閱讀理解除了要求正確理解事實細(xì)節(jié)的能力外，還經(jīng)常需要考生根據(jù)一定上下文對某些詞匯的意義進(jìn)行推斷，根據(jù)所讀材料理解文章隱含的意義和深層次的含義，歸納文章主題思想，通過概括得出結(jié)論、綜合判斷作者態(tài)度等，這就要求考生具備相應(yīng)的閱讀理解技能，與四級考試密切相關(guān)的一些技能包括詞匯的理解、預(yù)測、判斷、歸納和推理。
詞匯的理解來源：www.examda.com
對于閱讀中碰到的生僻詞，我們首先要學(xué)會識別哪些情況下即使不了解詞義也不影響對短文的理解;其次是轉(zhuǎn)變對生僻詞義認(rèn)識上的態(tài)度，即在許多情況下不必了解該詞的確切意義，尤其沒有必要了解它在英漢辭典中的中文釋義，而只需對該詞詞義的大概而籠統(tǒng)的理解就行。實踐中，在確定了短文中哪些生僻詞的詞義有必要作一大概了解后，我們可以從以下兩個角度來猜度詞義：來源：考試大的美女編輯們
(1) 構(gòu)詞知識
即利用單詞的構(gòu)詞要素詞根，前后綴來識記單詞。
詞根是一個單詞的根本部分，代表詞的基本意義;前綴是加在詞根或單詞前面的部分，通常也有一定含義;后綴是加在詞根或單詞后面的部分，通常在增加詞義的同時還改變詞性。通過詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞的方式有多種，現(xiàn)簡單歸納如下：
①前綴+詞根：inter(中間)+vene→intervene(介入)
②詞根+后綴：circl(圓)+let(小)→circlet(小環(huán))
③詞根+詞根：tele(遠(yuǎn))+scope(鏡)→telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)
④前綴+詞根+后綴：in(不)+aud(聽)+ible(可)→inaudible(聽不見)
⑤雙前綴+詞根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(蓋)→rediscover(再發(fā)現(xiàn))
⑥詞根+雙后綴：care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)
⑦前綴+雙詞根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(測量)→trigonometry(三角幾何)
⑧雙詞根+后綴：biblio(書)+phil(愛)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(書籍愛好者)
⑨雙前綴+詞根+后綴：ir(不)+re(反對)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)
前綴+詞根+雙后綴：se(離)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(種族隔離主義者)
雙前綴+詞根+雙后綴：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史無前例的)
(2) 上下文線索
利用上下文線索猜測詞義的方法很多，但其核心是尋找與該生僻詞相關(guān)的上下文意義線索，這些線索主要可歸納為以下幾種：
①同義定義為了便于讀者理解作者本義，作者有時會對文中的生僻詞或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞直接給出定義。在下定義時，作者常使用一些信號詞，如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.
或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，如——，()等，例：
Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有時，作者用同位語形式或連詞or給出定義，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollowgutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考試就到考試大
②近義復(fù)述同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用，我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一單詞相關(guān)的信息來猜度詞義。例：
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.
Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.來源：考試大的美女編輯們
③反義對照在表示對照的上下文中，常包含有意義相反的詞語或概念，這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索，幫助我們猜度詞義。常有以下一些信號詞：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語境，我們也能推知詞義的大概輪廓。例：
People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，殼) of the radiator.
A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.
⑤比較舉例上下文中的比較和舉例，能揭示比較物或列舉物之間的共性，我們可根據(jù)這些共性來推知有關(guān)詞語的意思。例：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥因果時間因與果、時間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過程中的必然關(guān)系，在利用上下文推測詞義時，這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例：
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.
⑦常識包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗常識以及自己專業(yè)方面的知識，在閱讀到與自己專業(yè)相近的文章時，我們都會感到相對容易，這正是我們的專業(yè)知識在幫我們理解。例：
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.
預(yù)測
在對付難文的閱讀時，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上對隨之可能出現(xiàn)的信息進(jìn)行積極預(yù)測。預(yù)測時，應(yīng)學(xué)會借助主題句、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語等篇章信息來提高預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。如，有一篇短文以這樣一句開頭：
Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness. Yet…這里根據(jù)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)聯(lián)詞Yet，預(yù)測到下面可能出現(xiàn)的是主題句，又必然要否定本句中許多人的觀點(diǎn)，即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文緊接著的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.
據(jù)此主題，我們可以比較有把握地預(yù)測到下文將著墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：
The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.
