1. 名詞
(1) 不規(guī)則名詞的單、復數(shù)形式要特別記憶:
man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth
(2) 單數(shù)、復數(shù)同形的名詞:
fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
(3) 常用復數(shù)形的名詞:
trousers, shoes, glasses
(4) 只有復數(shù)形的名詞:
thanks, clothes
(5) 單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞:
people, police
(6) 有生命的名詞所有格形式:
單數(shù)名詞加's, 復數(shù)名詞加s', 不是以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞加's, 如: children's
room
(7) 無生命的名詞所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)表達:
如: the capital of China
(8) 表示并列名詞各自所有,在各名詞詞尾加's:
如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (兩人各自的自行車)
(9) 表示并列名詞共同所有,則在后一個名詞的詞尾加's:
如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom與Mary是兄妹)
(10) 關(guān)于時間、距離、長度、重量、價格的所有格:
如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
(11) 雙重所有格:
a friend of my father's
2. 形容詞與副詞
(1) 原級,比較級,級詞形變化:
① [單元音+單輔音]的單音節(jié)詞
fat—fatter—fattest
thin—thinner—thinnest
hot—hotter—hottest
big—bigger—biggest
② 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞
easy—easier—easiest
heavy—heavier—heaviest
pretty—prettier—prettiest
③ 劣級比較
less+形容詞/副詞原級+than
例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
④ 兩者之間用比較級,在比較級前加定冠詞,三者以上用級
例: He is the taller of the two.
She is the best player of the three.
⑤ 越……越……的表達法
例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
The more you study, the more you learn.
⑥ 修飾比較級的詞有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal…
例: She is much better now.
切記不要用比較級來修飾比較級。
3. 連詞
(1) 動詞與*近的主語一致:
這樣的連詞有: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also。
(2) or的用法:
① 作或者講
例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
② 作否則講
例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
(3) and與but:
例: He has no money and he is poor.
He is poor but he is honest.
4. 介詞
(1) 表示時間:
at: 表示某一時間點
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如: on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具體的時間
如: in the morning, in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個時期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段時間長度的詞
如: for three days
through: 表示在整個期間沒有間歇
例: It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示動作持續(xù)的終點
例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示動作完成期限
例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某動作的起始點
例:I have studied English since 1990.
(2) 表示地點:
at: 表示較小的地點
如: arrived at the school gate
in: 表示較大的地點
如: arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under
例: The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿過
如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例: I want to walk across the road.
5. 動詞
(1) 動詞的時態(tài):
① 一般現(xiàn)在時
一般現(xiàn)在時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,如: I always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事實,如: The earth moves around the sun.
② 現(xiàn)在完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示某一動作發(fā)生于過去,并持續(xù)下來,到現(xiàn)在完成
。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某動作發(fā)生于過去并已結(jié)束,但其影響到現(xiàn)在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
其考查要點:
其一: Have been表示曾經(jīng)去過,如:I have been to America twice. 說此話的人應
已經(jīng)回到國內(nèi)。而He has gone to Japan.則此人目前已到日本去了。
其二: 截止性動詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時,但不可與表示一段長度的詞連用,如: The clas
s has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
③ 一般過去時
表示過去發(fā)生的動作,過去的習慣或反復發(fā)生的動作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 與過去時連用的時間狀語有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (剛才), last night, yesterday
④ 一般將來時
純將來時的表示法: shall/will+動詞原形
例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
表示按計劃要做或可能做的事: be going to+動詞原形
例: I'm going to help you tonight.
將來時的特殊表示法
a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
b. be about to+動詞原形
例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
c. 狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來
例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
(2) 情態(tài)動詞:
can: 能,會
例: He can do it very well.
may: 許可,可能性
例: May I use your pen?
must: 必要,禁止(多表示主觀看法)
例: You mustn't play with fire.
have?。簦铮骸〔坏貌?多表示客觀之事)
例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
could與would:二者用于現(xiàn)在時表示語氣的委婉
例: Could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 賓語從句:
由疑問代詞或副詞引出的賓語從句
例: Could you tell me where the post office is?
Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的賓語)
由that引出的賓語從句
例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 僅作引導詞)
賓語從句中的疑問句要用陳述語序。
例: He asked when we would leave home.
(2) 狀語從句:
狀語從句可包括:時間/地點/原因/結(jié)果/目的等狀語從句。
例:I will come when I am free.
I'm late because my bike is broken.
He went so early that he got a good seat.
She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
表示在一長動作進行過程中某一動作突然發(fā)生則長動作要用進行時態(tài),而突發(fā)性 動作要用一般時態(tài)。
例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
(3) 反意疑問句
例: She can swim across the river, can't she?
It's a fine day, isn't it?
Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she?
You have nothing to do, do you?
He seldom does homework, does he?
Don't open the door, will you?
Open the door please, will you?
Let us have a rest, will you?
Let's go, shall we?
(4) 感嘆句:
例. What a hot day it is!
How hot the weather is!
7. 不定式
(1) 不定式在句中作賓語,狀語:
例: It has begun to rain.
I want to go to the cinema.
(2) 不定式與疑問詞連用:
例: I want to know how to work.
I want to know what to do.
(3) 不定式的否定句:
例: He told me not to do it.
④ 省略to的不定式:
例: I saw him come this morning.
這樣的動詞有see, hear, watch等感官動詞,及have(作讓、使講) make, let.
