一. 教學內(nèi)容：
書面表達講解與訓練：如何寫好情景寫作
寫作體裁訓練1）通知 2）論說文
如何寫通知：
通知寫作要素
1. 口頭通知（Announcement）內(nèi)容要包括時間、地點、事項、參加者。口頭通知不必說明通知時間和組織者。語言要求靈活、簡要、口語化。
2. 書面通知(Notice) 除內(nèi)容要包括時間、地點、事項、參加者外,還要有組織者。通知的日期寫在左下角。語言要求簡練、用詞貼切、書面化。
3. 通知要求開門見山、簡明扼要、敘述清楚。
范文1.
A Notice
Students of Senior I will visit the Beijing Zoo on Saturday, April 15. The Beijing Zoo has a history of more than one hundred years. It is one of the biggest zoos in the world. There we can see all kinds of animals, such as pandas, elephants, lions, tigers and so on. In the morning we will be free to visit the different areas of the zoo and then have lunch on the small island; in the afternoon the zoo-keeper will give us a talk on how to protect wild animals. Please take your lunch and drinks with you. Wear strong shoes because we shall do a lot of walking. We’ll meet at the school gate at 7:00 on Saturday morning . The buses will start at 7:10 on time. Please don’t be late.
范文2.
Attention, please! I’ve something important to tell you. The English Corner is to take place on Saturday afternoon on the playground. It will start at four o’clock. You can talk freely with one another about your life and studies at school. You’re encouraged to speak as much English as possible.
Tom, An American student studying at Nanjing University, will join us. He’s promised to tell us something about school education in the USA. I’m sure you’ll show interest in his talk.
The English Corner has proved to be of great benefit to us in our English learning.
Everyone will be welcome. Please come on time. That’s all. Thank you.
常用通知用語
1. Attention, please!
May I have your attention, please?
2. I have an announcement to make.
I’ve something important to tell you.
3. There is going to be a talk on history this afternoon.
4. The meeting will be held in the auditorium at 2:00pm.this afternoon.
5. The lecture will last about three hours.
6. Everyone will be welcome .
7. You are required to take notes during the lecture....
8. Please be there on time.
Be sure to attend on time.
Please be present on time.
9. The party will be held at 2:30 p.m. on Wednesday, October 10,2004.
10. The meeting will be held in Room 202,on the second floor of Main Building.
11. give a talk(a lecture, a concert)
12. hold a meeting (a class, a celebration)
13. attend a meeting(a sports meet, a lecture, a class)
14. have a class(a meeting, a lecture, a discussion)
15. make a trip / speak about /set up a...club/ set out(for)/ leave for/ arrive at/ show sb. around/ visit a place/ meet at the gate of.../go to a concert(a movie, the theatre, the cinema)/ form a group/ run a class/ join sb. in.../ take part in.../ talk about...
16. Please sign your name/ fill in a...form(at the Service Room)
17. Don’t forget to bring your gifts with you.
18. Come to the great fun!
19. The meeting will be put off until next week.
高考書面表達(1994)
提示：你校學生將為來訪的美國朋友舉辦一個晚會，要在學校廣播中宣布此事，并歡迎大家參加。為使美國朋友聽懂，請你用英語寫一篇廣播通知。要點如下：
宗旨：歡迎來訪的美國朋友.
組織者：學生會
時間：8月15日(星期六) 晚7:30
地點：主樓屋頂花園
活動內(nèi)容：音樂,跳舞,唱歌,游戲,交換禮品。（請包裝好,簽名并在包裝外面寫上幾個祝愿詞）
注意：（1）廣播稿約為100詞。（2）應包括以上要點,但不要逐字翻譯，要組織成一篇通順連貫的短文。（3）開頭語已為你寫好。
生詞：交換禮品---to exchange gifts 學生會--- the Students Union
Possible version:
May I have your attention, Please? I have an announcement to make. The Student Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening August 15, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 p.m.. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchanges of gifts. Everybody please bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
Don’t forget 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. There’s sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.
