三、 MORPHOLOGY 形態(tài)學 請結合《詞匯學中的構詞法》進行學習。
語素：語言最小的意義單位
語素的類型
復合詞的類型
復合詞的特征
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.
形態(tài)學研究單詞的內(nèi)部結構以及構詞規(guī)則， 有屈折形態(tài)學和詞匯形態(tài)學兩大分支。
Morpheme:the smallest meaningful unit of language.
語素：語言最小的意義單位。
Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. （independent）
自由語素可以作為單詞獨立使用。
Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
粘著語素必須和其他語素結合成單詞
Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1） root （2）Affix（詞綴）
1）Inflectional affixes （屈折詞綴）（inflectional morphemes）:
affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional
2）Derivational affixes（派生詞綴） A） prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix
An adjective suffix（形容詞后綴） that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
free=free root（自由詞根）
Morpheme（詞素）
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem（詞根和詞干）
1） Root 2） Stem
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Individualistic Undesirables
Individualist （stem） undesirable （stem）
Individual （stem） desirable （stem）
dividual （stem） desire （root, stem）
divide（root, stem）
Affixation詞綴法（Derivation派生法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.
Prefixation前綴@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1）'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.
2）''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.
3）'表示貶義'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.
4）'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.
5）'表示方向、態(tài)度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.
6）locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.
7）'表示時間、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.
8）'表示數(shù)量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.
9）'混雜'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
Suffixation后綴@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1）noun suffixes 2）adjective suffixes 3）Adverb suffixes 4）verb suffixes
Compounding復合法 （also called composition）
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Formation of compounds
Noun + noun（名詞＋名詞） —— handbook, sunshine
Adjective + noun（形容詞＋名詞）——highway, deadline
Adjective + noun + -ed（形容詞＋名詞＋ed）——white-haired, red-eyed
Verb + noun（動詞＋名詞）——driveway, breakwater（擋水板）
Adverb + noun（副詞＋名詞）——downtown, overburden
Noun + verb（名詞＋動詞）——toothpick, snowfall
Verb + adverb（動詞＋副詞）——follow-up, kick-off
Noun + adjective（名詞＋形容詞）——world-famous, lifelong
-ing form + noun（ing+名詞）——baking power, dining-room
other forms（其他）——go-between, father-in-law
Features of compounds復合詞的特征
1.Orthographically書寫特征
（Compounds are written in three ways: solid（airmail） hyphenated（air-conditioning） open（air force, air raid）
2.Syntactically句法特征（復合詞的詞性一般取決于復合詞最后一個成分的詞性）
3.Semantically語義特征（復合詞的意義具有習語性質(zhì)，許多復合詞的意義都不是其構成成分意義和總和）
4.Phonetically語音特征（復合詞的單詞重音落在第一個構成成分上）
語素：語言最小的意義單位
語素的類型
復合詞的類型
復合詞的特征
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.
形態(tài)學研究單詞的內(nèi)部結構以及構詞規(guī)則， 有屈折形態(tài)學和詞匯形態(tài)學兩大分支。
Morpheme:the smallest meaningful unit of language.
語素：語言最小的意義單位。
Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. （independent）
自由語素可以作為單詞獨立使用。
Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
粘著語素必須和其他語素結合成單詞
Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1） root （2）Affix（詞綴）
1）Inflectional affixes （屈折詞綴）（inflectional morphemes）:
affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional
2）Derivational affixes（派生詞綴） A） prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix
An adjective suffix（形容詞后綴） that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
free=free root（自由詞根）
Morpheme（詞素）
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem（詞根和詞干）
1） Root 2） Stem
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Individualistic Undesirables
Individualist （stem） undesirable （stem）
Individual （stem） desirable （stem）
dividual （stem） desire （root, stem）
divide（root, stem）
Affixation詞綴法（Derivation派生法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.
Prefixation前綴@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1）'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.
2）''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.
3）'表示貶義'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.
4）'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.
5）'表示方向、態(tài)度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.
6）locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.
7）'表示時間、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.
8）'表示數(shù)量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.
9）'混雜'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
Suffixation后綴@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1）noun suffixes 2）adjective suffixes 3）Adverb suffixes 4）verb suffixes
Compounding復合法 （also called composition）
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Formation of compounds
Noun + noun（名詞＋名詞） —— handbook, sunshine
Adjective + noun（形容詞＋名詞）——highway, deadline
Adjective + noun + -ed（形容詞＋名詞＋ed）——white-haired, red-eyed
Verb + noun（動詞＋名詞）——driveway, breakwater（擋水板）
Adverb + noun（副詞＋名詞）——downtown, overburden
Noun + verb（名詞＋動詞）——toothpick, snowfall
Verb + adverb（動詞＋副詞）——follow-up, kick-off
Noun + adjective（名詞＋形容詞）——world-famous, lifelong
-ing form + noun（ing+名詞）——baking power, dining-room
other forms（其他）——go-between, father-in-law
Features of compounds復合詞的特征
1.Orthographically書寫特征
（Compounds are written in three ways: solid（airmail） hyphenated（air-conditioning） open（air force, air raid）
2.Syntactically句法特征（復合詞的詞性一般取決于復合詞最后一個成分的詞性）
3.Semantically語義特征（復合詞的意義具有習語性質(zhì)，許多復合詞的意義都不是其構成成分意義和總和）
4.Phonetically語音特征（復合詞的單詞重音落在第一個構成成分上）