（1）常見只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語的詞或詞組：
admit承認(rèn) avoid避免 consider考慮 delay耽擱 deny否認(rèn) endure忍耐 enjoy喜歡 escape逃避 excuse原諒 fancy想象 finish完成 forbid嚴(yán)禁 imagine想象 mind介意 miss錯(cuò)過 dislike厭惡
permit允許 postpone推遲 practice練習(xí) require需要 risk冒…危險(xiǎn) stop停止 suggest建議
can't help禁不住 feel like想，欲 give up放棄 keep on繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 object to反對 put off推遲
（2）常見既可跟動(dòng)名詞也可跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：
attempt試圖 begin開始 can't bear忍不住 cease停止 continue繼續(xù) deserve值得 forget忘記
hate不喜歡 intend打算 learn學(xué)習(xí) like喜歡 love喜歡 prefer寧愿 need需要 neglect疏忽
propose建議 remember 記得 regret懊悔 start開始 try嘗試 oppose反對
（3）是否用形式賓語it （當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語是一些帶有"有用、明智、值得"等含義的形容詞時(shí)，用形式賓語it）
She found it useless arguing with him. Do you consider it wise trying again？
3）作介詞賓語
Have you got used to working on the night shift？ Children are fond of reading detective stories.
He insisted on there being no discussion of his private affairs at the meeting.
****（1）某些習(xí)慣用法：
He is busy （in） preparing a report. They spent a lot of time （in） making preparations.
The students had a good time （in） playing in the park. We had great difficulty （in） finding his house.
Do you have any problem （in） filling in the form？
（2）介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞常用作定語修飾名詞，其中"of + 動(dòng)名詞"最多見。
①常見用介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞作定語的名詞有：
apology （for） choice （of） custom （of） excuse （of） experience （in） importance （of） practice （of）
habit （of） honor （of） hope （of） idea （of） means （of） method （of/for） purpose （of）
necessity （of） objection （to） possibility （of）
②既可用介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞也可用不定式作定語的名詞有：
intention （of） opportunity （of） plan （for） reason （for） right （of） time （for） way （of）
4）作同位語
His habit， studying at night， remains unchanged. That was her favorite pastime（娛樂）， playing chess.
2、注意問題
1）動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語 ①人稱代詞的所有格 + 動(dòng)名詞，②名詞's + 動(dòng)名詞。
比較：⑴Tom insisted on going with them. （He went with them.）
Tom insisted on my going with them. （I went with them.）
⑵He dislikes working late. （He works late.） He dislikes his wife's working late. （His wife works late.）
Is there any hope of John winning the first prize？ This is a clear case of electricity being converted into heat.
2）動(dòng)名詞作定語 a studying plan drinking water飲用水 a swimming pool
3）比較①remember/forget to do ②regret to do ③go on to do ④try to do 設(shè)法做某事
remember/forget doing regret doing go on doing try doing試著做某事
⑤need/want to do ⑥used to do過去常常做某事
need/want doing （被動(dòng)） be used to doing習(xí)慣于做某事
3、動(dòng)名詞的體式和語態(tài)
1）完成式：having done
He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.
His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.
2）被動(dòng)式：being done
He did it without being asked. We insisted on being given the task.
八、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
詞義 現(xiàn)在式 過去式 同義短語
能夠，可能 can could be able to
許可，也許 may might
必須，一定 must had to have to
應(yīng)當(dāng)，要 shall should ought to
愿意，要 will would
需要 need
敢 dare
1、can/ could be able to可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)
Jack can （is able to） speak five languages. She has been able to play the piano since she was nine.
In the early days， people could not （were not able to） count as we do now.
1）I could catch the 7：30 train.能夠做，但未必做 I was able to catch 7：30 train.能夠做并且已做了
2）潛在的可能： Anybody can make mistakes. Experts said that another storm like this could destroy the crops.
3）表示揣測/懷疑等態(tài)度：
①對現(xiàn)在用can（could） + 原形動(dòng)詞（狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞），或can（could） + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞（行為動(dòng)詞）
This can't be true. They can't be working now. Could this be a misprint？
②對過去用can（could） + have + 過去分詞
He can't have gone to Peking. I saw him only a while ago. Could they have arrived there already？
4）表示"請求"或"允許"
You can go with them if you like. Could I use your bike？ He asked me if he could use my bike.
2、may/ might
1）請求或允許： You may borrow any of those books on the shelves. He asked if he might have a chat with me.
2）表示客觀可能性： Take an umbrella with you. It may rain. They may not approve of your idea.
3）揣測 （一般只用于肯定句）
現(xiàn)在： He may know Miss Lee's telephone number. This might be the key Tom has been looking for.
過去： The train may have left already. They might have been there before.
4）祈禱/愿望： may + 賓語 +動(dòng)詞
May God be with you！ May you succeed！ May you be happy！
3、must
1）"必須"（肯定句或疑問句）或"不許"（否定句）
——Must we hand in the papers this week？ ——No， you needn't. Cars mustn't be parked here.
2）"必然性"，即：自然規(guī)律，或必然結(jié)果
All men must die. Bad seed must produce bad corn.
3） 揣測 （一般只用于肯定句）
現(xiàn)在： He must be sick for he looks so pale. It must be raining outside.
過去： It must have rained last night. The ground is wet. I think my letter must have been miscarried.
