II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
工業(yè)革命（1780-1830）
1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
工業(yè)革命指的是17世紀末、18世紀初英國工業(yè)的機械化，以及因此而導致的社會結構和經濟結構的變化。
2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:
英國成為第一個工業(yè)化的國家，原因如下：
(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;
優(yōu)越的地理位置：英國地理位置優(yōu)越，適合參與歐洲與世界貿易；
(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.
政治局面穩(wěn)定。17世紀后的英國社會寧靜，對海外貿易和殖民地興趣日增。國際貿易給商人和城市銀行家?guī)碡敻?，他們加上由于新農作法而發(fā)家的人們?yōu)楣I(yè)化提供了大筆資金。
(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
1688年光榮革命限制了君主的權力，這使得強大的經濟利益集團能對議會政策施加影響。
(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
英國的主要城鎮(zhèn)皆靠近海港或河流，貨物運送便利。
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.
英國許多河流不僅用于交通，還提供水力及蒸汽動力。英國還有可用的礦產資源。
(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
英國工程師為訓練有素的手工藝人。
(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
發(fā)明家受人尊重，他們解決了實際難題。
(8) Probably laissez faire and "Protestant work ethic" helped.
很可能利益于"放手干"及"新教工作道德"。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
1707年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成關稅聯盟，1807年后愛爾蘭加入。因此，全國市場不再受陰于內部的關稅障礙。
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.
圈地運動和其它農業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠提供了勞動力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。
3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution
工業(yè)革命中一些重大創(chuàng)新
(1) John Kay's flying shuttle in 1733;
1733年，約翰凱的飛梭；
(2) James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny in 1766;
1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮紡紗機；
(3) Richard Arkwright's waterframe in 1769;
1769年理查德阿克賴特的水力紡織機；
(4) Samuel Crompton's mule in 1779
1779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機；
(5) Edmund Cartwright's power loom in 1784;
1784年愛德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力織機；
(6) James Watt's steam engine in 1765.
1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機。
4．Consequences of the industrial Revolution
工業(yè)革命的結果
（1） Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world";
英國成為了"世界工場"；
（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth.
城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起，成為國家財富的源泉。
（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.
機械化摧毀了不能投入其中的人們的生活。工人們在可怕的條件下勞動與生活。
（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.
工業(yè)革命產生了工人階級，即無產階級。后來形成了工會制度。