初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法6-介詞

字號(hào):

介詞
    七、介詞
    (一)表示時(shí)間的介詞
    (1)at
    ①接具體時(shí)間:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve
    ②表示“在…時(shí)刻”;eg: at noon,at midnight
    (2)in
    ①表示“在(某段時(shí)間段)之間”;
    eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005
    ②在將來(lái)時(shí)中,表示“在某段時(shí)間之后”
    eg.In ten years,I think I’ll be a reporter.
    (3)on
    表示在具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。
    eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th
    (二)固定搭配的介詞
    (1)動(dòng)詞+介詞:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend……On
    (2)介詞十名詞:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,
    in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure
    (3)be+形容詞+介詞:be afraid of ,be good at,be good/bad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for
    連詞
    八、連詞(conj.用來(lái)連接詞與詞或句與句
    (1)并列連詞(用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組或分句)
    ①表并列關(guān)系:not only……but also,neither……nor,and
    ②表選擇關(guān)系:or,either……or
    ③表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but,while
    ④表因果關(guān)系:for,so
    (2)從屬連詞(用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句)
    ①引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as
    ②引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:because,as,since
    ③引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句:so that,in order that
    ④引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so that,so…that,such……that
    ⑤引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句:than,as…as
    ⑥引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:that,if, whether
    動(dòng)詞
    九、動(dòng)詞(verb.)動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
    (一)動(dòng)詞的種類。
    (1)及物動(dòng)詞vt,其后接賓語(yǔ)。
    eg.She wears a uniform.
    (2)不及物動(dòng)詞vi,不接賓語(yǔ)。
    eg :She can dance.
    (3)連系動(dòng)詞like-v.接表語(yǔ)。
    eg.They are nurses.
    That sounds interesting.
    His mother looks young.
    If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.
    (4)助動(dòng)詞aux——V.接動(dòng)詞原形或分詞(它無(wú)實(shí)在意思,只起語(yǔ)法作用)。
    eg, DO you like pandas?
    He has gone to Australia.
    She is looking at the cat.
    (5)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞mod-v.接動(dòng)詞原形(它不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),有自己的意思,無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化)。
    Eg. He must go now.
    You should clean the classroom after class.
    (6)有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞,也可作助動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞,be也可作助動(dòng)詞。
    eg.I do my homework after class.(Vt.)
    Do as you like.(Vi.)
    She is a little bit quiet.(mod-v.)
    She is swimming now.(aux-v.)
    (二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法
    [1]can,could,may的用法
    l .can/could
    (1)表示具有某種能力,意為“能、能夠、會(huì)”(could表過(guò)去)。
    eg.I can sing English songs.
    Lisa can’t speak Japanese.
    She could swim when she was four years old.
    (2)表示許:可、允許,意為“可以”。
    eg.Can we watch TV now?
    You can’t play computer games in the morning.
    (3)表示請(qǐng)求某人做某事,意為“能,能夠”(用could使晤氣更委婉)。
    eg.Can/Could you help me,please?
    (4)表示推測(cè)“可能”,多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。(表肯定推測(cè)可用must,might,could等)
    cg.it can’t be true.這不可能是真的。
    Where can he have gone?他可能會(huì)去哪兒呢?
    2.may/might
    (1)表示許可、允許,意為“可以”,比can更正式。
    eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?
    May l ask you a question?我可以問(wèn)你—個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?
    (2)表示推測(cè)“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑問(wèn)句。
    eg.He may be at home now.他可能現(xiàn)在在家。
    She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那兒。
    [2]can與be able to的區(qū)別
    1.兩者都可以用來(lái)表示能力。
    eg.I can/am able to mend the bike.
    2.can只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)(Can)和過(guò)去時(shí)(could),而be able to可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)。
    eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.
    He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.
    3.can可以表示推測(cè),但be able to不能。
    eg.That Can’t be Gina’s dictionary.
    4.can與be able to;不能重復(fù)使用
    eg.他能做好這件事。
    He can be able to do is well.(X)
    He can do it well.(√)
    He is able to do it well.(√)
    (三)must與have to的區(qū)別
    1.主客觀方面不同。
    must表“義務(wù)”或“強(qiáng)制”,表示主觀的必要;在肯定句中must還可表推測(cè),語(yǔ)氣要比may肯定多。have to表“必須”或“不得不”,表示客觀的必要。
    eg.We must clean the room.(表示我們認(rèn)為房間太臟了。)
    We have to clean the room.(表示沒(méi)有人替我們打掃房間等客觀原因。)
    He must beat home before supper.(他晚飯前一定在家。)
    2.人稱和時(shí)態(tài)不同。
    must無(wú)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,一律用must十動(dòng)詞原形。have to后接動(dòng)詞原形,有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱單數(shù)要用has to,過(guò)去時(shí)中要用had to,將來(lái)時(shí)中要用will have to.另外,have to還可與,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞連用。
    eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day.
    The train has left.We’ll have to wait for the next train.
    3.否定式及意義不同。
    must not=mustn’t“決不可/千萬(wàn)不可/務(wù)必不要”; don’t/doesn't/didn’t/won’t+have to“不必”
    eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我們千萬(wàn)不可與他開(kāi)玩笑。
    We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我們不必和他開(kāi)玩笑。
    在對(duì)May I…? 作否定回答時(shí)用No, you mustn’t/can’t.
    eg. May l go to the movies? NO,You mustn’t
    4.疑問(wèn)式及回答不同。
    Must+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+…? Yes,主語(yǔ)+ must./NO,主語(yǔ)+needn’t.
    助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+have to+動(dòng)詞原形+…?
    Yes,主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞。/No,主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞+not.
    eg.Must l go now? Yes,you must./NO,you needn’t
    Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes,she does./NO,she doesn’t