英語專題:冠詞、連詞
冠詞
冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞的前面,幫助說明名詞的含義。
不定冠詞形式:
不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式。
a. 用在以輔音字母開頭或以讀音類似輔音的元音開頭的單詞前面
例:
a man 一個男人
a table 一張桌子
a university 一所大學
a useful thing 一種有用的東西
an用在以元音字母開頭或以不發(fā)音的h字母開頭的單詞前面
an hour 一小時 an apple 一個蘋果
不定冠詞的用法
1. 不定冠詞a表示“一”這一概念時,意思與one相似
There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一支鋼筆。
2. 不定冠詞在表示“一”的概念時,是非強調(diào)性的。
如果強調(diào)“一”這一數(shù)量,常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 國慶節(jié)是(一)個兩天的假日。
3. 不定冠詞用在表示數(shù)量、時間等名詞前表示“每一(單位)…的價格、速度、順序等”。
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 這些蘋果每公斤兩元錢。
4. 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前泛指人的職業(yè)、國籍、宗教等
5. 不定冠詞用在人名或表示人的名詞前,表示不確定性,即說話人不清楚或沒有指明所提到的人到底是誰。
A Smith called you just now. 剛才一個叫史密斯的人給你打電話。
6. 不定冠詞用于“be of a (an) 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示“相同…的”。
These sweaters are of a size. 這些毛衣大小相同。
7. 不定冠詞用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an) 名詞,so/too/how 形容詞 a (an) 名詞表示程度、數(shù)量或感嘆等。
It's too difficult a problem for him. 對他來說,這是一個太難的問題。
8. 不定冠詞用于某些習慣用語或諺語中。
in a word 總而言之 at a time 一次
注:當一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物時,在名詞前面要加不定冠詞,以后再次提到同一事物時用定冠詞。
…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…
…他看到一個人站在那里。那個人就是他正找的人?!?BR> 定冠詞形式:
定冠詞的形式是the,它沒有單、復數(shù)和詞性的變化。
定冠詞的用法:
1. 定冠詞用在名詞前,表示特指,即某個特定的人、事物等。特別是當某名詞后面有定語限定這一名詞時,名詞前面一般都要用定冠詞the。
How do you like the rooms here? 你覺得這里的房間怎么樣?
2. 用于單數(shù)名詞前,指一類事物。
The lion is a wild animal. 獅子是野生動物。
3. 用于樂器名稱前。
the violin 小提琴 the piano 鋼琴
4. 用于世界上獨一無二的事物前。
the earth 地球 the world 世界
5. 用在形容詞前,表示一類人或事物。
the poor 窮人 the aged 老人
6. 用于構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞的比較級和級形式。
Is this the best choice he can make?
這是他能做出的的選擇嗎?
不用冠詞的場合:
1. 名詞在句中作表語、同位語時,當它所表示的職位、頭銜等是獨一無二的,則不用冠詞。
Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department.
史密斯被任命為外語系主任。
(上述的“主任”只有一個,如果這一職位不是獨一的,則要用不定冠詞。)
2. 當名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象含義時,不具體指某一事物,前面不加冠詞,這種情況常見于一些固定短語中。
I'll take him to hospital. 我將帶他去醫(yī)院(看?。?BR> (不指某一具體特定的醫(yī)院而著重強調(diào)醫(yī)院看病的普遍性功用。)
3. 表示季節(jié)、月份、星期的名詞,如果沒有限制性定語,或者不表示某一特定時間,前面不用冠詞。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天已經(jīng)到了,春天還會遠嗎?
4. 泛指的某頓飯前不用冠詞
What do you want to have for breakfast? 你早飯想吃什么?
注:表示新聞標題、提綱、廣告、公告、電報、信函、書名等前不用冠詞。
專有名詞前的冠詞:
用不定冠詞的情況:
1. 表示某國人,某個說話人但不清楚是誰的人。(只知其名)
He is an American. 他是美國人。
2. 表示某一家庭成員或某一名人的作品。
There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅倫勃朗的畫。
用定冠詞的情況:
1. 某些地理名詞,如江河海洋、海峽海灣、山脈群島、沙漠等之前要用定冠詞。
the Yangtze 長江 the Pacific 太平洋
2. 由普通名詞和其它一些詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞,如國名、組織機構(gòu)、建筑物、報紙、會議、條約等的名稱前,要用定冠詞。
the United Nations 聯(lián)合國 the New York Times 紐約時報
3. 定冠詞用在復數(shù)專有名詞前,表示一家人,或某對夫婦、整個民族等。
The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美國人是一個車輪上的民族。
專有名詞前不用冠詞的情況:
一般來說,街道、廣場、公園的名字、大學名、節(jié)日名、雜志名前不加定冠詞。
Hyde Park 海德公園 National Day 國慶節(jié)
抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前冠詞的用法:
1. 當抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,不用冠詞(即使前面有修飾性詞)
Knowledge begins with practice. 認識從實踐開始。
2. 當抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示某一特定概念時,特別是當它們有一限制性定語時,前面要加定冠詞。
What do you think of the music? 你覺得這音樂怎么樣?
3. 當抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示“一種”、“一場”、“一次”、“一陣”或“一份”等意義時,要在前面加上不定冠詞a或an。
Would you please give us an explanation? 你能不能給我們解釋一下呢?
4. 表示某一品質(zhì)或情緒的具體事件、人物或東西的抽象名詞,前面要用不定冠詞。
The English evening was really a great success. 這次英語晚會很成功。
連詞
連詞是一種虛詞,在句子中不能單獨作句子成分,也沒有詞形變化。用來連接詞與詞,短語和短語或句子與句子。
1. 并列關(guān)系
并列連詞:用來連接句子中相同成分的詞、短語、或句子。
and ……和……,……以及……
both…and … 既……又
not only… but also…不但…而且
as well as 也,又。
Tom and I are friends.湯姆和我是好朋友。(連接主語)
He can speak and write English very well.
