翻譯綜合指導(dǎo):一些好的翻譯作品一

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Audrey Hepburn, An Elegant Spirit
    Although she was never an ardent follower of any formal religion, my mother’s own faith endured throughout her life: her faith in love, her faith in the miracle of nature, and her faith in the goodness of life. She honored this second chance at life at every opportunity that presented itself and most of all at the end of her life, through her work for UNICEF.
    Sometimes a near-death experience can free us of the shackles that life slowly trains us to wear. We come to realize what’s worth the sweat and what isn’t. Although she had no memory of her childhood near-death experience, the knowledge of it, coupled with the fertile ground of an already self-effacing nature, were the roots of the humility that graced her entire life.
    I never heard her say, “I did this,” or “I’ve done that.” Toward the end of her life, throughout the UNICEF years, I would hear her say regularly, as the world listened to her, “I can do very little.” I never heard her say that she liked any of her performances. When people complimented her, she would always shy away and ultimately explain how those who surrounded her were the reason for her success.
    Bessie Anderson Stanley wrote, “To laugh often and much, to win the respect of intelligent people and affection of children, to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends, to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others, to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition, to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived, this is to have succeeded.” By Ms. Stanley’s standards, my mother’s life was a success: She was graced with good choices. The first choice she made was her career. Then she chose her family. And when we, her children, were grown and had started our lives, she chose the less fortunate children of the world. She chose to give back. In that important choice lay the key to healing and understanding something that had affected her throughout her entire life: the sadness that had always been there.