4、shall/ will
1）shall ①用于主語為第一人稱或第三人稱的疑問句中，表示提出建議或征求對方的允諾。
Shall I fetch a doctor for you？ Shall he attend the meeting？要他來參加會議嗎？
②用在主語是第二人稱或第三人稱的陳述句中，表示允諾或警告。（可以或不可以，不得）
You shall be sorry for what you have done. He shall get what he wants. You shall not leave your post later.
2）will ①表示意志，意愿 We will do our best to get the job done in time. She can stay home if she will.
②請求 Will you please be quiet？ Don't be late for the meeting， will you？
5、should/ ought to
1）應(yīng)該，義務(wù) （should更側(cè)重主觀看法，ought to更著重客觀情況） We should （ought to） work harder.
Safety precautions should （ought to） be observed at all times.在任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)遵守安全規(guī)定。
2）對已發(fā)生的情況表示"責(zé)備"
You should （ought to） have waited for us. She shouldn't （oughtn't to） have let the baby play with fire.
3）驚奇（虛擬語氣） I did not expect that you should have finished the work so soon.竟會如此快地
4）推測，推論， 用法結(jié)構(gòu)同can， may等詞 They should have arrived in Shanghai by now.
The report is written after careful investigation， so it should be reliable.
6、would 近似于will的用法，
***表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，與used to do同義。
In those days， he would （used to） visit me on Sundays. Whenever I was in difficulty， he would gladly help me.
7、need/ dare兩者都可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。
1） You needn't work so late. = You don't need to work so late. Need he go？ = Does he need to go？
間接引語中表過去The manager said that I need not go.
You needn't have bought that dictionary. I have a spare one. （But you have already bought one.）
You needn't see him， but I must.
2） She dare not （daren't） say what she thinks. If the enemy dare come， they will certainly be wiped out.
間接引語中表過去She said that she daren't tell them the truth.
①dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用在否定句和疑問句中時(shí)，其后所接不定式有時(shí)可以省略"to"：
I have never dared （to） speak to him. Did he dare （to） criticize my arrangement？
②習(xí)語I dare say：我認(rèn)為，我猜想 You must be tired， I dare say. I dare say you are right.
8、had better/best
You had better not go. We had best take a short cut.抄近路 Hadn't you better take an umbrella？
9、would/had rather……than……
I am sure they would rather stay than go. I would rather not lend you the book now. I'm using it now.
10、cannot but/ cannot help
cannot but do = have to I cannot but tell her the truth.
cannot help doing = cannot help but do Hearing that， they could not help laughing.
九、虛擬語氣
對現(xiàn)在的假設(shè) were（+表語） should
If 主語+ V-ed… , 主語+ would … +動(dòng)詞原形
should do could
對過去的假設(shè) should
If 主語had + 過去分詞, 主語+ would have +過去分詞
could
對將來的假設(shè) should 動(dòng)詞原形 should
If 主語+ were to 動(dòng)詞原形 ， 主語+ would +動(dòng)詞原形
動(dòng)詞過去式 could
1、應(yīng)用
現(xiàn)在：The platform would collapse if all of you stood on it.
過去：If the doctor had been available， the child would have been saved.
If I had not studied hard， I would have failed in the exam.
將來：If he should change his mind， what would we do？
If you missed the film tonight， you would feel sorry for it.
2、注意問題
1）should：一旦…… If it should rain tomorrow， we would have to change our plan.
2） if only和suppose （supposing）引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句： 要是，假如
If only I had more money， I could buy a car. Supposing it were fine tomorrow， would you go fishing with us？
3） if it （be） not for… 要不是…相當(dāng)于but for， without
If it were not for the leadership of the Party， we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your help， we would not have achieved so much in our work.
4）連詞if的省略 （將were， had， should等提到主語前面）
Had the doctor been available， the child would have been saved. Shall it rain tomorrow， we would stay at home.
Were I to go to the moon some day， I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes.
5）含蓄條件（without， but for， but that， but， otherwise以及比較級）
Without electricity， there would be no modern industry.
But that she was afraid， she would have said no.要不是害怕的話，她就會拒絕了。
****錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間I would be most glad to help you， but I'm busy now.
If I were you， I would have taken his advice. If he had listened to me， he would not be in such trouble now.
3、虛擬語氣在表示要求、建議、命令等的從句中的應(yīng)用
1）賓語從句： He insisted that John （should） do the job.
We suggested that the meeting （should） not be postponed.
此類還有：ask要求 move提議 demand 要求 decide決定 insist堅(jiān)持 command命令 prefer寧愿 propose提議 order下令 urge主張 require要求 request請求 suggest建議 advise勸告
2） 主語從句： It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. （should可以省略）
此類形容詞或分詞： essential必要的 urgent緊迫的 necessary必要的 important重要的 advisable合理的 asked要求 desired希望的 natural自然的 desirable理想的 demanded要求的 preferable更好的 imperative迫切的 required要求的 ordered命令的 suggested建議的
3）同位語或表語從句： The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.
Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%.
此類名詞： advice忠告 command命令 demand要求 desire要求 idea意見 motion提議
order 命令 plan 計(jì)劃 proposal提議 preference偏愛 insistence主張 suggestion建議
recommendation勸告 request 要求 requirement 要求
4、wish從句
①同時(shí)，即與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)存在的情況，形式為：that主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）
②先時(shí)，即在謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)間之前就發(fā)生了的情況，形式為：that主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞
③后時(shí)，即在謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)間之后出現(xiàn)的情況，形式為：that主語 + would（could…） + 動(dòng)詞原形
同時(shí)I wish I were as young as you. How they wished it were not raining then！
先時(shí)I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.
