二、音系學(xué)
語言的聲音媒介
什么是語音學(xué)
發(fā)音器官
音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法
英語語音的分類
音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)
語音、音位、音位變體
音位對立、互補(bǔ)分部、最小對立
幾條音系規(guī)則
超切分特征
Two major media of communication: speech and writing
The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人類語言交際的聲音稱為語音，這些數(shù)目有限的一組語音構(gòu)成了語言的聲音媒介。
Phonetics語音學(xué): is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language.
Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué)（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué)and acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)
Organs of speech 發(fā)音器官
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:
The pharyngeal cavity咽腔——the throat
The oral cavity口腔——the mouth
The nasal cavity 鼻腔——the nose
Vibration of the vocal cords （聲帶） results in a quality of speech sounds called "voicing" 濁音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 輔音。
單詞補(bǔ)充： 01） velum: The soft palate. 軟腭
02） uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，懸雍垂懸垂在軟腭中央的小的圓錐狀肉塊
03） larynx: n. 喉
04） vocal cord: 聲帶
05） membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔軟的組織層，覆蓋在表面或分割連接各種區(qū)域、結(jié)構(gòu)或動植物器官
06） the soft palate: 軟腭
07） the hard palate: 硬腭
08） the teeth ridge: 齒齦
09） alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽顎骨處的牙床
10） the teeth: 牙齒
11） the lips: 上下唇
12） blade of tongue: 舌面
13） back of tongue: 舌根
14） pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔
15） nasal cavity: 鼻腔
16） velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as （g） in good and （k） in cup.軟腭音的用舌頭后部掛觸或靠近軟腭清楚地發(fā)音的，如在 good中的（g）以及在 cup中的（k）
17） the tip of the tongue: 舌尖
18） the upper front teeth: 上齒
19） the roof of the mouth: 上顎
20） the lower lip: 下唇
音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法
International Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）
The vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs） 元音（單元音&雙元音）
The constants 輔音
Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. （in dictionaries and teaching textbooks）
用一個符號來表示一個語音的標(biāo)音方式叫做寬式標(biāo)音法，這種音標(biāo)法常見于詞典和教科書。
Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics.
但實(shí)際上， 同一語音在不通的語音環(huán)境中的發(fā)音不盡相同， 比如Pit和spit中的/P/音發(fā)音就不一樣。
在寬式標(biāo)音的基礎(chǔ)上， 再用變音符號表示同一語音在不同的語音環(huán)境下不同發(fā)音的標(biāo)音法叫做窄式標(biāo)音法。
Classification of English speech sounds
英語語音的分類
The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.
Classification of English constants
英語輔音分類
此主題相關(guān)圖片如下：
Classification of English vowels
:the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低
:the openness of the mouth,口的張開程度
:the shape of the lips園唇與否
:length of the vowels元音的長度
此主題相關(guān)圖片如下：
Phonology 音系學(xué)
Phonology and phonetics
音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)
Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.
語音學(xué)研究的是人類所有語言的語音，旨在對語音進(jìn)行描述和分類。
Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
音系學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)是特定語言的語音體系，語音表達(dá)意義作用。
Phone，phoneme and allophone
語音，音位，音位變體
Phones, which can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
語音是語音學(xué)研究的單位， 是一個個具體的聲音。
Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.
音位是音系學(xué)研究的單位，是抽象的概念， 每一個音位是一組語音特征的集合體，音位具有區(qū)別意義的作用。
The different which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
音位變體是一個音位在特定的語音環(huán)境力的具體體現(xiàn)， 同一音位在不同語音環(huán)境里體現(xiàn)為不同的變體，也就是語音。
Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
音位對立，互補(bǔ)分布，最小對立對
rope and robe that /P/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they are in phonemic contrast.
可以出現(xiàn)在不同語音組合中的同一為止， 產(chǎn)生意義差別。
/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. [pen] and [ben]
最小對立對指出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個音之外其余都相同的兩個語音組合。
Some rules in phonology幾條音系規(guī)則
Sequential rules 序列規(guī)則 ：blik, klib , bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki, ilbk, bkil , ilkb not possible.
Assimilation rules 同化規(guī)則
Deletion rule 省略規(guī)則
Sign, design, there is no {g} sound
Signature, designation the {g} is pronounced.
Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal constant.
