非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法及其意義(下)----動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
相關(guān)背景知識(shí)介紹
動(dòng)名詞從其名稱來(lái)說(shuō)就是由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)經(jīng)一定的變化而形成的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)，因此同表示靜態(tài)特征的名詞相比較， 動(dòng)名詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作性。
如2002年綜合類C級(jí)完型填空題：
The theoretical separation of __1__, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in….
1. A. lives B. life C. live D. living
分詞在閱讀中我們更是常常遇到，這是因?yàn)榉衷~結(jié)構(gòu)是一種重要語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，它可產(chǎn)生很多中的語(yǔ)義功能，不如作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨狀態(tài)，
e.g. Finding no one at home, he left the house in a bad temper. (=When he found…)
分詞的考察在職稱英語(yǔ)中的考察也是在詞匯題，完型填空題和有關(guān)文章閱讀理解上都可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
如2002年綜合類A級(jí)的詞匯題部分：
1. The water in this part of the river has been contaminated by sewage (污水).
A. polluted B. downgraded
C. mixed D. blackened
2. Alice is a fascinating girl.
A. a beautiful B. a pretty
C. an attractive D. a pleasant
3. She stood there, crying and trembling with fear.
A. shaking B. staggering
C. struggling D. murmuring
動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)
動(dòng)名詞的形式
動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式一樣，也是一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。
動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，且有一般式和完成式。
以動(dòng)詞study為例：
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 studying being studied
完成式 having studied having been studied
動(dòng)名詞的用法
動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))在句中起名詞的作用，可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))和定語(yǔ)等。
1.作主語(yǔ)
e.g. Swimming is never as fast as running.
e.g. Talking about it is no use.
e.g. Seeing is believing /眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
提示：動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)句中使用形式主語(yǔ)it，如：
e.g. It is no use talking about it./ 談?wù)摯耸虏o(wú)用處。
常見(jiàn)的形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)(真正的主語(yǔ)是在句子的結(jié)尾部分出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu))
It is +no use , no good , fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time 等名詞+ doing sth.
It is + useless, nice , good ,interesting, worthwhile, pointless, expensive 等形容詞+doing sth.
e.g. It is no use crying.
e.g. It is no good objecting.
e.g. It is a great fun playing football.
e.g. It is a waste of time trying to explain.
e.g. It is nice seeing you again.
e.g. It is expensive running this car.
2.作表語(yǔ)
e.g. Our duty is programming the computer.
e.g. My hobby is performing on musical instruments.
注意：be+動(dòng)名詞(表語(yǔ))與be+現(xiàn)在分詞(構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))在形式上相同，但在前一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be是系動(dòng)詞，有詞意，而在后一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be是助動(dòng)詞，只是用來(lái)構(gòu)成一種謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)，無(wú)詞義。二者的區(qū)別主要是根據(jù)上下文的邏輯意思來(lái)定。如：
e.g. My favorite sport is skating./ 我特別喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是滑冰。(動(dòng)名詞)
comp: My brother is skating./ 我的兄弟正在滑冰。(分詞)
3.作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))
e.g. They began studying psychology last week. 來(lái)源：考試大
e.g. Would you mind waiting for a moment?
注：
① 很多及物動(dòng)詞都可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的只可跟動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有：avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, require, suggest, can’t help, give up, insist on等。
② 在下列動(dòng)詞后面，只能跟不定式：agree, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等
③ 常見(jiàn)的既可跟動(dòng)名詞也可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, learn, like, love, prefer, need, propose, remember, regret, start, stop, try, want等。如：
e.g. As the plan began moving (to move), the people on the ground waved goodbye./
有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，如表示抽象的、泛指的一般傾向多用動(dòng)名詞;如指特別的或具體某一行動(dòng)，則用不定式更多些。如：
e.g. I like traveling very much./我非常喜歡旅游。(經(jīng)常性的愛(ài)好)。
e.g. Would you like to eat ice-cream with me?/ 你愿意和我一起去吃冰淇淋嗎?(指一次的動(dòng)作) http://ks.examda.com
有些動(dòng)詞后面用動(dòng)名詞還是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其含義有明顯的差別。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：stop, remember, forget, regret, try, want等。如：
a.stop后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”;跟不定式則通常表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做別的事”。如：
e.g. Stop arguing and start working./ 停止?fàn)幷摚_(kāi)始工作。
e.g. I didn’t know how to get there so I stopped to ask the way./我不知道到那兒路怎么走，所以就停下來(lái)問(wèn)路。
b.remember后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“回憶過(guò)去而記得…”，跟不定式則通常表示“記住去干…，別忘了”如：
e.g. I remember reading a review of that book. / 我記得讀過(guò)那本書(shū)的評(píng)論。
e.g. Please remember to book seats for them today./ 請(qǐng)別忘了今天去戲院為他們訂座。 來(lái)源：考試大
c.regret后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況表示后悔”;跟不定式通常表示“對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況表示抱歉”。如：
e.g. I regret telling him this./ 我后悔告訴他這件事。
e.g. I regret to inform you that your application has been refuse./ 我遺憾地通知你，爸爸的申請(qǐng)被拒絕了。
4.作定語(yǔ)
e.g. These dialogues may be used as listening materials. (= materials for listening)
e.g. The Reading Room of the British Museum is a large round hall. (=Room for Reading)
Ⅲ動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的動(dòng)作概念，不明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間(如現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái))，有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
Besides reading, he is fond of collecting stamps. (主動(dòng))/ 除了閱讀以外，他還喜歡集郵。
Was she upset at not being invited? (被動(dòng))/ 她是否因沒(méi)有受到邀請(qǐng)而感到不快?