后時(shí)It was wished that they would make greater progress. Isn't it your wish that you could buy a car like that？
5、as if/ though
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. 同時(shí)
Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman. 同時(shí)
Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there. 先時(shí) She looks as if she would cry. 后時(shí)
6、would / had rather， would （just） as soon， would sooner， would prefer等結(jié)構(gòu)表示：希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式與wish類從句大體相同。
I'd rather you posted the letter right away. I would prefer he didn't stay there too long.
***若主語是對自己行為表示某種愿望或感嘆，則謂語形式有：
⑴現(xiàn)在情況：would rather + do； ⑵過去情況：would rather + have done
I would rather buy a house with a garden. She would rather not have gone to the party.
7、it is （about， high…） time + 從句 + 動(dòng)詞過去式
It is high time （that） we began to work. Isn't （about） time that children went to school？
8、in case/ lest/ for fear that表示：一旦、以防、以免，謂語形式：should（不可?。?+ 動(dòng)詞原形
He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.
***可不用虛擬語氣，用動(dòng)詞的陳述語氣形式：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.
十、主謂一致
1、名詞做主語與謂語的一致
1）集合名詞作主語，如表示整體概念用單數(shù)謂語形式；如表示具體成員用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
The football team consists of 20 players. The football team are having a bath now.
常見此類名詞有：army， audience， class， club， committee， company， crowd， couple， family， group， government， jury， party， personnel， staff， union， team， public
2） 有些集合名詞如cattle，folk，people，police，poultry，youth等，總是跟復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞形式：
The police have caught the murderer.
3）單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞，如aircraft， deer， fish， means， sheep， species， series， works， crossroads， headquarters謂語根據(jù)意義來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。
The species of fish are numerous. This species of rose is very rare.
4）復(fù)數(shù)名詞作專有名詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語。 The United States was founded in 1776.
5）其他情況
（1）"the + 形容詞"作主語，表示一類可數(shù)的人或事物時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語；如表示一類不可數(shù)的事物時(shí)，用單數(shù)。
The old are well looked after by the government. The agreeable is not always the useful.好看的未必實(shí)用。
（2）表示成雙成對的東西的名詞，若被a pair of修飾，要求接單數(shù)謂語；否則用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。
These trousers are made in Shanghai. This pair of trousers is made in Shanghai.
2、由連接詞連接的主語與謂語的一致
1）and連接，如果指的是同一人或事物，用單數(shù)謂語形式；若指不同人或事物，用復(fù)數(shù)。
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.那位書記兼經(jīng)理出席了會議
The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting.書記和經(jīng)理都出席了會議
Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.（作一件事）
The tenth （chapter） and the last chapter are translated by him.
2） both…and連接兩個(gè)名詞， 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式
Both the secretary and manager have agreed to be present.
3） 主語是and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞，前面如有each，every，many a，no等修飾，謂語用單數(shù)。
During the holidays， every train and steamboat was crowded.
No teacher and no student is admitted.師生一律不得入內(nèi) Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting.
4） 單數(shù)名詞+ along with， together with， combined with， as well as， rather than，with等詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 Tom as well as two of his classmates was invited to the party.
5）由or， either…or， neither…nor， not only…but also等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)， 謂語要符合就近原則，與鄰近的主語一致。 Neither I nor he is to blame. One or two friends are coming this evening.
3、代詞、"限定詞+名詞"作主語與謂語的一致
1）all， half， most， none， some， the remainder （of）， the rest （of）， plenty （of） 等作主語時(shí)，謂語根據(jù)意義決定。
Most of his spare time was spent in reading. Most of the houses in this town are new.
Half of the oranges are bad. Half of the food is unfit to eat.
2） both， （a） few， many， several等修飾主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Few （of the） guests were familiar to us. Both of these films are boring.
3） 由合成詞some （any， no， every） + thing （body， one）作主語， 由代詞each， every one， no one， either， neither， another， the other作主語， 以及由限定詞either， neither， each， every， many a， more than one等+ 名詞作主語時(shí)， 都跟單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。
Nothing but trees was to be seen. No one except my parents knows anything about it.
More than one defendant is involved in the case.被告 Either of the rooms is big enough.
***在neither of， either of 的否定式中， 也可用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Neither of them want（s） to come. I don't think either of them is （are） at home.
4）在"one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中， 定語從句一般看作修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 因此該從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.
***the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句，謂語則用單數(shù)。He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.
5）在"代詞 + 定語從句"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語的人稱、性別、數(shù)目要與被修飾的代詞保持一致。
I， who am your friend， will try my best to help you.
6）由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，一般要用單數(shù)謂語。如從句謂語或從句后的表語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，要求用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。
What you said is quite to the point. 你所說的非常中肯。 What we need are qualified teachers.……是合格教師。
4、數(shù)詞、量詞等作主語與謂語的一致
1）用作運(yùn)算的數(shù)詞作主語時(shí)，常用單數(shù)謂語。
Ten plus ten makes （equals， gives， is） twenty. Three multiplied by four is twelve.三乘以四等于十二
2）數(shù)詞和表示時(shí)間、度量衡、溫度和金錢等名詞作主語表示一定的量或總和時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。
Twenty years in prison was the penalty he had to pay. Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum.
