弊的一個例子。）
2） It is a typical case of misunderstanding.（這就是誤解的典解例子。）
在第九單元中我們已經(jīng)學過case這個詞，請注意掌握與case 有關的幾個短語：
in any case （無論如何，總之）
in case （假如；以免）
in the case of （就…來說，至于…）
in this case （既然是這樣）
through在句中的意思是“由于，因為”， 相當于because.
1） The mistakes were made through carelessness.（這些錯誤是由于粗心大意造成的。）
2） Many people are hard of hearing through old age.（許多人因年老而聽覺不靈。）
7.But even when the danger is widely publicized， the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.
publicize是個動詞，意思是“宣傳”，在第十七單元中我們已學過這個詞，－ize是一個動詞后綴，通常用在形容詞的后面構成動詞。
financial rewards 意思是“賞金”。reward 在本句中作名詞，有時也可作動詞用，如：
1） He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.（他給拾得他的寵物狗的人酬謝1000元。）
2） His efforts were rewarded by success.（他的努力獲得了成功。）
choose后面接不定式，表示“選定，愿意”，如：
1）He chose to stay there for another week. （他決意在那兒再住一周。）
2）I chose to say nothing about it.（我決意對那件事閉口不談。）
在名詞threat后面用介詞to，表示“對…的威脅”。如：
The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.（把植被砍伐殆盡對野生動物將是極大的威脅。）
8.And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.
out of 在本句中以及前一個幾句子中的意思是“出于”，如：
1）He was silent out of embarrassment.（他由于窘迫而沉默。）
2）She opened the mail out of curiosity. （她出于好奇打開了郵件。）
句子中前一個動詞不定式to reduce number…在句子中作定語，修飾名詞wish.如：
1） They failed in their attempt to land on the island.（他們在島上登陸的企圖失敗了。）
2） I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.（我對自己完成這項任務的能力沒有信心。）
句子中的第二個動詞不定式to help the species to survive做目的狀語，相當于so as to或in order to help the species…。如：
1）He worked harder （so as） to catch up with the others.（他更努力地學習以趕上別人。）
2）To achieve the aim， we must learn from others. （為了實現(xiàn)這個目標，我們必須向他人學習。）
9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose， and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“據(jù)說”。如：
He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.（據(jù)說他繼承了一大筆錢。）
for this purpose 意思是“為這個目的”。如：
1）They decided to have a talk for military purpose. （為了軍事目的，他們決定進行會談。）
2）For this purpose， I gave him all the necessary materials. （為了這個目的，我把所需的材料都給了他。）
請注意掌握與 purpose有關的一些短語：
on purpose （為了；故意地）
to the purpose （中肯的；合適的）
10.There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists， and that hunters don't kill them again！
本句中的第一個that引導的是一個同位語從句，對名詞chance做進一步解釋。
Provided在句中做介詞用，相當于if.如：
1）I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. （如果你說實話，我會給你錢。）
2）He will come to the party provided he has time.（如果有時間他會來參加聚會。）
在詞匯部分我們提到過，口語中常用providing替代provided.
11.But the parks are large， the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.
本句中，形容詞few和great的前面省去了be 動詞（few 前省去了are ，great 前省去了is），作者是要告訴讀者，公園太大，管理人太少，獵人們的決心太過堅定，因而野生動物的保護問題仍然難得解決。
12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
arm在本句中用作動詞，意思是“武裝，裝備”，be armed with意思是“以…裝備起來的”。
1） They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.（他們堅信自己會贏，因為他們有現(xiàn)代化的武器裝備。）
2） Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.（具備了秘書的技能，她會很容易地找到一份工作。）
13.… and tourism can add to the income of countries.
add to的意思是“增加”，如：
1）The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.（新建的廣場增加了這座城市的美觀。）
2）Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.（有你的陪同，我們這次訪問更加愉快了。）
3）I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. （希望我的到來不能增添你們的困難。）
本課主要詞組
1.keep pace with
2.compete with
3.because of
4.at such a rate
5.at surprising speed
6.a case of
7.choose to
8.lead to
9.such as
10.out of existence
11.out of fear
12.be claimed to
13.for this purpose
14.be concerned about
15.under threat of
16.be armed with
17.add to
18.look after
19.in a different form
Text B The Killer Smogs
短語表達
1.be filled with
Her eyes were filled with tears when she told us the story.
