英語(yǔ)翻譯中的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧(1)

字號(hào):


    英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)比較起來(lái),漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞用得比較多,這是一個(gè)特點(diǎn),往往在英語(yǔ)句子中只用一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而在漢語(yǔ)中卻可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。例如,在He admires the President's stated decision to fight for the job. (他對(duì)總統(tǒng)聲明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩)中,英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有admires一個(gè)詞,其他用的是過(guò)去分詞(stated)、動(dòng)詞派生名詞(decision)、不定式(to fight)和介詞(for)等。漢語(yǔ)沒有詞形變化,但可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞連用。因此,英語(yǔ)中不少詞類(尤其是名詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞)在漢譯時(shí)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。
    (一)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
    1. 由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,在政論文體中出現(xiàn)比較多。如:
    1) The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist. (1967年聯(lián)合國(guó)文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承認(rèn)以色列的生存權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)上來(lái)解決中東沖突。)
    2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。)
    2.含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞(在記敘、描寫文體中出現(xiàn)較多)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如:
    1) The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. (看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī),聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲,令我特別神往。)
    2) A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。)
    3. 英語(yǔ)中有些加后綴-er的名詞,如teacher教師,thinker思想家等等,有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè),而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意味,在漢語(yǔ)中沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)應(yīng)名詞時(shí),往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞。如:
    1) I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (我未必會(huì)教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。)
    2) Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. (在和兒子談話時(shí),老人寬恕了年輕人過(guò)去所干的壞事。)
    4. 作為習(xí)語(yǔ)主體的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,如:
    1) They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.
     他們最后看了鐵麥克一眼——它依舊安然無(wú)恙地聳立在黑暗中。
    2) The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
     下一個(gè)新聞節(jié)目比通常短,沒有提到*。
    (二)介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
    1) "Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
     "來(lái)啦!"她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了,越過(guò)草地,跑上小徑,跨上臺(tái)階,穿過(guò)涼臺(tái),進(jìn)了門廊。
    2) I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.
     我筆直向前高速飛行,越過(guò)港口,飛臨海面。
    (三)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
    英語(yǔ)中表示知覺、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞,在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)用時(shí),往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如:confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
    1) Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
     醫(yī)生們說(shuō)他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
    2) The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.
     她能夠給我?guī)€(gè)信兒這件事就是個(gè)暗示。但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。
    (四)副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
    1) That day he was up before sunrise.
     那天他在日出以前就起來(lái)了。
    2) She opened the window to let fresh air in.
     她把窗子打開,讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來(lái)。
    (一)英語(yǔ)中很多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞,以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞,在漢語(yǔ)中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞,這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞。
    1. 名詞派生的動(dòng)詞
    1) Formality has always characterized their relationship.
     他們之間的關(guān)系,有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),就是以禮相待。
    2) To them, he personified the absolute power.
     在他們看來(lái),他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的化身。
    2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞
    1) Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.
     美國(guó)絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星,按其設(shè)計(jì),是在完成使命后,在大氣層中焚毀。
    (二)有些英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式句子中的動(dòng)詞,可以譯成"受(遭)到……+名詞"、"予(加)以+名詞"這類結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
    Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. (由于經(jīng)常受到太陽(yáng)、月亮以及地球引力的影響,衛(wèi)星活動(dòng)必須加以密切的觀察。)
    (三)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
    1. 英語(yǔ)中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人,漢譯時(shí)常譯成名詞。如:
    1) They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
     他們盡了的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。
    2) Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
     羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人,熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。
    2. 此外,根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如:
    1) Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.
     史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度,但很軟弱。
    2) They were considered insincere.
     他們被人認(rèn)為是偽君子。