高考書面表達（2000，春）
為了豐富外國學生的生活，你校學生會將舉辦音樂周活動。請你以組織者的身份寫一個書面通知，有關內(nèi)容如下：
時間：5月第一周
活動：1 演唱歌曲：流行歌曲。 2 器樂演奏：古典和民間音樂。 3 音樂比賽：
聽歌曲片段，然后猜出處。
地點：屆時通知。參加者請于4月20 日前報名。
注意：
1. 書面通知應寫成一篇連貫的短文。
2. 可以適當增減細節(jié)。
3. 詞數(shù) 100左右。
4. 通知格式已寫好。
5. 生詞：古典---classical 民間---folk 樂器---musical instruments
比賽---contest
Possible version:
Dear students,
The Students Union has decided to organize a music week. It will be held in the first week of May. The activities include singing pop songs and playing classical and folk music. Bring your own musical instruments, please. A music contest will be included, too. The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a song or a piece of music, and then guess where it comes from. If you’d like to take part in the music week, please come and sign up for it before April 20th. The place for the activities will be announced later.
Come to the great fun!
Students Union
如何寫說明文
說明文（通常它是對事物提供知識，解釋與分析，表明觀點的文章）這種文體已成為近年來高考書面表達常見的一種寫作形式。
它要求根據(jù)文字，圖畫，圖表，數(shù)據(jù)提供的信息進行描述，分析，議論。做到言之有理，言之有據(jù)。通過語言的表達及必要的修辭手段將信息進行傳達。
常見形式
1. 首先要有一個明確的中心思想，然后對這個中心思想加以具體的解釋與說明。
2. 常用的方法有：1）例舉 2）比較或?qū)Ρ?3）分析 4）說明 5）描述
3. 常見寫作順序：1）提出問題（通常是主題句）2）分析問題（圍繞主題進行分析，可以舉例，比較對比，提出理由） 3）評論、措施建議或結(jié)論。
4. 要求主題清楚，條理分明，語言簡練，邏輯性強。
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
主題句——引出全文的話題
支持句——圍繞話題展開討論，用事實，理由，觀點等來進行解釋，說明或論證。
結(jié)束句——對話題進行概括，總結(jié)歸納。
下面我們來學習兩種常用的表達法
1. 例舉法
通常用事例來說明主題
常使用的銜接詞
（1）可用表示順序的示意詞來突出每個實例。如：
first, second, third,
first, secondly, finally,
the first thing (point) is…, the second thing (point) is…, the third thing(point) is…,
first of all, also, finally,
one, another, the last…
（2）以事物的重要性來排列順序，可使文章層次清楚，重點突出。 如：
for one thing, also, the worst thing is…,
first of all, apart from that, the most important is…,
for one thing, what is more, the most…,
one important, more important, the most important…,
one problem.., another problem…, the most serious problem…,
常用的詞或詞組還有：
對稱關系：for one thing...,for another(thing)...;
on the one hand, ... on the other hand...;
one..., the other...;
比較關系：between...and...; different from, the difference between,
in contrast, compared with/to
總結(jié)：in a word, in short, on the whole, in conclusion, generally speaking
例文1
I think carefully before I buy anything. First, I ask myself if I really need it. Secondly, I examine the quality of it. If it is poorly made, I won’t buy it. Thirdly, I look at the price. I won’t buy anything that is too expensive. In short, I think about my needs, the quality, and the price before I buy anything.
例文 2
The whole society should respect old people. For one thing, they have worked for the society for their whole lives. What is more, they have rich life experience, and they can give us good advice. The most important reason is that if we do not respect old people now, we ourselves will not be respected when we are old.
2. 比較對比法
比較通常是指對人或事物之間的相同點進行分析。
對比通常是側(cè)重分析兩者之間的不同點，利與弊。
寫作方法通常有：
1）A,A,A, B,B,B, 結(jié)構(gòu)（如內(nèi)容簡單，可將兩者分開描述）
2）A,B, A,B, A,B, 結(jié)構(gòu) （如內(nèi)容較多，可逐點分析。）
例文1
Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the west, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane likes French, history, and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history, and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.
例文2
Vilma likes travelling by bus better than travelling by airplane for four reasons. First, it costs less. She can ride by bus from New York to Chicago for $20 Yet, the air fare between the two cities is $78. Second， travelling by bus gives her a closer look at the cities and countryside than she could get from a plane. For example，she enjoys driving through the big cities of Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Fort Wayne. Third, Vilma finds that the passengers on the bus are often closer to her own age. So , they are easy to talk with on the shared travel adventure. In contrast, many airline passengers are businessmen who keep busy with their work while flying. Fourth , riding a bus allows Vilma to explore any stop along the way. On the other hand, once she got off the bus at a small town in Indiana and spent the night with a girl friend. So, the next day she took another bus to Chicago. For these reasons, Vilma usually prefers buses instead of planes unless she has to get somewhere in a hurry.