***Twenty years have passed since his father died. （years作為時(shí)間單位，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞）
（Thousands of）Millions of dollars have gone into the building of the factory.
3）分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾時(shí)，謂語由其表示的意義決定：
About one third of the books are worth reading. Only 20 percent of the work was done yesterday.
4） 由kind （form， type， sort， species， portion， series， quantity） of等修飾主語，謂語取決于這些詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。
A new type of bus is now on show. Some new forms of art were discussed
There is only a small quantity of paper （books） left. Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
5） a number of（許多），a variety of（各種各樣的）和a group of（一群/組）修飾主語，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞；但the number of（數(shù)目）和the variety of（種類）修飾時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語。
A number of students are from the south. The number of students from the north is small.
There are a variety of toys in that shop. The variety of goods in that shop is surprising.
十一、反意疑問句
十二、倒裝
1、there be或there + 其他連系動(dòng)詞 There stands a weather station at the top of the hill.
E.g. there may be， there can be， there must be， there seems to be， there appears to be， there happened to be， there exist， there stand， there remain……
2、省略if的虛擬條件句中的倒裝：（詳見"虛擬語氣"） Were it fine tomorrow， we would go on a picnic.
3、在以here， there， now， then等引導(dǎo)的句中，謂語是be， come， go等動(dòng)詞：
打鈴了There goes the bell. 現(xiàn)在輪到你啦Now comes your turn. ***There he comes. Here they are.
4、在so， nor， neither開頭的句中：
If you won't go， neither will I. I went to a movie last night. So did my sister and brother.
5、"only + 狀語"用于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，要用倒裝： Only in this way can you solve this problem.
6、含有否定意義的副詞或詞組用于句首，充當(dāng)狀語時(shí)，用倒裝：
never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，in no time，under no circumstances，
not only…（but also），neither…（nor），no sooner…（than），hardly…（when）
Never shall I forget this lesson. In no case will he give up the experiment.
7、as， be引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句（盡管…），用倒裝句：
Tired as he was， he continued to work. Try as he might， he could not fulfil the task alone.
8、當(dāng)so（such）…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so，such用于句首加強(qiáng)語氣時(shí)，用倒裝：
So angry was he （=he was so angry） that he couldn't speak.
To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.
9、有時(shí)，在in， out， away， up， down， off等副詞開頭的句中用倒裝： Away they went. In she came.
Following a roar， out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
10、比較狀語從句和其他比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用倒裝：
He traveled a great deal as did most of his friends.他到過很多地方旅行，他的多數(shù)朋友也是這樣。
十三、從句
（一）主語從句
1、主語從句的位置
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. / It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
When the plane is to take off has not been announced. / It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
What he wants is a book. Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task？
2、it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)：
①It is + 名詞詞組 + 從句
It is a fact/question that… It is good news that… It is common knowledge that…（常識）
②It is + 形容詞 + 從句
It is necessary/ clear/ （un）likely/ important that…。
③It is + 過去分詞 + 從句
It is said/ reported that… It has been proved that… It must be pointed out that…
④It is + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 從句
It seems that…好象是 It happened that…碰巧 It follows that…由此可見 It has turned out that… 結(jié)果是
***it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，分析如： John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.
主 語 賓 語 狀 語 狀 語
It was John that （who） bought a toy plane for his son yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語
It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語
It was for his son that John bought a toy plane yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語
It was yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son. 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語
（二）賓語從句
1、作動(dòng)詞的賓語：He wondered how the pyramids were built. She told me where she lived.
2、作介詞的賓語： This depends on how hard you work. Is there anything wrong in what I said？
3、作形容詞的賓語： They are confident that they can do it well. I'm not certain whether（if） they will arrive on time.
4、賓語從句注意點(diǎn)：
形式賓語it： He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
否定前移： I don't think he has time to play chess with you. I don't suppose it is the rush hour yet.
插入語語序：When （do you think） John will arrive？ Who （do you believe） will be given the prize？
***肯定： I think so. I hope so. 否定： I don't think so. I hope not. I'm afraid not.
（三）表語從句
My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately. It looks that （as if） it is going to rain.
That is why we called off the meeting. This is how we did it.
The reason （why） he was late was that he missed the bus.他遲到的原因是誤了車。
（四）同位語從句（功能：加以闡明、解釋）
I have no idea when he will return. They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.
（五）定語從句（功能：進(jìn)行修飾和限定）
The man whom （that） you saw just now is our manager. Is there anyone here whose name is Wang Lin？
The building whose roof we can see from here is a supermarket.
****當(dāng)先行詞是all， everything， something， nothing等不定代詞， 或被first， last， only， few， much， some， any， no以及形容詞級等詞修飾時(shí)， 應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞that，不用 which.
I am interested in all that you have told me. He asked for the best book that there was on the subject.
****當(dāng)并列的兩個(gè)先行詞分別表示人和物時(shí)，要用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句。
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.
The reason that （=why） you were absent is groundless. I don't like the way （that） （=in which） he talks.
This was the second time that I had seen the film. This is the same watch as （that） I have lost.
No one will believe such stories as he told. He works in the same shop as （that） I do.
限定性： I want to buy the house which （=that） has a garden.
非限定性： I want to buy the house， which （≠that） has a garden.
This is the place where （=in which） I spent my childhood. This is the place which I visited last summer.
The first person who opens that door will get a shock.
