【introduction】
任何飲食習(xí)慣都無(wú)法違反熱力學(xué)定律，即使現(xiàn)在充斥各種神奇的減重方法，減輕體重的方法只有消耗更多的熱量。但新的研究指出增加體重的身體位置可以提供線(xiàn)索來(lái)決定那種飲食習(xí)慣將最適合你。
【section one】article
no diet has ever been able to defy the laws of thermodynamics. whether you go low carb, low fat, low this or low that, the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories than you consume. even the new "it" diet, volumetrics—which uses fancy terms such as energy density and satiety to describe why filling up on certain low-calorie, water-based foods like celery makes you less hungry—can't miraculously melt away fat. but new research indicates that where on your body you pack on extra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.
it is already widely accepted that even the most rigorously adhered-to diet will not produce the same results from person to person. some of us are simply genetically predisposed to burn more calories more efficiently than others. restricting those calories, as you do on a diet, will similarly lead to differing results. but the biggest wild card in the diet game may be how you crank out insulin.
as digestion breaks down much of what we eat into sugary, energy-rich fuel that helps keep us on the go, insulin triggers the body to store excess sugar floating around the bloodstream as fat. insulin was particularly important in our caveman days, when we needed the energy from one meal to last as long as possible, until we had hunted down the next. "insulin is the hormone of feast," says gary d. foster, director of the center for obesity research and education at the temple university school of medicine in philadelphia.
but nowadays, with food so plentiful that groups like weight watchers are making a fortune promoting portion control, our insulin is often forced to work overtime, sweeping up the excess carbohydrates we pour into our system from candy bars or fruit juice or starchy foods like pasta. sometimes insulin can do such a good job of responding to a spike in blood sugar that it causes those levels to quickly drop. this in turn can lead to feelings of hunger shortly after a big meal. for this reason, many scientists think insulin's ride on the blood-sugar roller coaster may be a stimulus for overeating and, as a result, weight gain. it would be nice if there were an easy way to determine how aggressive your particular insulin response is, and now it appears there is.
in a study of 73 obese adults published last month in the journal of the american medical association (j.a.m.a.), dr. david ludwig, director of the obesity program at the children's hospital boston, and his colleagues looked at high- and low-insulin secretors. people who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. people who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat around their hips—the pear shape. those differences are more than aesthetic. the study found that high-insulin, apple-shaped people will not lose as much weight on a diet that restricts fat calories as they will on a low-glycemic-load diet—one that restricts simple carbohydrates from sugary and starchy foods like cookies and potatoes. low-secreting, pear-shaped people will do equally well on either type of diet. but the results went deeper than simply how much weight was lost.
over the course of six months, high-secreting, apple people lost an average of 6 kg on a low-glycemic diet and just 2.3 kg on a low-fat diet. low-secreting, pear people lost about 4.5 kg on both diets. at the end of 18 months, however, the pear-shaped people had gained back half of the weight they had lost on either diet. apple-shaped people gained back almost 1.4 of the 2.3 kg they lost on the low-fat diet but kept off all the weight they lost on the low-glycemic diet. while the study is revealing, almost nothing about it is simple. it's not clear just what the mechanism is that links body shape and insulin levels—a crucial detail if scientists are going to understand the full implications of their findings. more important, nothing suggests that apple-shaped people should simply dash out to sign up for an atkins-type low-carbohydrate diet.
true, a large report published in j.a.m.a. earlier this year showed that regardless of body shape, atkins produces the greatest short-term weight loss. ("if you want to look good in your wedding gown, i would go for atkins," says dr. anastassios pittas, assistant professor of medicine at tufts university school of medicine.) but adherents tend to fall off the low-carb wagon and quickly gain back unwanted kilograms. what's more, the atkins diet allows only a small fraction of calories to come from carbs, compared with 40% on the new study's low-glycemic regimen. the more balanced diet allows—indeed, encourages—people to eat whole-grain cereals and other complex carbs that take longer to digest and thus don't cause the rapid fat production that accompanies spikes in blood sugar. atkins' more restrictive regimen may reduce fat even faster, but people lose weight on both diets. "atkins just does it with a bludgeon instead of a chisel," says ludwig.
what's clearer from the study is that apple-shaped people should probably not choose low-fat diets, because the white rice or other types of simple carbs they are still allowed to eat may have a yo-yo effect on blood-sugar levels, making them hungrier sooner. the study didn't evaluate whether these people would do better on an ornish-style vegetarian diet that restricts fat intake and has dieters make up the difference by eating lots of complex carbs, such as brown rice and oats—which are high in fiber and tend to make people feel fuller longer—as well as low-sugar fruits like blueberries.
for apple-shaped people hunting for the right diet, a blood test to determine insulin levels may help confirm which regimen will work best for them. but for pears, it remains a toss-up. so until scientists find out more about their body shape, they'll have to lose the old-fashioned way: eating less.