(1) 不規(guī)則名詞的單、復數(shù)形式要特別記憶:
man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth
(2) 單數(shù)、復數(shù)同形的名詞:
fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
(3) 常用復數(shù)形的名詞:
trousers, shoes, glasses
(4) 只有復數(shù)形的名詞:
thanks, clothes
(5) 單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞:
people, police
(6) 有生命的名詞所有格形式:
單數(shù)名詞加's, 復數(shù)名詞加s', 不是以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞加's, 如: children's
room
(7) 無生命的名詞所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)表達:
如: the capital of China
(8) 表示并列名詞各自所有,在各名詞詞尾加's:
如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (兩人各自的自行車)
(9) 表示并列名詞共同所有,則在后一個名詞的詞尾加's:
如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom與Mary是兄妹)
(10) 關(guān)于時間、距離、長度、重量、價格的所有格:
如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
(11) 雙重所有格:
a friend of my father's
2. 形容詞與副詞
(1) 原級,比較級,級詞形變化:
① [單元音+單輔音]的單音節(jié)詞
fat—fatter—fattest
thin—thinner—thinnest
hot—hotter—hottest
big—bigger—biggest
② 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞
easy—easier—easiest
heavy—heavier—heaviest
pretty—prettier—prettiest
③ 劣級比較
less+形容詞/副詞原級+than
例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
④ 兩者之間用比較級,在比較級前加定冠詞,三者以上用級
例: He is the taller of the two.
She is the best player of the three.
⑤ 越……越……的表達法
例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
The more you study, the more you learn.
⑥ 修飾比較級的詞有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal…
例: She is much better now.
切記不要用比較級來修飾比較級。
3. 連詞
(1) 動詞與*近的主語一致:
這樣的連詞有: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also。
(2) or的用法:
① 作或者講
例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
② 作否則講
例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
(3) and與but:
例: He has no money and he is poor.
He is poor but he is honest.
4. 介詞
(1) 表示時間:
at: 表示某一時間點
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如: on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具體的時間
如: in the morning, in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個時期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段時間長度的詞
如: for three days
through: 表示在整個期間沒有間歇
例: It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示動作持續(xù)的終點
例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示動作完成期限
例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某動作的起始點
例:I have studied English since 1990.
(2) 表示地點:
at: 表示較小的地點
如: arrived at the school gate
in: 表示較大的地點
如: arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under
例: The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿過
如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例: I want to walk across the road.
5. 動詞
(1) 動詞的時態(tài):
① 一般現(xiàn)在時
一般現(xiàn)在時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,如: I always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事實,如: The earth moves around the sun.
② 現(xiàn)在完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法有兩點:其一表示某一動作發(fā)生于過去,并持續(xù)下來,到現(xiàn)在完成
。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某動作發(fā)生于過去并已結(jié)束,但其影響到現(xiàn)在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
其考查要點:
其一: Have been表示曾經(jīng)去過,如:I have been to America twice. 說此話的人應
已經(jīng)回到國內(nèi)。而He has gone to Japan.則此人目前已到日本去了。
其二: 截止性動詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時,但不可與表示一段長度的詞連用,如: The clas
s has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
③ 一般過去時
表示過去發(fā)生的動作,過去的習慣或反復發(fā)生的動作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 與過去時連用的時間狀語有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (剛才), last night, yesterday
④ 一般將來時
純將來時的表示法: shall/will+動詞原形
例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
表示按計劃要做或可能做的事: be going to+動詞原形
例: I'm going to help you tonight.
將來時的特殊表示法
a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
b. be about to+動詞原形
例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
c. 狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來
例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
(2) 情態(tài)動詞:
can: 能,會
例: He can do it very well.
may: 許可,可能性
例: May I use your pen?
must: 必要,禁止(多表示主觀看法)
例: You mustn't play with fire.
have?。簦铮骸〔坏貌?多表示客觀之事)
例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
could與would:二者用于現(xiàn)在時表示語氣的委婉
例: Could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 賓語從句:
由疑問代詞或副詞引出的賓語從句
例: Could you tell me where the post office is?
Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的賓語)
由that引出的賓語從句
例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 僅作引導詞)
賓語從句中的疑問句要用陳述語序。
例: He asked when we would leave home.
(2) 狀語從句:
狀語從句可包括:時間/地點/原因/結(jié)果/目的等狀語從句。
例:I will come when I am free.
I'm late because my bike is broken.
He went so early that he got a good seat.
She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
表示在一長動作進行過程中某一動作突然發(fā)生則長動作要用進行時態(tài),而突發(fā)性 動作要用一般時態(tài)。
例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
(3) 反意疑問句
例: She can swim across the river, can't she?
It's a fine day, isn't it?
Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she?
You have nothing to do, do you?
He seldom does homework, does he?
Don't open the door, will you?
Open the door please, will you?
Let us have a rest, will you?
Let's go, shall we?
(4) 感嘆句:
例. What a hot day it is!
How hot the weather is!
7. 不定式
(1) 不定式在句中作賓語,狀語:
例: It has begun to rain.
I want to go to the cinema.
(2) 不定式與疑問詞連用:
例: I want to know how to work.
I want to know what to do.
(3) 不定式的否定句:
例: He told me not to do it.
④ 省略to的不定式:
例: I saw him come this morning.
這樣的動詞有see, hear, watch等感官動詞,及have(作讓、使講) make, let.