    Her choices healed the sadness of a little girl who didn’t know her father for most of her life and yet who yearned and longed for that warm embrace, that reassurance that you are loved and that you matter. When I look back, that is just what she gave to Luca and me: the reassurance that we were loved and that we mattered. This was the most valuable essence, the roots that live and grow forever inside you. She truly was a wonderful mother and friend.
    奧黛麗?赫本——一個(gè)優(yōu)雅高尚的人
    母親雖從未篤信過任何正統(tǒng)的宗教,但她自有其終生不渝的信仰:她相信愛,相信自然的神奇,相信生活的美好。一旦有機(jī)會降臨,她總會珍視這二度生活的機(jī)遇;這一點(diǎn)特別表現(xiàn)在她垂暮之年還在為聯(lián)合國兒童基金會工作。
    盡管生活的磨礪慢慢使我們?nèi)缤洗麈i,但有時(shí)一次瀕死的經(jīng)歷就足以讓我們從這些枷鎖中解脫出來。我們逐漸認(rèn)識到什么東西值得孜孜以求,什么不值。雖然她不記得童年瀕死的經(jīng)歷,但對于瀕死的認(rèn)識,一旦種植在她那天性謙讓的肥沃的土地上,便扎下了謙卑的根須,這根須美化了她整個(gè)人生。
    我從未聽她說“這是我做的”或“那是我干的?!痹跒槁?lián)合國兒童基金會工作的那些年里,直到她生命的盡頭,正如大家所聽到的,我時(shí)常聽她說:“我能做的太少?!蔽覐奈绰犓f過她對自己的任何表演或工作表現(xiàn)感到滿意。當(dāng)人們贊美她時(shí),她總是避之惟恐不速;最終,她會解釋說,她的成功其實(shí)全仗她周圍人的努力。
    貝茜?安德森?斯坦利寫道,“若能笑口常開,若能贏得文化人的尊敬和孩子的喜愛,若能贏得誠實(shí)的批評家的贊賞并承受虛朋假友的背叛,若能欣賞美,若能發(fā)現(xiàn)他人的長處,若能使世界變好一點(diǎn)(不管是使某個(gè)孩子健康、修整某一片花園、還是改良社會狀況),甚至若能得知因?yàn)槟愕拇嬖诙鼓骋粋€(gè)人呼吸得更舒暢,這都是成功?!卑此固估康臉?biāo)準(zhǔn),我母親的一生就是成功的一生:良好的抉擇使她受益匪淺。她所做的第一個(gè)選擇是她的職業(yè),然后她選擇了她的家庭。當(dāng)她的孩子們已長大成人,并開始自己的生活后,她又選擇了世上不幸的孩子。她選擇了奉獻(xiàn)。她的整個(gè)生活曾深受創(chuàng)傷——積久的創(chuàng)傷——的影響,而她這個(gè)重要的選擇正是理解和愈合這創(chuàng)傷的靈丹妙藥。
    她的選擇撫平了一個(gè)小女孩心靈的傷痕。這個(gè)小女孩在大半生中不知道自己的父親是誰,盡管她渴望溫暖的擁抱,渴望確切地知道自己被愛,確切地知道自己的價(jià)值。當(dāng)我回顧過去,發(fā)現(xiàn)母親給魯卡和我的正是這種東西:我們確信自己被愛,確信自己的價(jià)值。這就是最重要的精華所在,是永遠(yuǎn)生長發(fā)育在你身心內(nèi)的根源。她,確實(shí)是一個(gè)了不起的母親,一個(gè)了不起的朋友。
    翻譯競賽譯作整體點(diǎn)評
    此次競賽參加人數(shù)眾多,青年中的翻譯高手云集,實(shí)在是一件盛舉。應(yīng)征稿件多達(dá)500多篇,經(jīng)過數(shù)輪層層淘汰,最終遴選出10篇比較優(yōu)秀的譯作,應(yīng)該說是頗有代表性。這10篇譯作總的說來,譯得頗見工力,顯示出譯者達(dá)到了相當(dāng)?shù)姆g水平,主要表現(xiàn)在1)對英文原作的理解力強(qiáng);2)漢語表達(dá)比較準(zhǔn)確、通順、地道;3)譯者有相當(dāng)?shù)奈幕仞B(yǎng)。遺憾的是,沒有一篇特別突出的、毫無失誤的譯作,差不多每篇譯作都或多或少有點(diǎn)問題,這對我們遴選出一等譯作帶來了麻煩。事實(shí)上這里遴選出的一等譯作與后面等次的譯作差別不大。這意味著入圍者的整體水平比較均衡。下面針對譯作中出現(xiàn)的不足之處略作點(diǎn)評。
    1)標(biāo)題處理問題
    標(biāo)題的翻譯可以稍微靈活些,在不違背原意的情況下,宜多考慮譯入語國家的審美習(xí)慣。因?yàn)闃?biāo)題放在最顯眼的位置上,一語不慎,導(dǎo)致全篇誤解。標(biāo)題Audrey Hepburn, An Elegant Spirit中的Audrey Hepburn多譯作“奧黛麗?赫本”之類,基本正確。如果有約定俗成的譯法,則可沿用舊譯。問題出在對同位語An Elegant Spirit的處理。概括起來,大約有四種譯法,下分述之。
    大多數(shù)的譯者譯作“一個(gè)高尚的靈魂”、“一個(gè)優(yōu)雅的靈魂”、“高貴精神”、“高貴的靈魂”、“高貴的靈魂”之類。
    第一種,“一個(gè)高尚的靈魂”這個(gè)譯法,注意了文章的整體意思,有正確的一面,但是沒有考慮elegant(優(yōu)雅的、高雅的)這個(gè)詞,又不太妥,因?yàn)閷τ谧鳛橐粋€(gè)女演員的赫本,“優(yōu)雅“二字,似不宜省。