The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.
2.wash away
The rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.
It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.
3.be caused by
Lung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.
The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.
4.be known for
He is known for his wide scope of knowledge.
Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.
5.combine with
It is necessary to combine theory with practice.
See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.
6.prevent from
Bad weather prevented them from going camping.
The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.
7.pile up
Pile up the books on the table， please.
Don't wait until problems pile up.
8.due to
The train was late due to heavy fog.
Our achievements are due to their help.
9.add to
His explanation added to her annoyance.
More happiness will be added to people's life if you are generous enough to give praise
本課主要單詞
1.Species n.（單復數(shù)同形）種，類
1）There are more than 250 species of shark in the world.（世界上有250多種鯊魚。）
2）Darwin wrote “The Origin of Species.” （達爾文寫了《物種起源》。）
3）She feels a species of nervousness.（她有一種緊張的感覺。）
2.Extinct adj. dead， wiped out， no longer existing（火熄滅了；消亡了的；滅絕了的）
extinction n.
1）Please make sure that the fire is extinct before you leave.（在你離開前，請確保爐火已滅。）
2）All hope was extinct.（所有的希望都落空了。）
3）This species will be extinct in a few decades.（幾十年后這個物種將會滅絕。）
4）Pandas are in danger of extinction.（大熊貓正面臨滅絕的危險。）
5）The sudden extinction of lights in the room frightened the children.（室內(nèi)燈光突然熄滅把孩子們嚇壞了。）
請指出下面句子中的錯誤：
The total extinction of this species is inevitable.
句子中的total應去掉，因為extinction已包含“所有”的意思，再用total就多余子。
3.Pace n. 步速；速度；節(jié)奏；步 v. 踱步；用步量
1）The tree is ten paces from the house.（樹與房屋相距十步。）
2）He quickened his pace when he found he was lagging behind.（發(fā)現(xiàn)自己落了后他便加快了步伐。）
3）They had to slow down the pace of new product development because of lack of fund.（由于缺少資金他們不得不放慢新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的速度。）
4）The pace he set was too fast for the others.（他定的步速對其他人來說太快了。）
5）He is trying hard to keep pace with his classmates.（他正努力跟上他的同學。）
6）Many people complain of the rapid pace of modern life.（許多人抱怨現(xiàn)代生活節(jié)奏太快。）
7）He paced slowly around the room.（他慢悠地在房間里踱著步。）
8）He paced out the distance between the two trees.（他用步子測出兩棵樹之間的距離。）
At a snail's pace（非常緩慢地）
At one's own pace（以輕松自在的速度）
Set the pace（定步速，起帶頭作用）
Pace car（賽車開始時在跑道上領駛一圈但本身不參賽的領駛車）
Pacemaker（領跑人；帶頭人；起博器）
4.Compete v. 競爭，比賽
competition n. 競爭，比賽
competitive adj. 競爭的
1）He would compete with three others for a trip to Korea……（他將和另三個人競爭以得到去韓國旅游的機會。）
2）I am going to compete in two items——100 meter dash and broad jump.（我將參加兩個項目的比賽：100米短跑和跳遠。）
3）Young people should be prepared for the fierce competition in the future job market.（年輕人應為今后就業(yè)市場的激烈競爭做好準備。）
4）There is a lot of competition for this job.（有許多人爭奪這工作。）
