V. The Civil Wars and their consequences
Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.
The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
由于查爾斯的"君權(quán)神授"統(tǒng)治權(quán)，他與議會(huì)的對(duì)質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)爭開始于1642年8月22日，結(jié)束于1651年。最后查爾斯被處死。
英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。這是議會(huì)和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突。城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益剛好與他們的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相應(yīng)地，皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益則與圣公會(huì)教的宗教信仰相結(jié)合在一起。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅*了英國的封建制度，而且動(dòng)搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。
The Restoration
王政復(fù)辟
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.
1658年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護(hù)國公，政權(quán)立即開始瓦解?？藗愅柕囊晃粚④妴讨蚊煽苏碱I(lǐng)倫敦，安排新的議會(huì)選舉。1660年選出的議會(huì)要求上一任國王的兒子長期流亡地法國回國作國王查爾斯二世，從而解決了危機(jī)。這就是所謂的王政復(fù)辟。
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
1688年光榮革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
1685年查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。詹姆斯二世從小在歐洲流亡長大，是個(gè)天主教徒，他希望不放棄個(gè)人宗教信仰統(tǒng)治國家。但是1688的英國已不象40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。英國政客反對(duì)詹姆斯二世，他們呼吁信奉新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威謙入侵英國奪取王位。1688年11月15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領(lǐng)倫敦。這一占領(lǐng)相對(duì)平靜，既未流血也未處死國王，所以就稱為"光榮革命"。
Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.
The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
由于查爾斯的"君權(quán)神授"統(tǒng)治權(quán)，他與議會(huì)的對(duì)質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)爭開始于1642年8月22日，結(jié)束于1651年。最后查爾斯被處死。
英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。這是議會(huì)和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突。城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益剛好與他們的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相應(yīng)地，皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益則與圣公會(huì)教的宗教信仰相結(jié)合在一起。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅*了英國的封建制度，而且動(dòng)搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。
The Restoration
王政復(fù)辟
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.
1658年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護(hù)國公，政權(quán)立即開始瓦解?？藗愅柕囊晃粚④妴讨蚊煽苏碱I(lǐng)倫敦，安排新的議會(huì)選舉。1660年選出的議會(huì)要求上一任國王的兒子長期流亡地法國回國作國王查爾斯二世，從而解決了危機(jī)。這就是所謂的王政復(fù)辟。
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
1688年光榮革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
1685年查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。詹姆斯二世從小在歐洲流亡長大，是個(gè)天主教徒，他希望不放棄個(gè)人宗教信仰統(tǒng)治國家。但是1688的英國已不象40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。英國政客反對(duì)詹姆斯二世，他們呼吁信奉新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威謙入侵英國奪取王位。1688年11月15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領(lǐng)倫敦。這一占領(lǐng)相對(duì)平靜，既未流血也未處死國王，所以就稱為"光榮革命"。