但預(yù)測不一定總是正確，它需要在繼續(xù)閱讀中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的內(nèi)容與預(yù)測相近，表示理解過程正確。如預(yù)測與下文不一致，則可能：①對前面內(nèi)容的理解有偏差;②據(jù)以預(yù)測的那部分語言信息可能有多種不同理解，因而可據(jù)以作出多種不同的預(yù)測。
預(yù)測有順向預(yù)測和逆向預(yù)測兩種，上面提到的為順向預(yù)測。所謂逆向預(yù)測，實為預(yù)測的一種特殊形式，應(yīng)用于已知下文要推知上文的場合。閱讀中積極運(yùn)用順向和逆向預(yù)測，除了上面談到的能提高對文章的理解深度外，還可幫助我們讀懂本來難以讀懂的章節(jié)。
詞匯的理解來源：www.examda.com
對于閱讀中碰到的生僻詞，我們首先要學(xué)會識別哪些情況下即使不了解詞義也不影響對短文的理解;其次是轉(zhuǎn)變對生僻詞義認(rèn)識上的態(tài)度，即在許多情況下不必了解該詞的確切意義，尤其沒有必要了解它在英漢辭典中的中文釋義，而只需對該詞詞義的大概而籠統(tǒng)的理解就行。實踐中，在確定了短文中哪些生僻詞的詞義有必要作一大概了解后，我們可以從以下兩個角度來猜度詞義：來源：考試大的美女編輯們
(1) 構(gòu)詞知識
即利用單詞的構(gòu)詞要素詞根，前后綴來識記單詞。
詞根是一個單詞的根本部分，代表詞的基本意義;前綴是加在詞根或單詞前面的部分，通常也有一定含義;后綴是加在詞根或單詞后面的部分，通常在增加詞義的同時還改變詞性。通過詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞的方式有多種，現(xiàn)簡單歸納如下：
①前綴+詞根：inter(中間)+vene→intervene(介入)
②詞根+后綴：circl(圓)+let(小)→circlet(小環(huán))
③詞根+詞根：tele(遠(yuǎn))+scope(鏡)→telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)
④前綴+詞根+后綴：in(不)+aud(聽)+ible(可)→inaudible(聽不見)
⑤雙前綴+詞根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(蓋)→rediscover(再發(fā)現(xiàn))
⑥詞根+雙后綴：care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)
⑦前綴+雙詞根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(測量)→trigonometry(三角幾何)
⑧雙詞根+后綴：biblio(書)+phil(愛)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(書籍愛好者)
⑨雙前綴+詞根+后綴：ir(不)+re(反對)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)
前綴+詞根+雙后綴：se(離)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(種族隔離主義者)
雙前綴+詞根+雙后綴：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史無前例的)
(2) 上下文線索
利用上下文線索猜測詞義的方法很多，但其核心是尋找與該生僻詞相關(guān)的上下文意義線索，這些線索主要可歸納為以下幾種：
①同義定義為了便于讀者理解作者本義，作者有時會對文中的生僻詞或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞直接給出定義。在下定義時，作者常使用一些信號詞，如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.
或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，如——，()等，例：
Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有時，作者用同位語形式或連詞or給出定義，例：
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollowgutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考試就到考試大
②近義復(fù)述同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用，我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一單詞相關(guān)的信息來猜度詞義。例：
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.
Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.來源：考試大的美女編輯們
③反義對照在表示對照的上下文中，常包含有意義相反的詞語或概念，這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索，幫助我們猜度詞義。常有以下一些信號詞：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語境，我們也能推知詞義的大概輪廓。例：
People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，殼) of the radiator.
A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.
⑤比較舉例上下文中的比較和舉例，能揭示比較物或列舉物之間的共性，我們可根據(jù)這些共性來推知有關(guān)詞語的意思。例：
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥因果時間因與果、時間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過程中的必然關(guān)系，在利用上下文推測詞義時，這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例：
Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.
⑦常識包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗常識以及自己專業(yè)方面的知識，在閱讀到與自己專業(yè)相近的文章時，我們都會感到相對容易，這正是我們的專業(yè)知識在幫我們理解。例：
An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.
預(yù)測
在對付難文的閱讀時，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上對隨之可能出現(xiàn)的信息進(jìn)行積極預(yù)測。預(yù)測時，應(yīng)學(xué)會借助主題句、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語等篇章信息來提高預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。如，有一篇短文以這樣一句開頭：
Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness. Yet…這里根據(jù)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)聯(lián)詞Yet，預(yù)測到下面可能出現(xiàn)的是主題句，又必然要否定本句中許多人的觀點(diǎn)，即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文緊接著的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.
據(jù)此主題，我們可以比較有把握地預(yù)測到下文將著墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：
The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.
但預(yù)測不一定總是正確，它需要在繼續(xù)閱讀中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的內(nèi)容與預(yù)測相近，表示理解過程正確。如預(yù)測與下文不一致，則可能：①對前面內(nèi)容的理解有偏差;②據(jù)以預(yù)測的那部分語言信息可能有多種不同理解，因而可據(jù)以作出多種不同的預(yù)測。
預(yù)測有順向預(yù)測和逆向預(yù)測兩種，上面提到的為順向預(yù)測。所謂逆向預(yù)測，實為預(yù)測的一種特殊形式，應(yīng)用于已知下文要推知上文的場合。閱讀中積極運(yùn)用順向和逆向預(yù)測，除了上面談到的能提高對文章的理解深度外，還可幫助我們讀懂本來難以讀懂的章節(jié)。