英譯漢是運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)把英語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的思想準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。在英譯漢的過(guò)程中,有兩點(diǎn)值得我們特別地注意：
1、漢語(yǔ)所要表達(dá)的是英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容，即句子或文章的意義，而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu);
2、在翻譯過(guò)程中，英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容要準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)，而不是將兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換。
英譯漢的過(guò)程包括理解，分析句架表達(dá)和校核三個(gè)階段,因此，在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，往往需要考生從英語(yǔ)到漢語(yǔ)，再?gòu)臐h語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)反復(fù)的推敲。
(一)理解
理解階段的目的在于讀懂英語(yǔ)原文, 弄清原文的意思。為了透徹理解原文, 建議考生在復(fù)習(xí)和應(yīng)試時(shí)采取下列步驟:
1、通讀全文。通讀全文的目的在于從整體上把握整篇文章的內(nèi)容，理解劃線的部分與文章其他部分之間的語(yǔ)法與邏輯關(guān)系。在段落中要搞清劃線的句子和其他句子之間的關(guān)系,因?yàn)楣铝⒌亻喿x劃線部分的英語(yǔ)，往往無(wú)法理解該部分的真正含義。一篇好的文章,其前后的意思都互相關(guān)聯(lián),具有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性,一個(gè)單詞或句子只有在具體的上下文中才能體現(xiàn)出確切的含義來(lái),因此,上下文能幫助我們正確的理解劃線的部分, 通讀全文是很重要的。但是,在通讀全文的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意，對(duì)非劃線的部分不要花費(fèi)時(shí)間過(guò)多，對(duì)于其中一些不太容易理解的內(nèi)容也不必太在意，只是搞清大體意義即可。因?yàn)橥ㄗx全文的目的在于幫助自己理解劃線的部分,只要能把該部分理解透徹也就足夠了。
2、分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。從一般的翻譯試題來(lái)看，劃線的部分一般來(lái)說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)句子都比較復(fù)雜。復(fù)雜的句子如果不搞清楚它的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),很難達(dá)到正確完整地理解原文的要求。因此正確地把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是進(jìn)行正確地翻譯的關(guān)鍵。
3、理解分析劃線部分的含義?？忌粌H要弄清句子中所有實(shí)詞和虛詞的詞匯意義, 還要理解全句的整體意義。理解句子的依據(jù)除了句子本身之外,還有該句子所處的具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。在此階段應(yīng)清楚下列問(wèn)題：
(1)句子中是否含有代詞和其他具有指代意義的詞,如果有,應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定它們指代的內(nèi)容是什么;
(2)句子中的短語(yǔ)和一些常用的詞往往具有多種含義和用法,那么,在該句中它們的具體含義是什么;
(3)按照你的理解, 該部分的意義是否與全篇文章的內(nèi)容一致, 有無(wú)相互矛盾。
總之,在動(dòng)手翻譯之前,首先要讀懂原文,不要一上來(lái)就急于動(dòng)手翻譯,這樣做往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種情況:該題快要翻譯完了,猛然又發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解有誤,馬上就急忙修改,搞的卷面上一塌糊涂,而且很容易忙中出錯(cuò), 把本應(yīng)拿到的分?jǐn)?shù)丟掉了,這是非常令人可惜的。
(二)表達(dá)
表達(dá)就是譯者把自己從英語(yǔ)原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái),理解是表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)，表達(dá)是理解的結(jié)果，但是理解正確并不意味著一定會(huì)有正確的表達(dá)，平時(shí)做翻譯練習(xí)時(shí)有同學(xué)反映，有時(shí)對(duì)原文理解之后還不知如何用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)，就充分說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。這里介紹兩種基本的翻譯方法:直譯和意譯。
1、直譯。所謂直譯,就是在譯文語(yǔ)言條件許可時(shí),在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容,又保持原文的形式。在漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言中存在著許多共同之處，在對(duì)于許多英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯過(guò)程中,完全可以采取直譯的方法,這樣可以獲得一舉兩得之功效, 既保持了原文的結(jié)構(gòu),又正確表達(dá)了原文的內(nèi)容。但是直譯不是死譯和硬譯,象“It is asserted that…;It is believed that…”這一類的結(jié)構(gòu), 如果直譯過(guò)來(lái)那就不倫不類了。
2、意譯。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)分別屬于不同的語(yǔ)系,兩者在詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法上具有很多的差異。當(dāng)原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達(dá)形式有矛盾不易采用直譯的方法處理時(shí), 就應(yīng)采用意譯法,意譯就是不拘泥于原文的形式,重點(diǎn)在于正確表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。例如:“Do you see any green in my eye?”象這樣的句子,只能采取意譯的方法,把它翻譯為“你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?”當(dāng)然,意譯并不等于亂譯,胡亂地翻譯是不符合“忠實(shí)”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。
在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中,我們應(yīng)該采取靈活的方法,不論是直譯還是意譯,只要是符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的翻譯原則,都是可取的。在翻譯的過(guò)程中,我們務(wù)必注意以下幾點(diǎn):