他英語說得和寫得都非常好。(連接兩個謂語)
We are happy and gay.我們興高采烈。(連接兩個表語)
Both my father and mother like singing.
我父母都喜歡唱歌。(連接兩個主語)
Not only his parents but also he is very nice to me.
不僅他的父母,就連他也對我很好。
He neither drinks nor smokes.
他既不喝酒也不吸煙。(連接兩個謂語)
I can sing as well as Tom (sings) .
我能唱得和湯姆一樣好。(連接兩個分句子)
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:表示兩個概念彼此有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
常見的連詞有:but 但是,yet 然而, while 而,however 可是,然而。
She can play the piano but not the violin.
她會彈鋼琴,但不會拉小提琴。
He isn’t tall, yet he is strong.
他個不高,但他很結(jié)實。
3. 選擇關(guān)系:表示在兩者間選擇其一。
or 或者 either…or… 不是……就是……
or else 否則 otherwise 否則……
You must hurry or you’ll be late.
你得趕快了,否則你會遲到。(連接兩個分句)
Put on your sweater, or else you will catch a cold.
穿上你的毛衣,否則你會感冒的。(連接兩個分句)
I went at once ; otherwise I would have missed him.
我立刻過去,否則就見不到他了。(連接兩個分句)
4. 因果關(guān)系:說明原因或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
常見的連詞有:for ,so, therefore.
It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
昨晚一定是下雨了,因為路上是濕的。(連接兩個分句)
The headmaster called me just now, so I must go to the office at once.
校長剛才給我打電話,因此我必須馬上去辦公室。
5. 從屬連詞:用來連接主句和名詞性從句的連詞。
連詞:that ,whether/ if .
I am sure that you’re certain to win.
我相信你們一定獲勝。
He asked me if I could help him.
他問我是否能幫助他。
It’s certain that they will win the final victory.
肯定他們會贏得最后勝利。
連接狀語從句:when , after , before , as , as soon as , while ,till , since .
The train had left when I got to the station.
當我到達車站時,火車已經(jīng)開走了。
Where there is life there is hope .
留得青山在,不怕沒柴燒。
If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.
如果你努力工作的話,肯定會成功。
The wind blew so hard that we could hardly walk.
風刮得很大,我們幾乎不能走。
【模擬試題】(答題時間:30分鐘)
冠詞練習
1. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story.
A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the D. /, an
2. Britain is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country.
A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a
3. ______China is _____ old country with _____ long history.
A. The, an, a B. The, a, a C. /, an, the D. /, an, a
4. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse.
A. /, / B. an, a C. An, a D. /, the
5. We always have ______rice for ______lunch.
A. /, / B. the, / C. /, a D. the, the
6. It took me ______ hour and _____ half to finish ______ work.
A. a, a, a B. an, a, a C. an, a, the D. an, a, /
7. ______ doctor told me to take ______ medicine three times
______day, stay in _____bed, then I would be better soon.
A. /, a, a, the B. A, the, the, / C. The, the, a, / D. A, /, a, /
8. There is ____ picture on ____ wall. I like ____ picture very much.
A. a, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, a D. a, an, the
9. January is ______first month of the year.
A. a B. / C. an D. the
10. Shut _____door, please.
A. a B. an C. the D./
11. Einstein won _____ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
12. What ____ fine day it is today! Let’s go to the Summer Palace.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
13. I like music, but I don’t like ____ music of that TV play.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
14. ____ girl over there is ____ English teacher.
A. The, an B. A, / C. The, / D. A, a
15. It’s ____ exciting way to shop on the Net.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
16. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
A. a, an B. a, / C. the, / D. the, an
17. Xi’an is ___ old city with ___ long history, isn’t it?
A. a, an B. an, a C. the, the D. the, a
18. Nancy’s sister is ____ English teacher, isn’t she?
A. a B. an C. the D. /
19. Chaffs is______ boy,but he can play the guitar very well.
A. an eight-years old B. a eight-year-old
C. a eight-years-old D. an eight-year-old
20. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
連詞練習
1. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but B. also C. so D. and
2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but B. or C. since D. because
3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library?
A. or B. as C. so that D. both
4. She has a son _______ a daughter.
A. but B. and C. so D. or
5. I’ll give her the gift ______ she arrives.
A. so B. before C. as soon as D. since
6. Tom was ____ill that we had to send for a doctor.
A. so B. very C. and D. too
7. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn’t speak anything.
A. neither…nor B. either…or C. both…and D. so…that
8. ______we got home it was very late.
A. When B. While C. Because D. As
9. We heard clearly_____ she said.
A. what B. which C. before D. because
10. I can’t sleep well at night,______I often feel very tired in the day.
A. so B. because C. and D. or
11. When you’re learning a foreign language,use it,______ you will lose it.
A. but B. or C. then D. and
12. --- Can you play football?
--- Yes, I can,______ I can’t play it very well.
A. or B. and C. but D. so
13. Study hard,______ you will fall behind.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
14. My favorite is action movie ______ I think it’s exciting.
A. and B. because C. but D. so
15. The boy is very smart, ______ many of his classmates like him.
A. but B. so C. or D. for
16. He has never heard______ seen such a thing before.
A. nor B. and C. or D. since
【試題答案】
冠詞練習:
1—5 ACDCA 5—10 CCADC 10—15 CACAB 16—20 DBBDD
連詞練習:
1—5 DAABC 5—10 ADAAA 10—16 BCDBBC