5）He is no competition for Mike.（他不是邁克的對手。）
6）He doesn't like competitive sports.（他不喜歡競技性體育項目。）
7）How can we adapt ourselves to the highly competitive society？（我們怎樣才能適應這個高度競爭的社會？）
8）He holds that women are not as competitive as men.（他認為女性不像男性那樣有競爭力。）
5.Likelihood n. 可能性；有希望的事
likely adj. 有可能的；可信的；恰當?shù)?BR> 1）Is there any likelihood of his coming？（他有可能來嗎？）
2）There is every likelihood that the performance will be a success.（演出極有可能獲得成功。）
3）In all likelihood it will be a sunny day to morrow.（十之八九，明天是個大晴天。）
4）It is likely that they will agree with us.（他有可能會同意我們的意見。）
5）He is not likely to be elected.（他不可能當選。）
6）Her story doesn't sound likely.（她的說法不太可信。）
7）They are looking out for a likely place to build the school.（他們正在找尋建這所學校的合適地點。）
6.Clearance n. 清除，清理；余地
clear v. 清除；越過；不觸及地通過
-ance是一個名詞后綴，用在動詞后面可構成名詞。如：
appearance（出現(xiàn)，外表），endurance（忍受），utterance（發(fā)言，發(fā)聲），attendance（出席，侍候）等等。
1）The clearance of the old furniture made the room more spacious.（清理了舊家俱，屋里更寬敞了。）
2）He was responsible for the clearance of the theatre when the fire broke out.（著火時，由他負責出清劇院的觀眾。）
3）The bridge has a clearance of three metres above water.（該橋橋下凈空有3米。）
4）Clearance sale（清倉削價銷售）
Take-off clearance（起飛許可）
Foreign exchange clearance（國際匯兌清算）
Clearance order（清拆命令）
5）He is clearing the table.（他正在收拾桌子。）
6）The athlete cleared the bar easily.（那位運動員輕松越過橫桿。）
7）The truck cleared the tunnel.（卡車通過了隧道。）
7.Vegetation n.（總稱）植物，植被
vegetate. v.（植物）生長
vegetable n. 蔬菜的；植物的
1）He was amazed by the colorful vegetation of the tropical forest.（熱帶森林中奇異多彩的植物令他驚奇。）
2）It is essential that the vegetation of this area should be preserved.（保護這一地區(qū)的植被是很必要的。）
3）He had some green vegetables for dinner.（他晚餐吃了些蔬菜。）
4）The vegetables in the garden vegetate vigorously.（園子里的植物在茁壯成長。）
8.Ignore v. 不顧，不理，忽視
ignorance n. 無知
ignorant adj. 無知的
1）He was fined for ignoring a red light.（他因為闖紅燈而被罰款。）
2）The teacher ignored the question raised by one of the students.（那位老師對學生提出的問題沒加理會。）
3）Some species become extinct because of people's ignorance.（有些物種由于人們的無和而滅絕。）
4）Ignorance of this law is no excuse if you break the law.（不懂法不能作為違法的借口。）
5）They demanded to know why they had been kept in ignorance of the truth.（他們要求知道不讓他們了解除事情的真相的原因。）
6）He was kept ignorant of the fact that his son failed the exam.（他對兒子考試不及格這件事一無所知。）
7）I am ignorant about /of what has happened.（對所發(fā)生的事情我全然不知。）
9.Threat n. 威脅；兇兆
threaten v. 威脅
1）The survival of civilization is under threat.（人類文明的生存在受到威脅。）
2）This might be a threat to national security.（這可能對國家安全構成威脅。）
3）The boy threatened that he would leave home if his parents beat again.（那男孩威脅說如果父母再揍他，他就離家出走。）
4）They were threatened with starvation when flood drowned their village.（洪水淹沒他們村子時他們受到了饑餓的威脅。）
10.Ornament n. 裝飾；裝飾品 v. 裝飾，美化
1）They bought a lot of ornaments and hung them on the Christmas tree.（他們買了許多裝飾品并把它們掛在圣誕樹上。）
2）She wouldn't buy it as it is more for ornament than for use.（她不原意買那個東西，因為它主要供裝飾而不實用。）