動(dòng)名詞完成式用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前的動(dòng)作。它也有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
I remember having read the article on economic systems.
After having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory. (被動(dòng))
Comp: Having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory.
注：
① 動(dòng)名詞的完成式用得較少，有時(shí)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，也常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式來(lái)代替。如：
After being desalted, sea water can be used for drinking.
② 在need, require, want等動(dòng)詞后面，一般不用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式，即使表示被動(dòng)意思，也用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式代替。如：
The house wants repairing./ 這房子需要修理了。 來(lái)源:考試大
Ⅳ動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞前可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，作為該動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。用作動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的詞類有：物主代詞、名詞所有格(即名詞后加“s”，意為“…的”;復(fù)數(shù)名詞如以s結(jié)尾，則其后面只加“’”)、名詞通格或人稱代詞賓格。如：
His taking part in the work will help us a lot./他參加這項(xiàng)工作會(huì)我們有很大幫助。
We are looking forward to Betty’s coming./ 我們正期待著貝蒂的到來(lái)。
She doesn’t like my father and me interfering in her affairs./ 她不愿意我父親和我干涉她的事情。
注：
如果這種結(jié)構(gòu)不是在句子開(kāi)頭，?？梢杂妹~通格或人稱代詞賓格，如上述最后一句，這比用所有格更自然一些;但如果動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的東西，就只能用名詞的通格。如：
Here is an example of heat energy turning into electrical energy./這是一個(gè)熱能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔艿睦印?考試大
接下來(lái)我們一塊兒來(lái)分析幾個(gè)句子：
From A Thirsty World
In addition to stopping wasting our precious water, one useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. http://ks.examda.com
But it is possible to pipe water that has been used to a purifying plant. 動(dòng)名詞
Comp: Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea or runs into underground storage tanks. (storing tanks)
Comp: This salt-removing process is already in use in many parts of the world.
相關(guān)背景知識(shí)介紹
動(dòng)名詞從其名稱來(lái)說(shuō)就是由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)經(jīng)一定的變化而形成的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)，因此同表示靜態(tài)特征的名詞相比較， 動(dòng)名詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作性。
如2002年綜合類C級(jí)完型填空題：
The theoretical separation of __1__, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in….
1. A. lives B. life C. live D. living
分詞在閱讀中我們更是常常遇到，這是因?yàn)榉衷~結(jié)構(gòu)是一種重要語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，它可產(chǎn)生很多中的語(yǔ)義功能，不如作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨狀態(tài)，
e.g. Finding no one at home, he left the house in a bad temper. (=When he found…)
分詞的考察在職稱英語(yǔ)中的考察也是在詞匯題，完型填空題和有關(guān)文章閱讀理解上都可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
如2002年綜合類A級(jí)的詞匯題部分：
1. The water in this part of the river has been contaminated by sewage (污水).
A. polluted B. downgraded
C. mixed D. blackened
2. Alice is a fascinating girl.
A. a beautiful B. a pretty
C. an attractive D. a pleasant
3. She stood there, crying and trembling with fear.
A. shaking B. staggering
C. struggling D. murmuring
動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)
動(dòng)名詞的形式
動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式一樣，也是一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，它可以帶賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。
動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，且有一般式和完成式。
以動(dòng)詞study為例：
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 studying being studied
完成式 having studied having been studied
動(dòng)名詞的用法
動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))在句中起名詞的作用，可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))和定語(yǔ)等。
1.作主語(yǔ)
e.g. Swimming is never as fast as running.
e.g. Talking about it is no use.
e.g. Seeing is believing /眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
提示：動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)句中使用形式主語(yǔ)it，如：
e.g. It is no use talking about it./ 談?wù)摯耸虏o(wú)用處。
常見(jiàn)的形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)(真正的主語(yǔ)是在句子的結(jié)尾部分出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu))
It is +no use , no good , fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time 等名詞+ doing sth.
It is + useless, nice , good ,interesting, worthwhile, pointless, expensive 等形容詞+doing sth.
e.g. It is no use crying.
e.g. It is no good objecting.
e.g. It is a great fun playing football.
e.g. It is a waste of time trying to explain.
e.g. It is nice seeing you again.
e.g. It is expensive running this car.
2.作表語(yǔ)
e.g. Our duty is programming the computer.
e.g. My hobby is performing on musical instruments.
