成考專升本英語重點(diǎn)語法資料二

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四、介詞
    1、介詞短語
    according to ahead of apart from by means of but for because of due to except for for the sake of in addition to instead of in front of
    in spite of in the name of on behalf of prior to with regard to owing to由于
    2、分詞介詞
       concerning including past regarding
    3、介詞用法比較
    3.1 表示時間的介詞at, on, in, after, for, since, by, till, until, during
    ①at表示確切時間點(diǎn)或較短的一段時間;in表示一天中的各部分時間或較長的時間;
    on表示具體的某天或某天上午或下午;during表示一段時間,強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)。
    at 4:30 (noon, dawn, midnight……) on Sunday (Oct.1……)
    on Saturday afternoon (an autumn evening……) ***in the afternoon on Sunday
    at Christmas in (during) 1987 (December, the 19th century……)
    during my military service (the trip) The job was done in a week.
    ②He will be back in two hours. He will be back after two o'clock.
    ③I stayed in London (for) two days on my way to New York. since 1950 (then)
    ④By noon, everybody had (will have) arrived there. 到中午的時候,大家都(將)到那兒了。
    from 1985 to 1996
    ⑤He waited till(until)5 o'clock. They stayed until (till) after the meeting. (肯定句中表示:直到…時候)
    Until now I knew nothing about it. Jack didn't come home until / till about 11. (否定句中表示:直到…才)
    3.2表示地點(diǎn)、位置的介詞in, at, round, around, beyond, on, beneath, over, under, above, below, up, down, before, behind, between, among, amid(st)
    ①The car pulled up at the gate.車停在大門口 She lives at No. 52 Hazel Avenue.
    They have arrived in Peking. What is in the box?
    ②He put a necklace (a)round her neck. He is making a trip round the world.
    ③beyond表示在…以外: There is a village beyond the hill.
    ④on:在…(平面)上;beneath:在…(平面)下:
    There is a book on the desk. The submarine can run very fast beneath the sea.
    ⑤over:在(垂直)上方; under:在(垂直)下方:
    There is a lamp over the table. The peasants are having a rest under the tree.
    ⑥above:在…上方; below:在…下方:
    The plane is flying above the clouds. The sun sank below the horizon.
    ⑦before:在…前面;after:在…后面 (兩者具有動態(tài)意義)
    Don't put the cart before the horse.莫本末倒置。 The object should be placed after the verb.
    ***in front of和behind表示靜態(tài)意義的位置。
    The car was parked in front of the building. There is a garden behind the house.
    ⑧between:在(兩者)之間:Is there any difference between the two words?
    among:在(兩者以上)之間:They visited the temple among the hills.
    amid(st):在…之間(含有被不同之物包圍之意),可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞:
    The soldiers charged forward amid(st) the enemy bullets.
    3.3表示方向、方位的介詞to,in,for, at
    ① in在…面(包含在其中): Shanghai lies in the east of China.
    to在…部(不包含在其中): Japan lies to the east of China.
    on 兩地接壤: Vietnam lies on the south of China.
    ②leave, start, depart等詞后加for,表示目的地:He will leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
    3.4表示空間運(yùn)動的介詞along, across, through, over, up, down, from, to, into, out of
    ①along沿著: They are taking a walk along the street.
    across橫過: Dare you swim across the river?
    ②through(從中間穿過): They drove through the city (tunnel)
    over越過: The plane flew over the city.
    ③up向上方: He ran up the stairs. down向下方: The ship is sailing down the river.
    ④He received a letter from abroad. She stood up and walked to the window.
    3.5表示工具、方法和手段的介詞with, by, in, through, on
    1)with表示工具,方式(抽象),也可表示材料:
    Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the situation with great courage.
    2)by表示途徑或手段:
    Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can get energy by burning fuel.
    3) in表示方式: Can you do the experiment in another way? Cloth is often measured in metres.
    4) through表示途徑,手段,與by接近: He became rich through hard work.
    3.6表示原因的介詞because of, owing to, due to(一般不位于句首), on account of, at, for, from, with, of
    eg. The flight was cancelled due to the fog. We rejoiced at their great achievements.
    He was punished for stealing. They are suffering from starvation and disease.