2001年高考書面表達分析
假設你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友Dick聽說中國的中小學生在減輕學生負擔，來信詢問有關情況。請你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，寫一封回信，談一談減負給你的學習和生活帶來的變化。(詞數(shù)100左右：開頭已經(jīng)為你寫好)
周末活動(減負前) 周末活動(減負后)
白天：上課、做作業(yè) 白天：參觀博物館、學習電腦、繪畫等
晚上：做作業(yè) 晚上：看新聞、讀書、看報
就寢時間：11:30 就寢時間：10:00
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again.___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes,
Li Hua
首先，認真審題，確定體裁及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或提綱。這是一篇夾敘夾議的文章，對比減負前后學生的學習和生活。雖然開頭已給出，我們?nèi)皂氃賹懳覀兾恼碌拈_頭從而把所給的信的開頭和文章連在一起。這個句子同時還要點題。所以我們可以用這句話：In your letter you asked me something about what’s going on at schools.信的主體要寫變化，后是寫信人的感受和希望。
第二步，再讀細節(jié)，確定人稱、時態(tài)、主要情節(jié)、句式等。尤其要考慮動詞：搭配(動詞與名詞的搭配、動詞與介詞的搭配)，相關同義詞或詞組。
本文應以第一人稱；描述過去的學習生活需用過去的時態(tài)，描述現(xiàn)在的學習生活需用現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)；句式可用表對比的副詞或連詞，如：…while …, Compared with…, In contrast to this, etc; 可以用的動詞短語：used to do, have no choice but to do something, could do nothing but have classes and finish homework; couldn’t go to bed until …, pay a visit to, besides, we couldn’t be happier.
第三步，成文。
Possible answer I:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? Things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I used to have to work even at weekends, doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can study drawing , pay a visit to museums, and take computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read books and newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. I think everyone is happy about these changes.
后，潤色全文，注意措辭及復雜句式。
Possible answer II:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. In your letter you asked me something about what’s going on at schools. In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. Take me for example. I used to have to work even at weekends, doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Although I didn’t like it, I had no choice. Now, however, I have more time to spare. Not only I can watch news on TV or read newspapers, but I can also go to bed earlier. While in the past I had to stay up late sometimes until 11:30. As far as I know, everyone is pleased with this new arrangement of things. I hope all will be better and better.
Looking forward to your letter. Best wishes.
Li Hua
2002高考書面表達
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of the entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of the city.
On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
2003 海淀一模
As can be seen from the chart, great changes have been taking place in the ownership of mobile phone in China. By the end of this year, there will have been 20 million mobile users. By the year 2005, the number will reach up to 30 million.
People have found mobile phone very convenient. They can get in touch with each other whenever and wherever they like. There are many different functions for different needs, such as SMS, keeping phone record, etc. But it may also bring us some trouble. For example, you will have to pay for a wrong call. And the radiation may do harm to our health. In spite of this, the number of people having mobile phone is still increasing steadily.
課堂練習與點評：
一個在中國考察的外國教育團要了解中國高三學生選擇志愿的態(tài)度。請你根據(jù)了解的信息，寫一篇簡要介紹。字數(shù)不少于60。
參考答案：
Chinese students of Senior Three have different opinions on how to choose their courses and colleges.
About 35% of the students insist that the choice should be based on their own interest. They think that interest is the way leading to success. It is a miserable thing to be obliged to study what they have no interest in.
On the contrary, about 45% students, however, consider it is the need of society that matters a lot, for they believe it will help find the job they like best. In addition, interest can be developed and changed.
Interestingly, there are 20% of the students who find it so difficult to make a choice that they prefer to follow the advice offered by their parents or teachers.
學生習作：
We Senior 3 students’ opinions about what subject we are likely to major in are different.
35% of us consider whatever we select should depend on our own interest, because interest can lead to success. If choosing the subject we are not fond of, we will not concentrate ourselves on it, which is a way of wasting time. On the other hand, 45% of the students hold their view that the choice ought to meet the demands of the society, because it will be easy to find jobs in future. And interest can developed gradually. The rest find it difficult for them to make a decision. They are likely to follow the advice given by teachers or parents.
Up to now we haven’t reached an agreement.
注意使用正確的表達方式：切忌中文式的直譯
應以個人興趣為主：
What we major in should depend on what take interest in.
We should choose the subject depending on our interest.
