自考“英語(yǔ)(一)”筆記(25)

字號(hào):

3. Diamonds are made from carbon.
    由……制成,可以用be made from和be made of兩個(gè)詞組來(lái)表達(dá)。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么,而be made of可以看出該物品由什么材料制成的。如:
    1) Paper is made from some plants. (紙是由某些植物制成的。)
    2) This beer is made from grain. (這種啤酒是用糧食釀制的。)
    3) The houses were made of brick. (這些房屋是磚造的。)
    4) This toy is made of cotton. (這個(gè)玩具是布做的。)
    4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds.
    extreme在句中做形容詞用,意思是“極度的”,如:
    1) Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. (極度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的動(dòng)物蘇醒。)
    2) They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. (冬天時(shí),他們將不得不忍受極度的不適。)
    change…into意思是“把…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤?,如?BR>    1) Water changes into vapour when heated. (水加熱后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵?。?BR>    2) Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. (你去銀行就能很容易地把這些美元換成人民幣。)
    5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth.
    請(qǐng)注意such與so之間的不同用法。such后面接名詞,而so后面接形容詞或副詞。如:
    1) I don't believe he could make such a mistake. (我相信他不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤的。)
    2) How can you go out on such a rainy day? (在這樣的雨天里,你怎么能出門?)
    3) He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. (他說(shuō)話太快,我聽(tīng)不懂。)
    4) I'm so glad you could come. (你能來(lái)我真高興。)
    mass在本句中的意思是“(聚成一體的)團(tuán)、塊”,比如:
    1) a mass of hot air(一團(tuán)熱氣)
    2) a mass of sand(一堆沙)
    3) Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. (一團(tuán)云聚集大量的水蒸氣就形成了雨。)
    Mass也可以做形容詞用,意思是“群眾的”、“大量的”,如:
    1) a mass meeting (群眾大會(huì))
    2) mass education (大眾教育)
    3) mass media (大眾傳媒)
    4) Mass production could very well cut the cost. (大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)可以降低成本。)
    6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.
    It is thought that…是一個(gè)很常用的句型,類似的句型在英語(yǔ)中很多,比如:
    1) It is / was, has been…, reported that…
    2) It is / was, has been…, stated that…
    3) It is / was, has been…, pointed out that…
    4) It is / was, has been…, mentioned that…
    5) It is / was, has been…, believed that…
    7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.
    B. The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.
    定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A句是限定性定語(yǔ)從句,B句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A、B兩句中都是用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子,注意限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi):
    1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以買到水果嗎?)
    2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (這是我們昨天碰頭的地方。)
    3) The small town, where he once worked, has turned to be a modern city. (他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的那座小城,已經(jīng)變成現(xiàn)代化的城市了。)
    8. In the 1600's…(十七世紀(jì))
    In the 1720's…(十八世紀(jì)二十年代)
    In the 1800's…(十九世紀(jì))
    請(qǐng)注意年代的表達(dá)方法,以上的年代也可以表達(dá)為in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我們要表達(dá)“在十七世紀(jì)初(中、末)期”,則可以說(shuō)in the early(mid, late) 1600's/1600s.
    9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
    become / be popular with / among是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“受…歡迎”,請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
    1) These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. (這些中國(guó)工藝品很受外國(guó)朋友的喜愛(ài)。)
    2) His novels are popular among young people. (他的小說(shuō)很受年輕人的喜愛(ài)。)
    3) Classical music is popular among more and more people. (古典音樂(lè)受到越來(lái)越多的人的喜愛(ài)。)
    10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 yeas of mining the stones.
    Supply在句子中做名詞用,意思是“供應(yīng)”。Supply常??梢宰鰟?dòng)詞用,意思是“供給,提供”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
    1) Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. (如果供求關(guān)系平衡的話,就能實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定。)
    2) Many materials are in short supply. (許多材料供應(yīng)不足。)
    3) The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. (不斷增長(zhǎng)的世界人口將對(duì)糧食供應(yīng)帶來(lái)重負(fù)。)
    4) You have to supply him with an answer. (你得給他提供一個(gè)答案。)
    5) Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. (大多數(shù)城鎮(zhèn)都有自來(lái)水和電力供應(yīng)。)
    run out是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“用完,用盡”。請(qǐng)看例句:
    1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (時(shí)間快到了,我們得快點(diǎn)。)
    2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。)
    3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好運(yùn)似乎結(jié)束了。)
    我們也可以用run out來(lái)表達(dá)類似的意思,但run out of的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“某人”。如:
    1) They have run out of money, so they have to find a job. (他們錢用完了,所以得找一份工作。)
    2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。)
    11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.
    -ful通常加在名詞后面,構(gòu)成形容詞,如care-careful,help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一個(gè)名詞,意思是“一把”,在單詞部分,我們已經(jīng)提到過(guò),英語(yǔ)中有不少這樣的詞,如:
    1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他給了我滿滿一籃子桃子。)
    2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往湯里撒了滿滿一勺鹽。)
    3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (湯姆抱著一捆書。)
    sort out是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“整理,分類”,如:
    1) Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. (把大點(diǎn)的整理出來(lái),放在盒子里。)
    2) It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. (把我們所有的行李整理好花了不少時(shí)間。)
    bottom在句子中做名詞用,意思是“底部”。bottom還有“盡頭、末端”的意思。請(qǐng)看例句:
    1) There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. (茶壺底部有些沉淀物。)
    2) At the bottom of the mountain, there is a beautiful village. (在山腳下有個(gè)美麗的村子。)
    3) I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. (我衷心地感謝你。)
    4) Bottoms up. (干杯。)
    12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
    where they were formed是where引出的名詞性從句,作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
    1) He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他對(duì)事故在哪兒發(fā)生的只字未提。)
    2) She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. (她還沒(méi)有決定到哪兒去度假。)