3）They ornament the hall with oil paintings.（他們用油畫裝點大廳。）
4）They found themselves entering a manificently ornamented house.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己進入了一座裝飾華美的屋子。）
11.Tourist n. 旅游者，觀光者 adj. 游覽的
tourism n. 旅游業(yè)
tour n. 旅行；參觀
v. 旅行；參觀
1）She showed a group of tourists round the museum.（如領著一群游客參觀博物館。）
2）The Great wall is one of the chief tourist attractions in Beijing.（長城是北京的主要旅游點之一。）
3）Tourism is a big industry in this country.（旅游業(yè)在這個國家是一個龐大的行業(yè)。）
4）His dream is to make a round-the-world tour.（他的夢想是作環(huán)球旅行。）
5）We are going to tour north-west China this summer.（今夏我們打算游歷中國西北地區(qū)。）
6）He toured music halls in Germany.（他在德國的音樂廳作巡回演出。）
12.Variation n. 變化
variable adj. 易變的
vary v. 變化
1）He always told us the same story with no variations.（他總是給我們講那個沒有任何變化的故事。）
2）Weather conditions may cause variations in blood pressure.（天氣狀況可能引起血壓的變化。）
3）The variable weather gave us a lot of trouble.（多變的天氣給我們帶來不少麻煩。）
4）He is hard to get along with as he has a variable temper.（他的脾氣反復無常很難相處。）
5）Opinions vary on this point.（對這一點看法各異。）
6）He doesn't want to vary his habit.（他不想改變自己的習慣。）
12.Trophy n. 戰(zhàn)利品；獎品
1）He was going to hang the horns of the antler on the wall as a trophy.（他將把鹿角掛在墻上作為紀念品。）
2）She got a gold trophy for badminton.（她獲得了羽毛球比賽的金杯。）
13.Magnificent adj. 壯麗的，宏偉的；極美的
1）The king lived in this magnificent palace.（國王住在這座宏偉的宮殿里。）
2）The magnificent scenery dazzled the tourists.（壯麗的景色使游客的眼花繚亂。）
3）Their magnificent performance gripped the audience.（他們動人的表演牢牢地抓住了觀眾。）
14.Survive v. 幸存；比活得長
survival n. 幸存
survivor n. 幸存者
1）Eight people survived the fire.（八人在大火中幸免于死。）
2）The old woman survived her husband by 10 years.（那位老婦人比她丈夫多活十年。）
3）Survival was unlikely since the river water was so deep and cold.（河水既深又冷清活無望。）
4）He was the only survivor of the massacre.（他是*的幸存者。）
15.Seal n. 海豹；印章 v. 封口
1）Many Canadian seals wore killed to reduce the numbers to help the species to survive.
（大量的加拿大海豹被獵殺是為了減它們的數(shù)量使該物種幸存下來。）
2）The document bore an official seal.（這件上蓋有官方大印。）
3）She sealed the envelope and put it in the postbox.（她封上信封后把信放入郵筒。）
16.By-product n. 副產(chǎn)品
by-是一個前綴，表示“次要的”，“附帶的”，如：by-channel（支渠），by-effect（副作用），by-lane（小巷）；by-line（副業(yè)），by-work（第二職業(yè)）；by-road（小路）等等。
17.Conservation n. 保存；保護
conserve v. save， preserve（保存，保護）
1）People are paying more and more attention to the conservation of wildlife.（人們越來越重視野生動物的保護。）
2）Conservation of water is of great importance.（節(jié)約用水非常重要。）
3）He leaned against the tree quietly to conserve strength.（他靜靜地靠在樹上以節(jié)省體力。）
4） It is known to all that we should conserve natural resources.（眾所周知，我們應該保護自然資源。）
18.Reserve v. 保留；預計 n. 保留；儲備物
1）These seats are reserved for special quests.（這些座位是保留給特別的客人的。）
2）We will reserve the plane ticket for you until tomorrow afternoon.（機票給你保留到明天下午。）
3）I reserve the right to respond later.（我保留稍后作出回應的權利。）
4）He reserved two tickets for tomorrows show.（他定了兩張明天的演出票。）