興趣是成功之母
Interest is the mother of success.
We can study harder and achieve more success if we like it.
學不喜歡的專業(yè)很痛苦
It’s difficult for us to learn what we don’t like at all.
It is unhappy experience to learn something boring.
應以社會需要為主
We should choose our major subject according to the demands of the society.
Choosing a useful subject is the most important, and we should think of the future life.
將來容易找工作
It’s easy for them to hunt for jobs after graduating.
We can find a job more easily after graduating from the universities.
興趣可以培養(yǎng)和改變
After all we can change and develop our interest.
Interest can be developed and changed.
如何選擇是一個難題
It is really a difficult choice to make.
20% of the students haven’t decided what subject they should choose.
聽從父母或老師的建議
We should think carefully and take our parents or teachers’ advice.
【模擬試題】
（一）
根據(jù)China Daily中的一則消息，學校將組織學生參觀藝術博物館。英語教師要求你用英語寫一份通知，向大家報告這件事。
內(nèi)容包括：
1. 參觀中國國家藝術博物館（China National Art Museum）;
2. 展品內(nèi)容有82位歐、美藝術家收藏的藝術品；包括中國古代藝術品。共117件。
3. 這些藏品是由已故Peter Ludwig先生捐贈的（denote）;他認為這些收藏品是對世界人民有用的東西；（regard…as）
4. 參觀地址： 東城區(qū)五四大街1 號；
5. 集合時間地點：3月5日8：30a.m; 博物館門前。
注意：不要逐條逐字翻譯。100字左右。
（二）
隨著中國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展及加入世貿(mào)組織,轎車將越來越多地進入普通家庭。一方面，刺激了經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，方便了人們的生活；另一方面，造成了嚴重的環(huán)境污染。請就此問題寫一篇文章，詞數(shù)120左右。
（三）
一位中學生在自己班級就校服問題進行了調(diào)查（survey），下面是對部分學生調(diào)查的統(tǒng)計表。請參照該表寫一篇題目為“Report on the Survey about Our School Uniform”的報告。
請參照：
注意：
1. 報告須包括調(diào)查表中的主要內(nèi)容；可以適當增加細節(jié)，使內(nèi)容連貫。
2. 詞數(shù)100左右。
生詞：趕時髦 follow the fashion
酷（時髦）fashionable
【試題答案】
（一）
An Announcement
Attention please,
World-famous art collector Peter Ludwig denoted 117 pieces of European modern art he owned to China National Art Museum. Unfortunately he passed away last year. His collection ranged from European art works to Native American and ancient Chinese art works. He regarded his collection as something he could use to help the people of the world.
This exhibition will display 117 master-pieces by 82 European and American artists.
We’ll gather at the gate of the China National Art Museum.
Date: 8:30 a.m, March 15th.
Location: China National Art Museum, No.1 Wusi Dajie, Dongcheng District, Beijing.
（二）
With the development of economy and China's WTO entry, more and more families have cars of their own.
As we all know, cars are a very fast kind of transport. With the help of a car, we'll be able to get to any place we want easily and quickly. Life will be much more convenient. Besides, it'll play an important role in stimulating the economy of the whole nation.
Nevertheless, the pollution that cars bring us should not be ignored. The waste air of cars is a real danger to the environment. A large number of poisonous substances given off from the car do great harm to our health. So, cars bring us both advantages and disadvantages. I do hope people can own a private car, but pay more attention to our environment as well.
（三）
Report on the Survey about Our School Uniform
I did a survey about our school uniform. I asked some of my classmates what they thought about our uniforms.
The majority like it. 55% of them say it is very fashionable and the color is nice. They think it is neat and tidy and suits the students. In some students’ opinion, when we wear our school uniforms, we feel equal and no need to follow the fashion.
Others don’t like the school uniform. Some of them fell it is uncomfortable and the color is too dull. Some consider it old fashioned. In the eyes of others, its style is very simple. The rest of them have no ideas about it.
學生習作：
After making a survey among my classmates, I found that all the students could be divided into three groups, depending on their different attitudes towards our school uniform. More than half of them like the uniform. For one thing, it looks fashionable and the colors are nice. Also, it is neat and clean, which is suitable for a student. “It shows equality. We don’t need to follow the fashion.” They argued.
However, on the other hand, about one third of them dislike it. They find the uniform neither comfortable nor beautiful. Besides, the style is not only out of fashion, but also simple and dull.
Still, about 10 percent of them have no ideas.