【section two】homework
1. please translate the sentence in blue into chinese.
the study found that high-insulin, apple-shaped people will not lose as much weight on a diet that restricts fat calories as they will on a low-glycemic-load diet—one that restricts simple carbohydrates from sugary and starchy foods like cookies and potatoes.
2. what is the main idear of this article?
3. please describe the characteristics of people appearing apple shape or pear shape.
4. please explain "yo-yo effect" in this article.
參考答案：
1. 研究指出，高胰島素和身材像蘋(píng)果的人，靠限制脂肪和熱量的飲食來(lái)減重，效果較以低血糖飲食減重差。(低血糖飲食是指限制由餅干和馬鈴薯等甜食和淀粉類(lèi)食物獲得單純的碳水化合物)
2. a new research indicates that where on your body you pack on extra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.
3. people who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. people who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat around their hips—the pear shape.
4. 何謂“溜溜球效應(yīng)”(yo-yo effect) 呢?簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)，就是指體重像溜溜球一樣忽高忽低。因?yàn)轶w重的減輕是由流失水分開(kāi)始，然後是肌肉，最後才是脂肪。因此當(dāng)你在節(jié)/絕食這段過(guò)程中，身體會(huì)先消耗肌肉，而在你再度進(jìn)食後，身體會(huì)將食物轉(zhuǎn)化成脂肪來(lái)囤積，而這樣循環(huán)下去造成的效果，想減的脂肪沒(méi)減掉，反而越堆越多，而減掉的只是水分跟肌肉，自然就越減越肥了!這樣的減肥方法不但沒(méi)用，而且傷身(長(zhǎng)期飲食不均衡，回復(fù)飲食候更容易造成脂肪的堆積)，簡(jiǎn)直是「賠了夫人又折兵」!
任何飲食習(xí)慣都無(wú)法違反熱力學(xué)定律，即使現(xiàn)在充斥各種神奇的減重方法，減輕體重的方法只有消耗更多的熱量。但新的研究指出增加體重的身體位置可以提供線(xiàn)索來(lái)決定那種飲食習(xí)慣將最適合你。
【section one】article
no diet has ever been able to defy the laws of thermodynamics. whether you go low carb, low fat, low this or low that, the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories than you consume. even the new "it" diet, volumetrics—which uses fancy terms such as energy density and satiety to describe why filling up on certain low-calorie, water-based foods like celery makes you less hungry—can't miraculously melt away fat. but new research indicates that where on your body you pack on extra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.
it is already widely accepted that even the most rigorously adhered-to diet will not produce the same results from person to person. some of us are simply genetically predisposed to burn more calories more efficiently than others. restricting those calories, as you do on a diet, will similarly lead to differing results. but the biggest wild card in the diet game may be how you crank out insulin.
as digestion breaks down much of what we eat into sugary, energy-rich fuel that helps keep us on the go, insulin triggers the body to store excess sugar floating around the bloodstream as fat. insulin was particularly important in our caveman days, when we needed the energy from one meal to last as long as possible, until we had hunted down the next. "insulin is the hormone of feast," says gary d. foster, director of the center for obesity research and education at the temple university school of medicine in philadelphia.
but nowadays, with food so plentiful that groups like weight watchers are making a fortune promoting portion control, our insulin is often forced to work overtime, sweeping up the excess carbohydrates we pour into our system from candy bars or fruit juice or starchy foods like pasta. sometimes insulin can do such a good job of responding to a spike in blood sugar that it causes those levels to quickly drop. this in turn can lead to feelings of hunger shortly after a big meal. for this reason, many scientists think insulin's ride on the blood-sugar roller coaster may be a stimulus for overeating and, as a result, weight gain. it would be nice if there were an easy way to determine how aggressive your particular insulin response is, and now it appears there is.