5）A bright future is reserved for you.（光明的前程正等待著你。）
6）During the war， she always kept a reserve of tinned food in the house.（戰(zhàn)爭期間，她總是在家里儲備聽裝食品。）
7）Many animals use their fat reserves in their body to pull through the winter.（許多動物用體內(nèi)儲備的指肪熬過冬天。）
8）The bank's cash reserves couldn’t meet the demand.（這家銀行的現(xiàn)金儲備滿足不了需要。）
19.Breed v. 繁殖；飼養(yǎng)；養(yǎng)育 n. 品種，種類
1）Some animals will not breed when caged.（有些動物關在籠內(nèi)就不產(chǎn)仔。）
2）He was bred to be a gentleman.（他被作為紳士養(yǎng)育成人。）
3）They are of the same breed.（他們是同一類人。）
4）They raise many breeds of dog.（他們養(yǎng)著許多不同種的狗。）
20.Provided conj. if （假如，若是）
1）We will be there before 10， provided we don't waste time.（如果我們不浪費時間，我們就能在10點之前到那兒。）
2）We will go provided that the weather is fine.（假如天晴，我們就去。）
3）Provided that no objection is raised， we will set back the program.（如果沒人反對，我們就把這個項目推遲。）
請注意：provided不是過去分詞，而是連詞，作“假如，只要”解，在口語中常用providing. Provided that與if的不同在于：provided that所表示的“如果”，含有希望該條件實現(xiàn)的含義。
21.Determination n. 決心，決定；結(jié)論
determine v. 決定，決定
1）He is a man of determination.（他是一個有決斷力的人。）
2）This strengthened his determination not to give in.（這更堅定了他不屈服的決心。）
3）The doctor's determination was made after the blood test.（醫(yī)生的結(jié)論是在驗血之后作出的。）
4）We haven't determined a date for the meeting.（我們還沒有確定會議的日期。）
5）He determined to study harder.（他決心更努力地學習。）
6）They are determined to carry out the plan.（他們決心實施這一計劃。）
22.Clash n. 沖突 v. 發(fā)生沖突
1）Thousands of demonstrators clashed with the police.（數(shù)千名*者與警察發(fā)生了沖突。）
2）They wanted to visit both places， but the dates clashed.（他們兩個地方都想去，但日程有沖突。）
3）They got into a verbal clash because of a misunderstanding.（由于誤解他們產(chǎn)生了口角。）
4）An armed clash is unavoidable.（武裝沖突不可避免。）
請注意區(qū)別crash，crush和clash.
Crash指因墜下或猛沖而砰地碰撞，如plane crash（墜機）；crush指壓碎，壓壞，如crush a plot（粉碎陰謀）；crush grapes（榨葡萄）
本課簡介
當一個物種的死亡率高于出生率時，久而久之這個物種就會滅絕。自生命產(chǎn)生起的數(shù)百萬年間，已有多個物種 滅絕。無法適應環(huán)境變化的生物，難以與適應性更好、更強壯的生物相抗衡的生物，其后的命運都將是消亡。在過去的幾十年中，人為地獵殺動物或是改變其生息 的自然環(huán)境已使得其些物種滅絕。如此事便不勝枚舉。亞馬遜地區(qū)自然環(huán)境的改變、植被的毀壞將使多個物種滅絕。盲目無度地獵殺動物使得北美的水牛幾近滅絕。
越來越多的人們開始關注野生動植物的保護。方法之一是將瀕臨滅絕的物種移進動物園和公園，使它們有可能繁衍足夠多的后代將來能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生動物保護區(qū)，使動物在自然環(huán)境中得到照顧。
本課語言點
1.An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death——rate.
本句中become是連系動物， extinct是形容詞，extinct 通常指動、植物的種滅絕，不再存在。句子中的it代指 （the） animal species.
fail to do sth. 意思是“沒能做到…”如：
1） He failed to realize his dream of flying round the world.（他沒能實現(xiàn)飛行世界的夢想。）
2） I failed to persuade him to give up smoking.（我沒能勸說他把煙戒掉。）
3） Don't fail to live up to what your parents expect of you.（別辜負父母對你的期望。）
4） Don't fail to wake me up.（不要忘記叫醒我。）
Keep pace with 是一個常用詞組，意思是“跟上”，如：
1）He was too old to keep pace with the modern ideas of life.（他年紀大了，跟不上現(xiàn)代生活觀念。）
2）Earnings have not kept pace with inflation.（收入還沒有與通貨膨脹的速度保持同步。）
2.We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species become extinct over the million of years since life began.