    第二種,“一個(gè)優(yōu)雅的靈魂”這個(gè)譯法固然不錯(cuò),但是縱觀全文,赫本確實(shí)有高尚的一面,似宜在標(biāo)題中點(diǎn)明。“高貴精神”或“高貴的靈魂”的譯法,問題同于“一個(gè)高尚的靈魂”譯法,不贅。
    第三種,“優(yōu)雅的精靈“、優(yōu)雅女神”、“優(yōu)雅的天使”諸種譯法,則稍背原意。赫本是一位盡量想使自己顯得是平凡的人,用“精靈”“天使”“女神”之類詞,過火了。
    第四種,“優(yōu)雅的奧黛麗?赫本”,則是一種活譯,但取消了原文的同位語表現(xiàn)手段,得失相衡,似得少于失,不宜提倡。
    綜合上述四種情況,若譯作“奧黛麗?赫本——優(yōu)雅高尚的人”,或“奧黛麗?赫本——優(yōu)雅高尚的靈魂”,均是可以接受的譯文,即保持了原來的句式,也注意了整體含義的表達(dá)。
    2)英文原作的背景與上下文的整體把握與理解問題
    這段選文摘錄自著名演員奧德麗?赫本(《羅馬假日》女主角)之子有關(guān)其母親生活的回憶錄。出題人沒有提供相關(guān)的背景知識和文章的上下文,所以譯者需對選文中的每個(gè)句子都要很敏感,體味出其中的暗示含義,復(fù)原出可能的上下文背景知識,才能夠把握住其他句子的基本含義,否則在準(zhǔn)確理解句意方面是有一定難度的。例如赫本曾死而復(fù)生的經(jīng)歷可以從第二自然段中的狀語從句Although she had no memory of her childhood near-death experience看出來。這一點(diǎn)弄懂了,才能夠明白第一段中的this second chance at life這個(gè)短語有“二度生命”的意思。若干譯者在翻譯第一段中的She honored this second chance at life at every opportunity that presented itself and most of all at the end of her life, through her work for UNICEF時(shí)卡住了,就是因?yàn)闆]有利用原文中的上下文語境的相關(guān)自我闡釋。所以有的譯者譯成了“她在生活中任何時(shí)候都很珍視這第二次機(jī)會”,就譯得稍嫌含糊。另一位譯者未拘泥原句而意譯成“她珍視生命給她生存在這個(gè)世上的第二次機(jī)會”,雖有增詞略過之嫌,在表達(dá)深層語義上似更顯豁。這就是活用了上下文提供的暗示性背景知識。當(dāng)然,這類意譯要特別小心,要掌握好分寸,不宜到處濫用。
    3)翻譯技巧與表達(dá)問題
    英漢兩種語言反映著英漢語民族不同的邏輯模式,這尤其表現(xiàn)在語序或句子成分的修飾語被修飾關(guān)系上。在英漢對譯過程中,要解決這個(gè)問題,常常借助于分句法翻譯技巧,即將原文句子分割成若干意義單位,以便在符合譯入語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的前提下,可以靈活地調(diào)整語序。例如Sometimes a near-death experience can free us of the shackles that life slowly trains us to wear這個(gè)句子中的賓語the shackles帶了一個(gè)賓語從句that life slowly trains us to wear。應(yīng)征者多半是不改變語序地從頭譯到尾。在大多數(shù)的情況下,譯文也不算錯(cuò),但是讀起來,總覺得味道不如原句的語勢強(qiáng),如有的譯者譯作:“有時(shí),瀕臨死亡的經(jīng)歷會使我們擺脫掉生活長期給我們套上的枷鎖?!边@譯文粗看起來也沒有什么大問題。但是如果我們仔細(xì)甄別,會發(fā)現(xiàn)原文的slowly和trains兩個(gè)詞的含義沒有準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來。Slowly不宜譯成“長期”,trains不宜簡單地譯作“套上”。Trains暗示我們本不愿套上枷鎖,但是生活本身無可逃避,日復(fù)一日、年復(fù)一年,我們試圖反抗生活的棱角終于慢慢被磨平,我們終于習(xí)慣了披枷帶鎖。Slowly則強(qiáng)調(diào)了這個(gè)習(xí)慣過程。因此,參考譯文采用了分句法,顛倒了原文語序,將原文的賓語從句在譯文中譯作狀語從句,放在句首,凸現(xiàn)了原文中生活過程與枷鎖的關(guān)聯(lián)的描述,更符合漢語的表達(dá)方式,邏輯上也更清楚。整個(gè)句子譯作:“盡管生活的磨礪慢慢使我們習(xí)慣于戴上枷鎖,但有時(shí)一次瀕死的經(jīng)歷就足以讓我們從這些枷鎖中解脫出來?!碑?dāng)然,分句譯法這種翻譯技巧也要看具體情況,不是句句如此。如果原文語序不加更動(dòng),而原汁原味可以保留,則還是不更動(dòng)語序的好。
    類似的問題還比較多,不便在一篇短評中面面俱到地論述。我的看法也只是一家之言,僅供大家參考。希望初學(xué)翻譯者能夠舉一反三地自行琢磨體會,久之自可觸類旁通。