Suprasegmental features—— stress, tone, intonation
超切分特征——重音， 聲調(diào)，語調(diào)
the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;
超切分特征指切分即單音層面以上的音系特征。
語言的聲音媒介
什么是語音學(xué)
發(fā)音器官
音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法
英語語音的分類
音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)
語音、音位、音位變體
音位對立、互補(bǔ)分部、最小對立
幾條音系規(guī)則
超切分特征
Two major media of communication: speech and writing
The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人類語言交際的聲音稱為語音，這些數(shù)目有限的一組語音構(gòu)成了語言的聲音媒介。
Phonetics語音學(xué): is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language.
Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué)（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué)and acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)
Organs of speech 發(fā)音器官
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:
The pharyngeal cavity咽腔——the throat
The oral cavity口腔——the mouth
The nasal cavity 鼻腔——the nose
Vibration of the vocal cords （聲帶） results in a quality of speech sounds called "voicing" 濁音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 輔音。
單詞補(bǔ)充： 01） velum: The soft palate. 軟腭
02） uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，懸雍垂懸垂在軟腭中央的小的圓錐狀肉塊
03） larynx: n. 喉
04） vocal cord: 聲帶
05） membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔軟的組織層，覆蓋在表面或分割連接各種區(qū)域、結(jié)構(gòu)或動植物器官
06） the soft palate: 軟腭
07） the hard palate: 硬腭
08） the teeth ridge: 齒齦
09） alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽顎骨處的牙床
10） the teeth: 牙齒
11） the lips: 上下唇
12） blade of tongue: 舌面
13） back of tongue: 舌根
14） pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔
15） nasal cavity: 鼻腔
16） velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as （g） in good and （k） in cup.軟腭音的用舌頭后部掛觸或靠近軟腭清楚地發(fā)音的，如在 good中的（g）以及在 cup中的（k）
17） the tip of the tongue: 舌尖
18） the upper front teeth: 上齒
19） the roof of the mouth: 上顎
20） the lower lip: 下唇
音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法
International Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）
The vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs） 元音（單元音&雙元音）
The constants 輔音
Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. （in dictionaries and teaching textbooks）
用一個符號來表示一個語音的標(biāo)音方式叫做寬式標(biāo)音法，這種音標(biāo)法常見于詞典和教科書。
Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics.
但實(shí)際上， 同一語音在不通的語音環(huán)境中的發(fā)音不盡相同， 比如Pit和spit中的/P/音發(fā)音就不一樣。
在寬式標(biāo)音的基礎(chǔ)上， 再用變音符號表示同一語音在不同的語音環(huán)境下不同發(fā)音的標(biāo)音法叫做窄式標(biāo)音法。
Classification of English speech sounds
英語語音的分類
The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.
Classification of English constants
英語輔音分類
此主題相關(guān)圖片如下：
Classification of English vowels
:the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低
:the openness of the mouth,口的張開程度
:the shape of the lips園唇與否
:length of the vowels元音的長度
此主題相關(guān)圖片如下：
Phonology 音系學(xué)
Phonology and phonetics
音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)
Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.
語音學(xué)研究的是人類所有語言的語音，旨在對語音進(jìn)行描述和分類。
Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
音系學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)是特定語言的語音體系，語音表達(dá)意義作用。
Phone，phoneme and allophone
語音，音位，音位變體
Phones, which can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
語音是語音學(xué)研究的單位， 是一個個具體的聲音。
Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.
音位是音系學(xué)研究的單位，是抽象的概念， 每一個音位是一組語音特征的集合體，音位具有區(qū)別意義的作用。
The different which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
音位變體是一個音位在特定的語音環(huán)境力的具體體現(xiàn)， 同一音位在不同語音環(huán)境里體現(xiàn)為不同的變體，也就是語音。
Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
音位對立，互補(bǔ)分布，最小對立對
rope and robe that /P/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they are in phonemic contrast.
可以出現(xiàn)在不同語音組合中的同一為止， 產(chǎn)生意義差別。
/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. [pen] and [ben]
最小對立對指出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個音之外其余都相同的兩個語音組合。
Some rules in phonology幾條音系規(guī)則
Sequential rules 序列規(guī)則 ：blik, klib , bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki, ilbk, bkil , ilkb not possible.
Assimilation rules 同化規(guī)則
Deletion rule 省略規(guī)則
Sign, design, there is no {g} sound
Signature, designation the {g} is pronounced.
Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal constant.
Suprasegmental features—— stress, tone, intonation
超切分特征——重音， 聲調(diào)，語調(diào)
the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;
超切分特征指切分即單音層面以上的音系特征。