A、理解透徹之后再動(dòng)手表達(dá), 否則表達(dá)的結(jié)果會(huì)令人莫名其妙;
B、切忌在翻譯時(shí)把漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)對(duì)號(hào)入座, 逐字逐句的對(duì)號(hào)入座的結(jié)果往往是不倫不類;
C、切忌擅自增減詞意, 增減意義與翻譯技巧中經(jīng)常提到的增詞法與減詞法根本就不是一回事。
(三)校 核
校核階段是理解與表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化,是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步核實(shí)以及對(duì)譯文語(yǔ)言進(jìn)一步推敲的階段,因此,校核是翻譯過(guò)程中一個(gè)很重要的階段,并不是可有可無(wú)的,通過(guò)表達(dá)之后的校核,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些問(wèn)題,確保自己理解的內(nèi)容很有把握地得到分?jǐn)?shù)。在校核階段,一般應(yīng)注意與下列各項(xiàng)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字等;(2)漢語(yǔ)譯文的詞與句有無(wú)錯(cuò)漏;(3)修改譯文中譯錯(cuò)或表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確的句子、詞組或詞匯;(4)有無(wú)錯(cuò)別字;(5)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有誤。
二：英譯漢實(shí)例分析
The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world.
1) Every four years, a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6,000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners, there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor, too, for all who compete, win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics--- to take part is what matters.
The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began.
2) The team of the country where the Games are being held---the host country ----marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.
3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the competitors. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium, the host country puts on a wonderful display.
The competitors begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field , but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the competitors take part in a different sport ---riding, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event.
4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams.
5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900, in tennis and golf, which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women’s swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding, shooting, and boat racing, they may compete in the same events as the men.
6) Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking , she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.
7) If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.
As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.
8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.
9) When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does.
10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed , each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.
參考答案：
1)每隔四年，100多個(gè)國(guó)家選送他們秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)員云集于此，爭(zhēng)奪世界體育比賽中的榮譽(yù)。(翻譯的時(shí)候可以增加詞匯，可以分成兩部分進(jìn)行表述。)
2)奧運(yùn)會(huì)的承辦國(guó)----東道國(guó)隊(duì)的代表最后入場(chǎng)。(注意定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯)
3)東道國(guó)的一名運(yùn)動(dòng)員代表全體參賽隊(duì)員宣誓。(省譯法，介詞from省略。)
4)獎(jiǎng)牌頒發(fā)給獲勝的運(yùn)動(dòng)員和國(guó)家隊(duì)。(注意語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換)
5)越來(lái)越多的女性正參加到奧運(yùn)會(huì)的競(jìng)賽中來(lái)。(注意此句的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
6)每個(gè)國(guó)家都有自己的餐飲習(xí)俗，美國(guó)也不另外。(直譯法)
7)如果你遲到了，食物就不會(huì)那么新鮮，女主人也會(huì)為此而感到失望。(增譯法：增加詞匯是在譯文中增加一些原文中無(wú)其形而有其義的詞，其目的是為了使譯文的意義完整而明確，更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。本句增加了“為此”，使句子的意思更完整。)
8)而當(dāng)一位女士被介紹給男士或女士時(shí)，她無(wú)需起立，除非那是一位比她年長(zhǎng)的婦人。(英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句后面的較多,而漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句前的較多,因此,在許多情況下,應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面;而且長(zhǎng)句一般用分譯法。)
9)當(dāng)客人到餐桌旁準(zhǔn)備就餐時(shí)，通常男士應(yīng)幫助女士拉開(kāi)椅子讓她們坐下。(省譯法：by沒(méi)有譯出。)
