一、緒論
語言學(xué)的定義
語言學(xué)的研究范疇
幾對基本概念
語言的定義
語言的甄別特征
What is linguistics? 什么是語言學(xué)？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 語言學(xué)是對語言科學(xué)地進行研究的學(xué)科。語言學(xué)所要研究的不是某一種特定的語言，而是人類所有語言的特性。
The scope of linguistics 語言學(xué)研究的范疇
Phonetics語音學(xué)\Phonology音系學(xué)\Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)\Syntax句法學(xué)\Semantics語義學(xué)\Pragmatics語用學(xué)\Sociolinguistics社會語言學(xué)\Psycholinguistics心理語言學(xué)\Applied linguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)
Prescriptive vs. descriptive 規(guī)定性與描述性
Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language
Synchronic vs. diachronic 共時性與歷史性
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study
The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口頭語與書面語
Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:
（1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution
（2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing
（3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language
Language and parole 語言與言語
Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community
Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use
Competence and performance 能力與運用
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language
Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
What is language? 什么是語言？
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
Characteristics of language: 語言的特性
Language is a rule-governed system
Language is basically vocal
Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."）
Language is used for human communication
Design features of language 語言的甄別特征
American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:
1） arbitrariness 武斷性
2） productivity 創(chuàng)造性
3） duality 二重性
4） displacement移位性
5） cultural transmission 文化傳遞性
語言學(xué)的定義
語言學(xué)的研究范疇
幾對基本概念
語言的定義
語言的甄別特征
What is linguistics? 什么是語言學(xué)？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 語言學(xué)是對語言科學(xué)地進行研究的學(xué)科。語言學(xué)所要研究的不是某一種特定的語言，而是人類所有語言的特性。
The scope of linguistics 語言學(xué)研究的范疇
Phonetics語音學(xué)\Phonology音系學(xué)\Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)\Syntax句法學(xué)\Semantics語義學(xué)\Pragmatics語用學(xué)\Sociolinguistics社會語言學(xué)\Psycholinguistics心理語言學(xué)\Applied linguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)
Prescriptive vs. descriptive 規(guī)定性與描述性
Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language
Synchronic vs. diachronic 共時性與歷史性
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study
The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口頭語與書面語
Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:
（1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution
（2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing
（3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language
Language and parole 語言與言語
Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community
Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use
Competence and performance 能力與運用
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language
Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
What is language? 什么是語言？
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
Characteristics of language: 語言的特性
Language is a rule-governed system
Language is basically vocal
Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."）
Language is used for human communication
Design features of language 語言的甄別特征
American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:
1） arbitrariness 武斷性
2） productivity 創(chuàng)造性
3） duality 二重性
4） displacement移位性
5） cultural transmission 文化傳遞性