注意：be+動(dòng)名詞(表語(yǔ))與be+現(xiàn)在分詞(構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))在形式上相同，但在前一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be是系動(dòng)詞，有詞意，而在后一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be是助動(dòng)詞，只是用來(lái)構(gòu)成一種謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)，無(wú)詞義。二者的區(qū)別主要是根據(jù)上下文的邏輯意思來(lái)定。如：
e.g. My favorite sport is skating./ 我特別喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是滑冰。(動(dòng)名詞)
comp: My brother is skating./ 我的兄弟正在滑冰。(分詞)
3.作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ))
e.g. They began studying psychology last week. 來(lái)源：考試大
e.g. Would you mind waiting for a moment?
注：
① 很多及物動(dòng)詞都可用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的只可跟動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有：avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, require, suggest, can’t help, give up, insist on等。
② 在下列動(dòng)詞后面，只能跟不定式：agree, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等
③ 常見(jiàn)的既可跟動(dòng)名詞也可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, learn, like, love, prefer, need, propose, remember, regret, start, stop, try, want等。如：
e.g. As the plan began moving (to move), the people on the ground waved goodbye./
有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，如表示抽象的、泛指的一般傾向多用動(dòng)名詞;如指特別的或具體某一行動(dòng)，則用不定式更多些。如：
e.g. I like traveling very much./我非常喜歡旅游。(經(jīng)常性的愛(ài)好)。
e.g. Would you like to eat ice-cream with me?/ 你愿意和我一起去吃冰淇淋嗎?(指一次的動(dòng)作) http://ks.examda.com
有些動(dòng)詞后面用動(dòng)名詞還是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其含義有明顯的差別。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：stop, remember, forget, regret, try, want等。如：
a.stop后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”;跟不定式則通常表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做別的事”。如：
e.g. Stop arguing and start working./ 停止?fàn)幷摚_(kāi)始工作。
e.g. I didn’t know how to get there so I stopped to ask the way./我不知道到那兒路怎么走，所以就停下來(lái)問(wèn)路。
b.remember后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“回憶過(guò)去而記得…”，跟不定式則通常表示“記住去干…，別忘了”如：
e.g. I remember reading a review of that book. / 我記得讀過(guò)那本書(shū)的評(píng)論。
e.g. Please remember to book seats for them today./ 請(qǐng)別忘了今天去戲院為他們訂座。 來(lái)源：考試大
c.regret后面跟動(dòng)名詞，通常表示“對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況表示后悔”;跟不定式通常表示“對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況表示抱歉”。如：
e.g. I regret telling him this./ 我后悔告訴他這件事。
e.g. I regret to inform you that your application has been refuse./ 我遺憾地通知你，爸爸的申請(qǐng)被拒絕了。
4.作定語(yǔ)
e.g. These dialogues may be used as listening materials. (= materials for listening)
e.g. The Reading Room of the British Museum is a large round hall. (=Room for Reading)
Ⅲ動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的動(dòng)作概念，不明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間(如現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái))，有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
Besides reading, he is fond of collecting stamps. (主動(dòng))/ 除了閱讀以外，他還喜歡集郵。
Was she upset at not being invited? (被動(dòng))/ 她是否因沒(méi)有受到邀請(qǐng)而感到不快?
動(dòng)名詞完成式用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前的動(dòng)作。它也有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
I remember having read the article on economic systems.
After having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory. (被動(dòng))
Comp: Having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory.
注：
① 動(dòng)名詞的完成式用得較少，有時(shí)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，也常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式來(lái)代替。如：
After being desalted, sea water can be used for drinking.
② 在need, require, want等動(dòng)詞后面，一般不用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式，即使表示被動(dòng)意思，也用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式代替。如：
The house wants repairing./ 這房子需要修理了。 來(lái)源:考試大
Ⅳ動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞前可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，作為該動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。用作動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的詞類有：物主代詞、名詞所有格(即名詞后加“s”，意為“…的”;復(fù)數(shù)名詞如以s結(jié)尾，則其后面只加“’”)、名詞通格或人稱代詞賓格。如：
His taking part in the work will help us a lot./他參加這項(xiàng)工作會(huì)我們有很大幫助。
We are looking forward to Betty’s coming./ 我們正期待著貝蒂的到來(lái)。
She doesn’t like my father and me interfering in her affairs./ 她不愿意我父親和我干涉她的事情。
注：
如果這種結(jié)構(gòu)不是在句子開(kāi)頭，?？梢杂妹~通格或人稱代詞賓格，如上述最后一句，這比用所有格更自然一些;但如果動(dòng)名詞邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的東西，就只能用名詞的通格。如：
Here is an example of heat energy turning into electrical energy./這是一個(gè)熱能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔艿睦印?考試大
接下來(lái)我們一塊兒來(lái)分析幾個(gè)句子：
From A Thirsty World
In addition to stopping wasting our precious water, one useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. http://ks.examda.com
But it is possible to pipe water that has been used to a purifying plant. 動(dòng)名詞
Comp: Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea or runs into underground storage tanks. (storing tanks)
Comp: This salt-removing process is already in use in many parts of the world.