10)靠左邊最外面的小叉是用來(lái)吃色拉的，色拉經(jīng)常和湯一起上。(增譯法，增加了“吃”，而且定語(yǔ)從句中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。)
1、漢語(yǔ)所要表達(dá)的是英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容，即句子或文章的意義，而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu);
2、在翻譯過(guò)程中，英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容要準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)，而不是將兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換。
英譯漢的過(guò)程包括理解，分析句架表達(dá)和校核三個(gè)階段,因此，在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，往往需要考生從英語(yǔ)到漢語(yǔ)，再?gòu)臐h語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)反復(fù)的推敲。
(一)理解
理解階段的目的在于讀懂英語(yǔ)原文, 弄清原文的意思。為了透徹理解原文, 建議考生在復(fù)習(xí)和應(yīng)試時(shí)采取下列步驟:
1、通讀全文。通讀全文的目的在于從整體上把握整篇文章的內(nèi)容，理解劃線的部分與文章其他部分之間的語(yǔ)法與邏輯關(guān)系。在段落中要搞清劃線的句子和其他句子之間的關(guān)系,因?yàn)楣铝⒌亻喿x劃線部分的英語(yǔ)，往往無(wú)法理解該部分的真正含義。一篇好的文章,其前后的意思都互相關(guān)聯(lián),具有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性,一個(gè)單詞或句子只有在具體的上下文中才能體現(xiàn)出確切的含義來(lái),因此,上下文能幫助我們正確的理解劃線的部分, 通讀全文是很重要的。但是,在通讀全文的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意，對(duì)非劃線的部分不要花費(fèi)時(shí)間過(guò)多，對(duì)于其中一些不太容易理解的內(nèi)容也不必太在意，只是搞清大體意義即可。因?yàn)橥ㄗx全文的目的在于幫助自己理解劃線的部分,只要能把該部分理解透徹也就足夠了。
2、分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。從一般的翻譯試題來(lái)看，劃線的部分一般來(lái)說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)句子都比較復(fù)雜。復(fù)雜的句子如果不搞清楚它的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),很難達(dá)到正確完整地理解原文的要求。因此正確地把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是進(jìn)行正確地翻譯的關(guān)鍵。
3、理解分析劃線部分的含義?？忌粌H要弄清句子中所有實(shí)詞和虛詞的詞匯意義, 還要理解全句的整體意義。理解句子的依據(jù)除了句子本身之外,還有該句子所處的具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。在此階段應(yīng)清楚下列問(wèn)題：
(1)句子中是否含有代詞和其他具有指代意義的詞,如果有,應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定它們指代的內(nèi)容是什么;
(2)句子中的短語(yǔ)和一些常用的詞往往具有多種含義和用法,那么,在該句中它們的具體含義是什么;
(3)按照你的理解, 該部分的意義是否與全篇文章的內(nèi)容一致, 有無(wú)相互矛盾。
總之,在動(dòng)手翻譯之前,首先要讀懂原文,不要一上來(lái)就急于動(dòng)手翻譯,這樣做往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種情況:該題快要翻譯完了,猛然又發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解有誤,馬上就急忙修改,搞的卷面上一塌糊涂,而且很容易忙中出錯(cuò), 把本應(yīng)拿到的分?jǐn)?shù)丟掉了,這是非常令人可惜的。
(二)表達(dá)
表達(dá)就是譯者把自己從英語(yǔ)原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái),理解是表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)，表達(dá)是理解的結(jié)果，但是理解正確并不意味著一定會(huì)有正確的表達(dá)，平時(shí)做翻譯練習(xí)時(shí)有同學(xué)反映，有時(shí)對(duì)原文理解之后還不知如何用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)，就充分說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。這里介紹兩種基本的翻譯方法:直譯和意譯。
1、直譯。所謂直譯,就是在譯文語(yǔ)言條件許可時(shí),在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容,又保持原文的形式。在漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言中存在著許多共同之處，在對(duì)于許多英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯過(guò)程中,完全可以采取直譯的方法,這樣可以獲得一舉兩得之功效, 既保持了原文的結(jié)構(gòu),又正確表達(dá)了原文的內(nèi)容。但是直譯不是死譯和硬譯,象“It is asserted that…;It is believed that…”這一類的結(jié)構(gòu), 如果直譯過(guò)來(lái)那就不倫不類了。
2、意譯。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)分別屬于不同的語(yǔ)系,兩者在詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法上具有很多的差異。當(dāng)原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達(dá)形式有矛盾不易采用直譯的方法處理時(shí), 就應(yīng)采用意譯法,意譯就是不拘泥于原文的形式,重點(diǎn)在于正確表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。例如:“Do you see any green in my eye?”象這樣的句子,只能采取意譯的方法,把它翻譯為“你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?”當(dāng)然,意譯并不等于亂譯,胡亂地翻譯是不符合“忠實(shí)”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。
在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中,我們應(yīng)該采取靈活的方法,不論是直譯還是意譯,只要是符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的翻譯原則,都是可取的。在翻譯的過(guò)程中,我們務(wù)必注意以下幾點(diǎn):
A、理解透徹之后再動(dòng)手表達(dá), 否則表達(dá)的結(jié)果會(huì)令人莫名其妙;
B、切忌在翻譯時(shí)把漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)對(duì)號(hào)入座, 逐字逐句的對(duì)號(hào)入座的結(jié)果往往是不倫不類;