本句中的tell不是“告訴”的意思，而是“斷定”或“辨別”的意思。如：
1）Can you tell her from her twin sister？（你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎？）
2）Can you tell which is right？（你能斷定哪一人是對的嗎？）
that在句中引導賓主從句，做tell的賓語。
1）He had had a bad cold over Christmas.（他在圣誕節(jié)期間得了重傷風。）
2）They read a lot of books over the vacation.（假期里他們看了不少書。）
3.…… extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes， or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal.
that在句中引導定語從句，修飾animal.
specialize 通常指“專門研究，專門從事”，如：
1） He specializes in medicine. （他專攻醫(yī)科。）
2） This shop specializes in cooking utensils.（這家商店專門經(jīng)銷飲具。）
在本課文中specialize的意思是“專化，以特殊方式演化?！?BR> Animals and plants are specialized to fit their surroundings. （動植物是按照特殊方式演化以適應各自的環(huán)境的。）
too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如：
1） I was too disappointed to try again.（我太失望，不想再嘗試。）
2） He is too young to take care of himself.（他太年幼，照顧不了自己。）
compete with 意思是“與…競爭”，也可用compete against.
1）He didn't want to compete with others for this position.（他不想與別人競爭這個職位。）
2）Sometimes animals have to compete against each other for the chance to survive.（有時，動物為了生存不能相互競爭。）
better adapted意思是“適應得更好的”。better是副詞well 的比較級形式，adapted 是過去分詞做形容詞用。這類表達形式在英語中十分常見，如：well-known，poorly-dressed，better-prepared等等。
4.A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed……
a number of 意思是“許多”，如：
1）A number of proposals had been put forward at the meeting. （會上提出了許多建議。）
2）A number of students have passed the exam.（已有許多學生通過了考試。）
of在本句中的意思是關于，相當于about.如：
1） They were not told of this new policy. （關于此項政策，他們沒有被告知。）
2） They wanted to know every detail of what had happened.（對于已發(fā)生的事，他們想知道每一個細節(jié)。）
5.There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation.
Likelihood是一個名詞，意思是“可能”，相當于 possibility，that在本句中引導同位語從句，對 likelihood作進一步的補充說明。如：There is no doubt that he is a reliable person.（毫無疑問，他是一個可信賴的人。）
Clearance 在本句中的意思是“（植被）砍伐殆盡；清除。”
Clearances of vegetation will lead to the loss of water and soil.（砍伐植被會引起水土流失。）
6.The North American buffalo is a case of the near-extinction of a species through hunting.
a case of 在本句中的意思是“一個例子，”相當于“an example of ” 如：
1） This is a case of students cheating on exams. （這就是學生作弊的一個例子。）
2） It is a typical case of misunderstanding.（這就是誤解的典解例子。）
在第九單元中我們已經(jīng)學過case這個詞，請注意掌握與case 有關的幾個短語：
in any case （無論如何，總之）
in case （假如；以免）
in the case of （就…來說，至于…）
in this case （既然是這樣）
through在句中的意思是“由于，因為”， 相當于because.
1） The mistakes were made through carelessness.（這些錯誤是由于粗心大意造成的。）
2） Many people are hard of hearing through old age.（許多人因年老而聽覺不靈。）
7.But even when the danger is widely publicized， the financial rewards for the hunters may be so great that they choose to ignore the threat to the species.
publicize是個動詞，意思是“宣傳”，在第十七單元中我們已學過這個詞，－ize是一個動詞后綴，通常用在形容詞的后面構成動詞。
financial rewards 意思是“賞金”。reward 在本句中作名詞，有時也可作動詞用，如：
1） He offered a reward of 1000 yuan for the finder of his pet dog.（他給拾得他的寵物狗的人酬謝1000元。）
2） His efforts were rewarded by success.（他的努力獲得了成功。）
choose后面接不定式，表示“選定，愿意”，如：
1）He chose to stay there for another week. （他決意在那兒再住一周。）
2）I chose to say nothing about it.（我決意對那件事閉口不談。）
在名詞threat后面用介詞to，表示“對…的威脅”。如：
The clearance of vegetation will be a great threat to the wildlife.（把植被砍伐殆盡對野生動物將是極大的威脅。）
8.And animals are sometimes killed out of a wish to reduce numbers to help the species to survive.