Those who will go to tomorrow's show will have to come this afternoon to get their tickets.
admit承認(rèn) avoid避免 consider考慮 delay耽擱 deny否認(rèn) endure忍耐 enjoy喜歡 escape逃避 excuse原諒 fancy想象 finish完成 forbid嚴(yán)禁 imagine想象 mind介意 miss錯(cuò)過 dislike厭惡
permit允許 postpone推遲 practice練習(xí) require需要 risk冒…危險(xiǎn) stop停止 suggest建議
can't help禁不住 feel like想，欲 give up放棄 keep on繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 object to反對 put off推遲
（2）常見既可跟動(dòng)名詞也可跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：
attempt試圖 begin開始 can't bear忍不住 cease停止 continue繼續(xù) deserve值得 forget忘記
hate不喜歡 intend打算 learn學(xué)習(xí) like喜歡 love喜歡 prefer寧愿 need需要 neglect疏忽
propose建議 remember 記得 regret懊悔 start開始 try嘗試 oppose反對
（3）是否用形式賓語it （當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語是一些帶有"有用、明智、值得"等含義的形容詞時(shí)，用形式賓語it）
She found it useless arguing with him. Do you consider it wise trying again？
3）作介詞賓語
Have you got used to working on the night shift？ Children are fond of reading detective stories.
He insisted on there being no discussion of his private affairs at the meeting.
****（1）某些習(xí)慣用法：
He is busy （in） preparing a report. They spent a lot of time （in） making preparations.
The students had a good time （in） playing in the park. We had great difficulty （in） finding his house.
Do you have any problem （in） filling in the form？
（2）介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞常用作定語修飾名詞，其中"of + 動(dòng)名詞"最多見。
①常見用介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞作定語的名詞有：
apology （for） choice （of） custom （of） excuse （of） experience （in） importance （of） practice （of）
habit （of） honor （of） hope （of） idea （of） means （of） method （of/for） purpose （of）
necessity （of） objection （to） possibility （of）
②既可用介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞也可用不定式作定語的名詞有：
intention （of） opportunity （of） plan （for） reason （for） right （of） time （for） way （of）
4）作同位語
His habit， studying at night， remains unchanged. That was her favorite pastime（娛樂）， playing chess.
2、注意問題
1）動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語 ①人稱代詞的所有格 + 動(dòng)名詞，②名詞's + 動(dòng)名詞。
比較：⑴Tom insisted on going with them. （He went with them.）
Tom insisted on my going with them. （I went with them.）
⑵He dislikes working late. （He works late.） He dislikes his wife's working late. （His wife works late.）
Is there any hope of John winning the first prize？ This is a clear case of electricity being converted into heat.
2）動(dòng)名詞作定語 a studying plan drinking water飲用水 a swimming pool
3）比較①remember/forget to do ②regret to do ③go on to do ④try to do 設(shè)法做某事
remember/forget doing regret doing go on doing try doing試著做某事
⑤need/want to do ⑥used to do過去常常做某事
need/want doing （被動(dòng)） be used to doing習(xí)慣于做某事
3、動(dòng)名詞的體式和語態(tài)
1）完成式：having done
He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.
His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.
2）被動(dòng)式：being done
He did it without being asked. We insisted on being given the task.
八、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
詞義 現(xiàn)在式 過去式 同義短語
能夠，可能 can could be able to
許可，也許 may might
必須，一定 must had to have to
應(yīng)當(dāng)，要 shall should ought to
愿意，要 will would
需要 need
敢 dare
1、can/ could be able to可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)
Jack can （is able to） speak five languages. She has been able to play the piano since she was nine.
In the early days， people could not （were not able to） count as we do now.
1）I could catch the 7：30 train.能夠做，但未必做 I was able to catch 7：30 train.能夠做并且已做了
2）潛在的可能： Anybody can make mistakes. Experts said that another storm like this could destroy the crops.
3）表示揣測/懷疑等態(tài)度：
①對現(xiàn)在用can（could） + 原形動(dòng)詞（狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞），或can（could） + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞（行為動(dòng)詞）
This can't be true. They can't be working now. Could this be a misprint？
②對過去用can（could） + have + 過去分詞
He can't have gone to Peking. I saw him only a while ago. Could they have arrived there already？
4）表示"請求"或"允許"
You can go with them if you like. Could I use your bike？ He asked me if he could use my bike.
2、may/ might
1）請求或允許： You may borrow any of those books on the shelves. He asked if he might have a chat with me.
2）表示客觀可能性： Take an umbrella with you. It may rain. They may not approve of your idea.
3）揣測 （一般只用于肯定句）
現(xiàn)在： He may know Miss Lee's telephone number. This might be the key Tom has been looking for.
過去： The train may have left already. They might have been there before.
4）祈禱/愿望： may + 賓語 +動(dòng)詞
May God be with you！ May you succeed！ May you be happy！
3、must
1）"必須"（肯定句或疑問句）或"不許"（否定句）
——Must we hand in the papers this week？ ——No， you needn't. Cars mustn't be parked here.
2）"必然性"，即：自然規(guī)律，或必然結(jié)果
All men must die. Bad seed must produce bad corn.
3） 揣測 （一般只用于肯定句）
現(xiàn)在： He must be sick for he looks so pale. It must be raining outside.
過去： It must have rained last night. The ground is wet. I think my letter must have been miscarried.
