初中英語語法知識考查

字號:

1. 名詞
    (1) 不規(guī)則名詞的單、復數(shù)形式要特別記憶:
    man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth
    (2) 單數(shù)、復數(shù)同形的名詞:
    fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
    (3) 常用復數(shù)形的名詞:
    trousers, shoes, glasses
    (4) 只有復數(shù)形的名詞:
    thanks, clothes
    (5) 單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞:
    people, police
    (6) 有生命的名詞所有格形式:
    單數(shù)名詞加's, 復數(shù)名詞加s', 不是以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞加's, 如: children's
    room
    (7) 無生命的名詞所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)表達:
    如: the capital of China
    (8) 表示并列名詞各自所有,在各名詞詞尾加's:
    如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (兩人各自的自行車)
    (9) 表示并列名詞共同所有,則在后一個名詞的詞尾加's:
    如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom與Mary是兄妹)
    (10) 關(guān)于時間、距離、長度、重量、價格的所有格:
    如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
    (11) 雙重所有格:
    a friend of my father's
    2. 形容詞與副詞
    (1) 原級,比較級,級詞形變化:
    ① [單元音+單輔音]的單音節(jié)詞
    fat—fatter—fattest
    thin—thinner—thinnest
    hot—hotter—hottest
    big—bigger—biggest
    ② 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞
    easy—easier—easiest
    heavy—heavier—heaviest
    pretty—prettier—prettiest
    ③ 劣級比較
    less+形容詞/副詞原級+than
    例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
    ④ 兩者之間用比較級,在比較級前加定冠詞,三者以上用級
    例: He is the taller of the two.
    She is the best player of the three.
    ⑤ 越……越……的表達法
    例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
    The more you study, the more you learn.
    ⑥ 修飾比較級的詞有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal…
    例: She is much better now.
     切記不要用比較級來修飾比較級。
    3. 連詞
    (1) 動詞與*近的主語一致:
    這樣的連詞有: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also。
    (2) or的用法:
    ① 作或者講
    例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
    ② 作否則講
    例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
    (3) and與but:
    例: He has no money and he is poor.
    He is poor but he is honest.
    4. 介詞
    (1) 表示時間:
    at: 表示某一時間點
    如: at noon
    on: 表示特定的日子
    如: on Christmas
    in: 表示一段不具體的時間
    如: in the morning, in the Second world war
     如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
    如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
    during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個時期
    如: during the night, during the Second World War
    for: 其后接表示一段時間長度的詞
    如: for three days
    through: 表示在整個期間沒有間歇
    例: It snowed through the night.
    till/until: 表示動作持續(xù)的終點
    例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
    by: 表示動作完成期限
    例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
    since: 表示某動作的起始點
    例:I have studied English since 1990.
    (2) 表示地點:
    at: 表示較小的地點
    如: arrived at the school gate
    in: 表示較大的地點
    如: arrived in Shanghai
    for: 表示目的地
    例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
    above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below
    over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under
    例: The dog jumped over the table.
    through: 表示穿過
    如: through the forest
    across: 表示平原上的跨越
    例: I want to walk across the road.
    5. 動詞
    (1) 動詞的時態(tài):
    ① 一般現(xiàn)在時
    一般現(xiàn)在時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,如: I always go to scho
    ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事實,如: The earth moves around the sun.
    ② 現(xiàn)在完成時
    現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示某一動作發(fā)生于過去,并持續(xù)下來,到現(xiàn)在完成
    。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某動作發(fā)生于過去并已結(jié)束,但其影響到現(xiàn)在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
    與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
    其考查要點:
    其一: Have been表示曾經(jīng)去過,如:I have been to America twice. 說此話的人應
    已經(jīng)回到國內(nèi)。而He has gone to Japan.則此人目前已到日本去了。
    其二: 截止性動詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時,但不可與表示一段長度的詞連用,如: The clas
    s has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
    ③ 一般過去時
    表示過去發(fā)生的動作,過去的習慣或反復發(fā)生的動作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 與過去時連用的時間狀語有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (剛才), last night, yesterday
    ④ 一般將來時
    純將來時的表示法: shall/will+動詞原形
    例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
    表示按計劃要做或可能做的事: be going to+動詞原形
    例: I'm going to help you tonight.
    將來時的特殊表示法
    a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
    例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
    b. be about to+動詞原形
    例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
    c. 狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來
    例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
    (2) 情態(tài)動詞:
    can: 能,會
    例: He can do it very well.
    may: 許可,可能性
    例: May I use your pen?
    must: 必要,禁止(多表示主觀看法)
    例: You mustn't play with fire.
    have?。簦铮骸〔坏貌?多表示客觀之事)
    例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
    could與would:二者用于現(xiàn)在時表示語氣的委婉
    例: Could you help me?
    6.句型
    (1) 賓語從句:
    由疑問代詞或副詞引出的賓語從句
    例: Could you tell me where the post office is?
     Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的賓語)
    由that引出的賓語從句
    例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 僅作引導詞)
     賓語從句中的疑問句要用陳述語序。
    例: He asked when we would leave home.
    (2) 狀語從句:
    狀語從句可包括:時間/地點/原因/結(jié)果/目的等狀語從句。
    例:I will come when I am free.
     I'm late because my bike is broken.
     He went so early that he got a good seat.
     She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
     狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
    例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
     表示在一長動作進行過程中某一動作突然發(fā)生則長動作要用進行時態(tài),而突發(fā)性 動作要用一般時態(tài)。
    例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
    (3) 反意疑問句
    例: She can swim across the river, can't she?
    It's a fine day, isn't it?
    Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she?
    You have nothing to do, do you?
    He seldom does homework, does he?
    Don't open the door, will you?
    Open the door please, will you?
    Let us have a rest, will you?
    Let's go, shall we?
    (4) 感嘆句:
    例. What a hot day it is!
     How hot the weather is!
    7. 不定式
    (1) 不定式在句中作賓語,狀語:
     例: It has begun to rain.
     I want to go to the cinema.
    (2) 不定式與疑問詞連用:
     例: I want to know how to work.
     I want to know what to do.
    (3) 不定式的否定句:
     例: He told me not to do it.
    ④ 省略to的不定式:
     例: I saw him come this morning.
    這樣的動詞有see, hear, watch等感官動詞,及have(作讓、使講) make, let.