I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1381）
1. William's Rule （1066-1087）
威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1087）
England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror
在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度
①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
①在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。②根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。⑦英國封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國王。
2. King Henry II and his reforms
亨利二世國王和他的改革
The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.
亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。
Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen's time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.
亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強(qiáng)并擴(kuò)大了他的行政長官們的權(quán)力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。
諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1381）
1. William's Rule （1066-1087）
威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1087）
England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror
在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度
①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
①在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。②根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。⑦英國封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國王。
2. King Henry II and his reforms
亨利二世國王和他的改革
The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.
亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。
Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen's time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.
亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強(qiáng)并擴(kuò)大了他的行政長官們的權(quán)力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。