4、shall/ will
1）shall ①用于主語為第一人稱或第三人稱的疑問句中，表示提出建議或征求對方的允諾。
Shall I fetch a doctor for you？ Shall he attend the meeting？要他來參加會議嗎？
②用在主語是第二人稱或第三人稱的陳述句中，表示允諾或警告。（可以或不可以，不得）
You shall be sorry for what you have done. He shall get what he wants. You shall not leave your post later.
2）will ①表示意志，意愿 We will do our best to get the job done in time. She can stay home if she will.
②請求 Will you please be quiet？ Don't be late for the meeting， will you？
5、should/ ought to
1）應(yīng)該，義務(wù) （should更側(cè)重主觀看法，ought to更著重客觀情況） We should （ought to） work harder.
Safety precautions should （ought to） be observed at all times.在任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)遵守安全規(guī)定。
2）對已發(fā)生的情況表示"責(zé)備"
You should （ought to） have waited for us. She shouldn't （oughtn't to） have let the baby play with fire.
3）驚奇（虛擬語氣） I did not expect that you should have finished the work so soon.竟會如此快地
4）推測，推論， 用法結(jié)構(gòu)同can， may等詞 They should have arrived in Shanghai by now.
The report is written after careful investigation， so it should be reliable.
6、would 近似于will的用法，
***表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，與used to do同義。
In those days， he would （used to） visit me on Sundays. Whenever I was in difficulty， he would gladly help me.
7、need/ dare兩者都可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。
1） You needn't work so late. = You don't need to work so late. Need he go？ = Does he need to go？
間接引語中表過去The manager said that I need not go.
You needn't have bought that dictionary. I have a spare one. （But you have already bought one.）
You needn't see him， but I must.
2） She dare not （daren't） say what she thinks. If the enemy dare come， they will certainly be wiped out.
間接引語中表過去She said that she daren't tell them the truth.
①dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用在否定句和疑問句中時(shí)，其后所接不定式有時(shí)可以省略"to"：
I have never dared （to） speak to him. Did he dare （to） criticize my arrangement？
②習(xí)語I dare say：我認(rèn)為，我猜想 You must be tired， I dare say. I dare say you are right.
8、had better/best
You had better not go. We had best take a short cut.抄近路 Hadn't you better take an umbrella？
9、would/had rather……than……
I am sure they would rather stay than go. I would rather not lend you the book now. I'm using it now.
10、cannot but/ cannot help
cannot but do = have to I cannot but tell her the truth.
cannot help doing = cannot help but do Hearing that， they could not help laughing.
九、虛擬語氣
對現(xiàn)在的假設(shè) were（+表語） should
If 主語+ V-ed… , 主語+ would … +動(dòng)詞原形
should do could
對過去的假設(shè) should
If 主語had + 過去分詞, 主語+ would have +過去分詞
could
對將來的假設(shè) should 動(dòng)詞原形 should
If 主語+ were to 動(dòng)詞原形 ， 主語+ would +動(dòng)詞原形
動(dòng)詞過去式 could
1、應(yīng)用
現(xiàn)在：The platform would collapse if all of you stood on it.
過去：If the doctor had been available， the child would have been saved.
If I had not studied hard， I would have failed in the exam.
將來：If he should change his mind， what would we do？
If you missed the film tonight， you would feel sorry for it.
2、注意問題
1）should：一旦…… If it should rain tomorrow， we would have to change our plan.
2） if only和suppose （supposing）引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句： 要是，假如
If only I had more money， I could buy a car. Supposing it were fine tomorrow， would you go fishing with us？
3） if it （be） not for… 要不是…相當(dāng)于but for， without
If it were not for the leadership of the Party， we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your help， we would not have achieved so much in our work.
4）連詞if的省略 （將were， had， should等提到主語前面）
Had the doctor been available， the child would have been saved. Shall it rain tomorrow， we would stay at home.
Were I to go to the moon some day， I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes.
5）含蓄條件（without， but for， but that， but， otherwise以及比較級）
Without electricity， there would be no modern industry.
But that she was afraid， she would have said no.要不是害怕的話，她就會拒絕了。
****錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間I would be most glad to help you， but I'm busy now.
If I were you， I would have taken his advice. If he had listened to me， he would not be in such trouble now.
3、虛擬語氣在表示要求、建議、命令等的從句中的應(yīng)用
1）賓語從句： He insisted that John （should） do the job.
We suggested that the meeting （should） not be postponed.
此類還有：ask要求 move提議 demand 要求 decide決定 insist堅(jiān)持 command命令 prefer寧愿 propose提議 order下令 urge主張 require要求 request請求 suggest建議 advise勸告
2） 主語從句： It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. （should可以省略）
此類形容詞或分詞： essential必要的 urgent緊迫的 necessary必要的 important重要的 advisable合理的 asked要求 desired希望的 natural自然的 desirable理想的 demanded要求的 preferable更好的 imperative迫切的 required要求的 ordered命令的 suggested建議的
3）同位語或表語從句： The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.
Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%.
此類名詞： advice忠告 command命令 demand要求 desire要求 idea意見 motion提議
order 命令 plan 計(jì)劃 proposal提議 preference偏愛 insistence主張 suggestion建議
recommendation勸告 request 要求 requirement 要求
4、wish從句
①同時(shí)，即與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)存在的情況，形式為：that主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）
②先時(shí)，即在謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)間之前就發(fā)生了的情況，形式為：that主語 + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞
③后時(shí)，即在謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)間之后出現(xiàn)的情況，形式為：that主語 + would（could…） + 動(dòng)詞原形
同時(shí)I wish I were as young as you. How they wished it were not raining then！
先時(shí)I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.