in a study of 73 obese adults published last month in the journal of the american medical association (j.a.m.a.), dr. david ludwig, director of the obesity program at the children's hospital boston, and his colleagues looked at high- and low-insulin secretors. people who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. people who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat around their hips—the pear shape. those differences are more than aesthetic. the study found that high-insulin, apple-shaped people will not lose as much weight on a diet that restricts fat calories as they will on a low-glycemic-load diet—one that restricts simple carbohydrates from sugary and starchy foods like cookies and potatoes. low-secreting, pear-shaped people will do equally well on either type of diet. but the results went deeper than simply how much weight was lost.
over the course of six months, high-secreting, apple people lost an average of 6 kg on a low-glycemic diet and just 2.3 kg on a low-fat diet. low-secreting, pear people lost about 4.5 kg on both diets. at the end of 18 months, however, the pear-shaped people had gained back half of the weight they had lost on either diet. apple-shaped people gained back almost 1.4 of the 2.3 kg they lost on the low-fat diet but kept off all the weight they lost on the low-glycemic diet. while the study is revealing, almost nothing about it is simple. it's not clear just what the mechanism is that links body shape and insulin levels—a crucial detail if scientists are going to understand the full implications of their findings. more important, nothing suggests that apple-shaped people should simply dash out to sign up for an atkins-type low-carbohydrate diet.
true, a large report published in j.a.m.a. earlier this year showed that regardless of body shape, atkins produces the greatest short-term weight loss. ("if you want to look good in your wedding gown, i would go for atkins," says dr. anastassios pittas, assistant professor of medicine at tufts university school of medicine.) but adherents tend to fall off the low-carb wagon and quickly gain back unwanted kilograms. what's more, the atkins diet allows only a small fraction of calories to come from carbs, compared with 40% on the new study's low-glycemic regimen. the more balanced diet allows—indeed, encourages—people to eat whole-grain cereals and other complex carbs that take longer to digest and thus don't cause the rapid fat production that accompanies spikes in blood sugar. atkins' more restrictive regimen may reduce fat even faster, but people lose weight on both diets. "atkins just does it with a bludgeon instead of a chisel," says ludwig.
what's clearer from the study is that apple-shaped people should probably not choose low-fat diets, because the white rice or other types of simple carbs they are still allowed to eat may have a yo-yo effect on blood-sugar levels, making them hungrier sooner. the study didn't evaluate whether these people would do better on an ornish-style vegetarian diet that restricts fat intake and has dieters make up the difference by eating lots of complex carbs, such as brown rice and oats—which are high in fiber and tend to make people feel fuller longer—as well as low-sugar fruits like blueberries.
for apple-shaped people hunting for the right diet, a blood test to determine insulin levels may help confirm which regimen will work best for them. but for pears, it remains a toss-up. so until scientists find out more about their body shape, they'll have to lose the old-fashioned way: eating less.
【section two】homework
1. please translate the sentence in blue into chinese.
the study found that high-insulin, apple-shaped people will not lose as much weight on a diet that restricts fat calories as they will on a low-glycemic-load diet—one that restricts simple carbohydrates from sugary and starchy foods like cookies and potatoes.
2. what is the main idear of this article?
3. please describe the characteristics of people appearing apple shape or pear shape.
4. please explain "yo-yo effect" in this article.
參考答案：
1. 研究指出，高胰島素和身材像蘋(píng)果的人，靠限制脂肪和熱量的飲食來(lái)減重，效果較以低血糖飲食減重差。(低血糖飲食是指限制由餅干和馬鈴薯等甜食和淀粉類(lèi)食物獲得單純的碳水化合物)
2. a new research indicates that where on your body you pack on extra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.
3. people who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. people who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat around their hips—the pear shape.
4. 何謂“溜溜球效應(yīng)”(yo-yo effect) 呢?簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)，就是指體重像溜溜球一樣忽高忽低。因?yàn)轶w重的減輕是由流失水分開(kāi)始，然後是肌肉，最後才是脂肪。因此當(dāng)你在節(jié)/絕食這段過(guò)程中，身體會(huì)先消耗肌肉，而在你再度進(jìn)食後，身體會(huì)將食物轉(zhuǎn)化成脂肪來(lái)囤積，而這樣循環(huán)下去造成的效果，想減的脂肪沒(méi)減掉，反而越堆越多，而減掉的只是水分跟肌肉，自然就越減越肥了!這樣的減肥方法不但沒(méi)用，而且傷身(長(zhǎng)期飲食不均衡，回復(fù)飲食候更容易造成脂肪的堆積)，簡(jiǎn)直是「賠了夫人又折兵」!