out of 在本句中以及前一個幾句子中的意思是“出于”，如：
1）He was silent out of embarrassment.（他由于窘迫而沉默。）
2）She opened the mail out of curiosity. （她出于好奇打開了郵件。）
句子中前一個動詞不定式to reduce number…在句子中作定語，修飾名詞wish.如：
1） They failed in their attempt to land on the island.（他們在島上登陸的企圖失敗了。）
2） I have no confidence in my ability to fulfil the task.（我對自己完成這項任務的能力沒有信心。）
句子中的第二個動詞不定式to help the species to survive做目的狀語，相當于so as to或in order to help the species…。如：
1）He worked harder （so as） to catch up with the others.（他更努力地學習以趕上別人。）
2）To achieve the aim， we must learn from others. （為了實現(xiàn)這個目標，我們必須向他人學習。）
9.The killing of the Canadian seals is claimed to be for this purpose， and the use of their skins for furs is only a by-product.
be claimed to 在本句中的意思是“據(jù)說”。如：
He is claimed to have inherited a lot of money.（據(jù)說他繼承了一大筆錢。）
for this purpose 意思是“為這個目的”。如：
1）They decided to have a talk for military purpose. （為了軍事目的，他們決定進行會談。）
2）For this purpose， I gave him all the necessary materials. （為了這個目的，我把所需的材料都給了他。）
請注意掌握與 purpose有關的一些短語：
on purpose （為了；故意地）
to the purpose （中肯的；合適的）
10.There is always the chance that enough off-spring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment-provided it still exists， and that hunters don't kill them again！
本句中的第一個that引導的是一個同位語從句，對名詞chance做進一步解釋。
Provided在句中做介詞用，相當于if.如：
1）I will give you the money provided you tell me the truth. （如果你說實話，我會給你錢。）
2）He will come to the party provided he has time.（如果有時間他會來參加聚會。）
在詞匯部分我們提到過，口語中常用providing替代provided.
11.But the parks are large， the wardens few and the determination of hunters very great.
本句中，形容詞few和great的前面省去了be 動詞（few 前省去了are ，great 前省去了is），作者是要告訴讀者，公園太大，管理人太少，獵人們的決心太過堅定，因而野生動物的保護問題仍然難得解決。
12.The hunters were armed with modern weapons and several people were killed.
arm在本句中用作動詞，意思是“武裝，裝備”，be armed with意思是“以…裝備起來的”。
1） They believed they would win as they were armed with modern weapons.（他們堅信自己會贏，因為他們有現(xiàn)代化的武器裝備。）
2） Armed with secretarial skills she will find a job easily.（具備了秘書的技能，她會很容易地找到一份工作。）
13.… and tourism can add to the income of countries.
add to的意思是“增加”，如：
1）The newly built squares add to the beauty of this city.（新建的廣場增加了這座城市的美觀。）
2）Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit.（有你的陪同，我們這次訪問更加愉快了。）
3）I hope my arrival would not add to your difficulties. （希望我的到來不能增添你們的困難。）
本課主要詞組
1.keep pace with
2.compete with
3.because of
4.at such a rate
5.at surprising speed
6.a case of
7.choose to
8.lead to
9.such as
10.out of existence
11.out of fear
12.be claimed to
13.for this purpose
14.be concerned about
15.under threat of
16.be armed with
17.add to
18.look after
19.in a different form
Text B The Killer Smogs
短語表達
1.be filled with
Her eyes were filled with tears when she told us the story.
The room is filled with boxes of all sizes.
2.wash away
The rich soil was washed away as there were no trees and grass to hold it.
It took her quite a while to wash away the stains on her coat.
3.be caused by
Lung cancer might be caused by excessive smoking.
The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.
4.be known for
He is known for his wide scope of knowledge.
Scotland is known for its beautiful countryside.
5.combine with
It is necessary to combine theory with practice.
See what will happen if you combine hydrogen with oxygen.
6.prevent from
Bad weather prevented them from going camping.
The terrible noise prevented me from getting a good sleep.
7.pile up
Pile up the books on the table， please.
Don't wait until problems pile up.
8.due to
The train was late due to heavy fog.
Our achievements are due to their help.
9.add to
His explanation added to her annoyance.
More happiness will be added to people's life if you are generous enough to give praise