后時(shí)It was wished that they would make greater progress. Isn't it your wish that you could buy a car like that？
5、as if/ though
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. 同時(shí)
Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman. 同時(shí)
Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there. 先時(shí) She looks as if she would cry. 后時(shí)
6、would / had rather， would （just） as soon， would sooner， would prefer等結(jié)構(gòu)表示：希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式與wish類從句大體相同。
I'd rather you posted the letter right away. I would prefer he didn't stay there too long.
***若主語是對自己行為表示某種愿望或感嘆，則謂語形式有：
⑴現(xiàn)在情況：would rather + do； ⑵過去情況：would rather + have done
I would rather buy a house with a garden. She would rather not have gone to the party.
7、it is （about， high…） time + 從句 + 動(dòng)詞過去式
It is high time （that） we began to work. Isn't （about） time that children went to school？
8、in case/ lest/ for fear that表示：一旦、以防、以免，謂語形式：should（不可?。?+ 動(dòng)詞原形
He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.
***可不用虛擬語氣，用動(dòng)詞的陳述語氣形式：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.
十、主謂一致
1、名詞做主語與謂語的一致
1）集合名詞作主語，如表示整體概念用單數(shù)謂語形式；如表示具體成員用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
The football team consists of 20 players. The football team are having a bath now.
常見此類名詞有：army， audience， class， club， committee， company， crowd， couple， family， group， government， jury， party， personnel， staff， union， team， public
2） 有些集合名詞如cattle，folk，people，police，poultry，youth等，總是跟復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞形式：
The police have caught the murderer.
3）單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞，如aircraft， deer， fish， means， sheep， species， series， works， crossroads， headquarters謂語根據(jù)意義來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。
The species of fish are numerous. This species of rose is very rare.
4）復(fù)數(shù)名詞作專有名詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語。 The United States was founded in 1776.
5）其他情況
（1）"the + 形容詞"作主語，表示一類可數(shù)的人或事物時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語；如表示一類不可數(shù)的事物時(shí)，用單數(shù)。
The old are well looked after by the government. The agreeable is not always the useful.好看的未必實(shí)用。
（2）表示成雙成對的東西的名詞，若被a pair of修飾，要求接單數(shù)謂語；否則用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。
These trousers are made in Shanghai. This pair of trousers is made in Shanghai.
2、由連接詞連接的主語與謂語的一致
1）and連接，如果指的是同一人或事物，用單數(shù)謂語形式；若指不同人或事物，用復(fù)數(shù)。
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.那位書記兼經(jīng)理出席了會議
The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting.書記和經(jīng)理都出席了會議
Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.（作一件事）
The tenth （chapter） and the last chapter are translated by him.
2） both…and連接兩個(gè)名詞， 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式
Both the secretary and manager have agreed to be present.
3） 主語是and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞，前面如有each，every，many a，no等修飾，謂語用單數(shù)。
During the holidays， every train and steamboat was crowded.
No teacher and no student is admitted.師生一律不得入內(nèi) Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting.
4） 單數(shù)名詞+ along with， together with， combined with， as well as， rather than，with等詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 Tom as well as two of his classmates was invited to the party.
5）由or， either…or， neither…nor， not only…but also等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)， 謂語要符合就近原則，與鄰近的主語一致。 Neither I nor he is to blame. One or two friends are coming this evening.
3、代詞、"限定詞+名詞"作主語與謂語的一致
1）all， half， most， none， some， the remainder （of）， the rest （of）， plenty （of） 等作主語時(shí)，謂語根據(jù)意義決定。
Most of his spare time was spent in reading. Most of the houses in this town are new.
Half of the oranges are bad. Half of the food is unfit to eat.
2） both， （a） few， many， several等修飾主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Few （of the） guests were familiar to us. Both of these films are boring.
3） 由合成詞some （any， no， every） + thing （body， one）作主語， 由代詞each， every one， no one， either， neither， another， the other作主語， 以及由限定詞either， neither， each， every， many a， more than one等+ 名詞作主語時(shí)， 都跟單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。
Nothing but trees was to be seen. No one except my parents knows anything about it.
More than one defendant is involved in the case.被告 Either of the rooms is big enough.
***在neither of， either of 的否定式中， 也可用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Neither of them want（s） to come. I don't think either of them is （are） at home.
4）在"one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中， 定語從句一般看作修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 因此該從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.
***the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句，謂語則用單數(shù)。He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.
5）在"代詞 + 定語從句"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語的人稱、性別、數(shù)目要與被修飾的代詞保持一致。
I， who am your friend， will try my best to help you.
6）由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，一般要用單數(shù)謂語。如從句謂語或從句后的表語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，要求用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。
What you said is quite to the point. 你所說的非常中肯。 What we need are qualified teachers.……是合格教師。
4、數(shù)詞、量詞等作主語與謂語的一致
1）用作運(yùn)算的數(shù)詞作主語時(shí)，常用單數(shù)謂語。
Ten plus ten makes （equals， gives， is） twenty. Three multiplied by four is twelve.三乘以四等于十二
2）數(shù)詞和表示時(shí)間、度量衡、溫度和金錢等名詞作主語表示一定的量或總和時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。
Twenty years in prison was the penalty he had to pay. Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum.