C、切忌擅自增減詞意, 增減意義與翻譯技巧中經(jīng)常提到的增詞法與減詞法根本就不是一回事。
(三)校 核
校核階段是理解與表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化,是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步核實(shí)以及對(duì)譯文語(yǔ)言進(jìn)一步推敲的階段,因此,校核是翻譯過(guò)程中一個(gè)很重要的階段,并不是可有可無(wú)的,通過(guò)表達(dá)之后的校核,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些問(wèn)題,確保自己理解的內(nèi)容很有把握地得到分?jǐn)?shù)。在校核階段,一般應(yīng)注意與下列各項(xiàng)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字等;(2)漢語(yǔ)譯文的詞與句有無(wú)錯(cuò)漏;(3)修改譯文中譯錯(cuò)或表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確的句子、詞組或詞匯;(4)有無(wú)錯(cuò)別字;(5)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有誤。
二：英譯漢實(shí)例分析
The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world.
1) Every four years, a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6,000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners, there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor, too, for all who compete, win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics--- to take part is what matters.
The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began.
2) The team of the country where the Games are being held---the host country ----marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.
3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the competitors. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium, the host country puts on a wonderful display.
The competitors begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field , but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the competitors take part in a different sport ---riding, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event.
4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams.
5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900, in tennis and golf, which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women’s swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding, shooting, and boat racing, they may compete in the same events as the men.
6) Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking , she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.
7) If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.
As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.
8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.
9) When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does.
10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed , each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.
參考答案：
1)每隔四年，100多個(gè)國(guó)家選送他們秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)員云集于此，爭(zhēng)奪世界體育比賽中的榮譽(yù)。(翻譯的時(shí)候可以增加詞匯，可以分成兩部分進(jìn)行表述。)
2)奧運(yùn)會(huì)的承辦國(guó)----東道國(guó)隊(duì)的代表最后入場(chǎng)。(注意定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯)
3)東道國(guó)的一名運(yùn)動(dòng)員代表全體參賽隊(duì)員宣誓。(省譯法，介詞from省略。)
4)獎(jiǎng)牌頒發(fā)給獲勝的運(yùn)動(dòng)員和國(guó)家隊(duì)。(注意語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換)
5)越來(lái)越多的女性正參加到奧運(yùn)會(huì)的競(jìng)賽中來(lái)。(注意此句的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
6)每個(gè)國(guó)家都有自己的餐飲習(xí)俗，美國(guó)也不另外。(直譯法)
7)如果你遲到了，食物就不會(huì)那么新鮮，女主人也會(huì)為此而感到失望。(增譯法：增加詞匯是在譯文中增加一些原文中無(wú)其形而有其義的詞，其目的是為了使譯文的意義完整而明確，更符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。本句增加了“為此”，使句子的意思更完整。)
8)而當(dāng)一位女士被介紹給男士或女士時(shí)，她無(wú)需起立，除非那是一位比她年長(zhǎng)的婦人。(英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句后面的較多,而漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句前的較多,因此,在許多情況下,應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面;而且長(zhǎng)句一般用分譯法。)
9)當(dāng)客人到餐桌旁準(zhǔn)備就餐時(shí)，通常男士應(yīng)幫助女士拉開(kāi)椅子讓她們坐下。(省譯法：by沒(méi)有譯出。)
10)靠左邊最外面的小叉是用來(lái)吃色拉的，色拉經(jīng)常和湯一起上。(增譯法，增加了“吃”，而且定語(yǔ)從句中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。)