英語閱讀難句分析之分割結(jié)構(gòu)1

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分割結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手段,在英語句子中,特別是在書面語中,比較常見。分割結(jié)構(gòu)就是指把英語句子中原來屬于一個(gè)整體的句子成分分割開,一部分留在句子的原來位置,另一部分遠(yuǎn)離原來位置。來源:考試大
    如:The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforters. 不難看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一個(gè)整體,被用作狀語的過去分詞remembered and cherished分割開。常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式有同位語或同位語從句與先行詞的分割,定語或and定語從句與先行詞的分割,主語與謂語的分割,謂語與賓語的分割。使用分割結(jié)構(gòu)的目的是使語句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,避免頭重腳輕,或者為了使表達(dá)的主題思想更加突出醒目,讀起來更通順流暢。分割結(jié)構(gòu)的存在說明了英語在結(jié)構(gòu)形式和表達(dá)方法上的生動(dòng)性和靈活性,但也造成了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。對于分割結(jié)構(gòu),只有從結(jié)構(gòu)上和語意上弄清它才能避免理解上的錯(cuò)誤,英譯漢時(shí)要把原來屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義譯出。
    如:An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.過生日的時(shí)候他得到了一件不尋常的禮物——一本關(guān)于倫理道德的書。(present 和a book被分隔)來源:考試大
    再如:After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,這樣的認(rèn)識加強(qiáng)了,即認(rèn)為存在著支配物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的普遍規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律不僅支配著地球上的也支配著天體上的物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(the feeling和 that從句被分隔)
    此外,還有定語(或定語從句)與其中心詞被分隔,某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔,動(dòng)詞與其賓語被分隔,介詞與其賓語被分隔等??傊?,英語的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則(應(yīng)當(dāng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末,從而使結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱,以避免主語部分太長,謂語部分太短)和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則(把新信息,即語義重點(diǎn)放在句子末尾)。閱讀時(shí)要注意把原來屬于一個(gè)整體的各部分找出來。
    1. Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
    第一層:Such a viewpoint,主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries,is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 狀 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位語從句 angering the survival of mankind.
    第二層:(同位語從句)that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 謂 the survival 賓 of mankind. 定
    要點(diǎn) 本句主干為Such a viewpoint…… is reinforced by the widely-held belief;形容詞短語particularly prominent in the developing countries,作為插入語修飾viewpoint,將主語和謂語分隔開來;介詞短語by the widely-held belief是被動(dòng)語態(tài)reinforced的行為主體;that it is……mankind是belief的同位語從句,這里還含有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式,即it is not the peaceful application……that is endangering……。來源:考試大
    譯文 這種在發(fā)展中國家顯得尤為突出的觀點(diǎn)被一種廣泛持有的信念所加強(qiáng),即并非和平利用核能正危害著人類的生存。
    2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers,for,as the rhyme goes,Change the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
    第一層:No girl 主 should marry 謂 a man 賓 whose last name has the same initial as hers,定語從句 for,as the rhyme goes,Change 狀語從句 the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
    第二層:(定語從句)whose 引 last name 主 has 謂 the same initial 賓 as hers 定
    (狀語從句)for,引 as the rhyme goes,狀 Change 謂 the name 賓 but 連 not the letter,賓 marry 謂 for worse instead of better.狀
    要點(diǎn) 這是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。for是連接詞,引導(dǎo)狀語從句。as the rhyme goes是插入語,插在for和它引導(dǎo)的從句之間,造成for和它引導(dǎo)的從句的分離,翻譯時(shí),可譯成一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。來源:考試大
    譯文 姑娘不該嫁給與自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因?yàn)檎缫皇淄{所說:改姓不改首字母,婚后必將受其苦。
    3. Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
    要點(diǎn) 否定詞nor放在句首時(shí),主謂倒裝。is放到了主語management前。同時(shí),if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句置于nor與句子的其他成分之間,造成了句子的割裂狀態(tài)。條件狀語從句中as desirable…… as the writing……可視為同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。句中who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞thinkers,可采用合譯的方法翻譯。be blamed for為固定短語,意為“因…而受指責(zé)”。in favor of ……在句中做狀語。
    譯文 假如像學(xué)術(shù)論文反映的那樣,科學(xué)家們期望看到與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式符合的規(guī)律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者們歧視研究者中的“怪杰”,而喜歡善于合作的較常規(guī)思維的人,這也是無可指責(zé)的。