***Twenty years have passed since his father died. （years作為時(shí)間單位，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞）
（Thousands of）Millions of dollars have gone into the building of the factory.
3）分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾時(shí)，謂語由其表示的意義決定：
About one third of the books are worth reading. Only 20 percent of the work was done yesterday.
4） 由kind （form， type， sort， species， portion， series， quantity） of等修飾主語，謂語取決于這些詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。
A new type of bus is now on show. Some new forms of art were discussed
There is only a small quantity of paper （books） left. Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
5） a number of（許多），a variety of（各種各樣的）和a group of（一群/組）修飾主語，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞；但the number of（數(shù)目）和the variety of（種類）修飾時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語。
A number of students are from the south. The number of students from the north is small.
There are a variety of toys in that shop. The variety of goods in that shop is surprising.
十一、反意疑問句
十二、倒裝
1、there be或there + 其他連系動(dòng)詞 There stands a weather station at the top of the hill.
E.g. there may be， there can be， there must be， there seems to be， there appears to be， there happened to be， there exist， there stand， there remain……
2、省略if的虛擬條件句中的倒裝：（詳見"虛擬語氣"） Were it fine tomorrow， we would go on a picnic.
3、在以here， there， now， then等引導(dǎo)的句中，謂語是be， come， go等動(dòng)詞：
打鈴了There goes the bell. 現(xiàn)在輪到你啦Now comes your turn. ***There he comes. Here they are.
4、在so， nor， neither開頭的句中：
If you won't go， neither will I. I went to a movie last night. So did my sister and brother.
5、"only + 狀語"用于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，要用倒裝： Only in this way can you solve this problem.
6、含有否定意義的副詞或詞組用于句首，充當(dāng)狀語時(shí)，用倒裝：
never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，in no time，under no circumstances，
not only…（but also），neither…（nor），no sooner…（than），hardly…（when）
Never shall I forget this lesson. In no case will he give up the experiment.
7、as， be引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句（盡管…），用倒裝句：
Tired as he was， he continued to work. Try as he might， he could not fulfil the task alone.
8、當(dāng)so（such）…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so，such用于句首加強(qiáng)語氣時(shí)，用倒裝：
So angry was he （=he was so angry） that he couldn't speak.
To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.
9、有時(shí)，在in， out， away， up， down， off等副詞開頭的句中用倒裝： Away they went. In she came.
Following a roar， out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
10、比較狀語從句和其他比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用倒裝：
He traveled a great deal as did most of his friends.他到過很多地方旅行，他的多數(shù)朋友也是這樣。
十三、從句
（一）主語從句
1、主語從句的位置
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. / It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
When the plane is to take off has not been announced. / It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
What he wants is a book. Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task？
2、it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)：
①It is + 名詞詞組 + 從句
It is a fact/question that… It is good news that… It is common knowledge that…（常識）
②It is + 形容詞 + 從句
It is necessary/ clear/ （un）likely/ important that…。
③It is + 過去分詞 + 從句
It is said/ reported that… It has been proved that… It must be pointed out that…
④It is + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 從句
It seems that…好象是 It happened that…碰巧 It follows that…由此可見 It has turned out that… 結(jié)果是
***it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，分析如： John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.
主 語 賓 語 狀 語 狀 語
It was John that （who） bought a toy plane for his son yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語
It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語
It was for his son that John bought a toy plane yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語
It was yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son. 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語
（二）賓語從句
1、作動(dòng)詞的賓語：He wondered how the pyramids were built. She told me where she lived.
2、作介詞的賓語： This depends on how hard you work. Is there anything wrong in what I said？
3、作形容詞的賓語： They are confident that they can do it well. I'm not certain whether（if） they will arrive on time.
4、賓語從句注意點(diǎn)：
形式賓語it： He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
否定前移： I don't think he has time to play chess with you. I don't suppose it is the rush hour yet.
插入語語序：When （do you think） John will arrive？ Who （do you believe） will be given the prize？
***肯定： I think so. I hope so. 否定： I don't think so. I hope not. I'm afraid not.
（三）表語從句
My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately. It looks that （as if） it is going to rain.
That is why we called off the meeting. This is how we did it.
The reason （why） he was late was that he missed the bus.他遲到的原因是誤了車。
（四）同位語從句（功能：加以闡明、解釋）
I have no idea when he will return. They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.
（五）定語從句（功能：進(jìn)行修飾和限定）
The man whom （that） you saw just now is our manager. Is there anyone here whose name is Wang Lin？
The building whose roof we can see from here is a supermarket.
****當(dāng)先行詞是all， everything， something， nothing等不定代詞， 或被first， last， only， few， much， some， any， no以及形容詞級等詞修飾時(shí)， 應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞that，不用 which.
I am interested in all that you have told me. He asked for the best book that there was on the subject.
****當(dāng)并列的兩個(gè)先行詞分別表示人和物時(shí)，要用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句。
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.
The reason that （=why） you were absent is groundless. I don't like the way （that） （=in which） he talks.
This was the second time that I had seen the film. This is the same watch as （that） I have lost.
No one will believe such stories as he told. He works in the same shop as （that） I do.
限定性： I want to buy the house which （=that） has a garden.
非限定性： I want to buy the house， which （≠that） has a garden.
This is the place where （=in which） I spent my childhood. This is the place which I visited last summer.
The first person who opens that door will get a shock.
Those who will go to tomorrow's show will have to come this afternoon to get their tickets.