    She was red with shame. The man died of lung cancer.直接原因 The soldier died from a bad wound.間接原因
    3.7除了…:besides, except, except for, but, apart from(意思較廣)
    Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry.
    He answered all the questions except (but) the last one.
    Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.整體中除去一個細(xì)節(jié)
    The enemy had no choice but to surrender.
    ***but for表示:要不是因?yàn)?,倘若沒有,常用于虛擬語氣表示含蓄條件。
    3.8表示讓步的介詞in spite of, despite, after all, for all, with all
    The children continued to play in the garden despite the rain.
    With all his achievements, he remains modest and prudent.謙虛謹(jǐn)慎 For all his faults, we still like him.
    五、形容詞和副詞
    5.1系表結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用形容詞作表語:The dish smells good. He looks very serious. She felt bad at the news.
    5.2一些形容詞與副詞同形,如:
    clean direct firm likely quick close early hard long slow clear enough high
    low straight dead far kindly much tight deep fast late near wrong wide
    John drives very fast. He took a fast train to London.
    You must go straight to bed. The teacher drew a straight line.
    5.3常見以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
    daily每天的 lonely孤獨(dú)的 lovely可愛的 lively活潑的 monthly每月一次的 friendly友好的
    kindly和藹的 early早的 silly愚蠢的 timely及時的 likely很可能的 ugly丑陋的
    deadly致命的 deathly死一般的 earthly世俗的 其中early, kindly, likely也可用作副詞。
    5.4某些形容詞與副詞只差一個詞尾,但意義卻大不相同:
    bad 壞的 badly 非常 practical實(shí)際的 practically事實(shí)上 hard堅硬 hardly 幾乎不
    large 大的 largely主要地 late遲的,晚的 lately近來 like像 likely 很可能
    scarce 稀少的 scarcely 幾乎不 short 短的 shortly 不久,很快 bare 光禿的 barely僅僅
    I、形容詞
    ****This is a tough task. 作定語 This task is tough.作表語
    1.1常見只作表語的形容詞:
    asleep睡著的 afraid 害怕的 aware意識到的 awake醒的 alike相似的 alone單獨(dú)的 alive活著的
    ashamed羞愧的 content滿意的 glad高興的 unable不能的 well健康的 fond喜歡的 sorry抱歉的
    1.2少數(shù)形容詞作表語和作定語時意義不同:
    作表語 作定語
    ill 生病的 邪惡的
    hard 嚴(yán)厲的 努力的
    certain 有把握的 某(一)個
    little 少的 小的
    present 出席的 當(dāng)前的
    2.1幾個形容詞修飾名詞時的常見順序:
    限定詞→一般描述性形容詞→大小/形狀→年齡/新舊→色彩→國籍/地區(qū)/出處→物質(zhì)/材料→用途/類別→名詞
    eg. our great, socialist mother 我們偉大的社會主義祖國
    that hungry, tired, sleepy, little match girl那個饑餓的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、賣火柴的小女孩
    2.2同類形容詞排列,較短的放在前面: a kind, generous, old man一個和藹、慷慨的老人
    2.3同類的形容詞之間也可用and連接:That is a black and white cat. He was tall, dark and handsome.
    3、比較:
    1) sleepy 瞌睡的 2) healthy 健康的 3) industrial 工業(yè)的
    asleep 睡著的 healthful有益于健康的 industrious勤奮的
    4) historic 有歷史意義的 5) continual 頻繁的 6) economic經(jīng)濟(jì)(上)的
    historical 歷史的 continuous 連續(xù)不斷的 economical節(jié)省的
    7) distinct 清晰的 8) respectable 值得尊敬的 9) everyday日常的
    distinctive 有特色的 respectful 有禮貌的 every day每天(作狀語)
    10) all ready都準(zhǔn)備好的 11) popular流行的 12) considerable相當(dāng)?shù)?BR>    already (副詞)已經(jīng) populous人口稠密的 considerate考慮周到的
    13) disinterested無私的 14) honorary名譽(yù)上的 15) practical實(shí)用的
    uninterested不感興趣的 honorable可尊敬的 practicable可行的
    16) defective有缺點(diǎn)的 17) alone獨(dú)自的 18) successful成功的
    deficient缺乏的 lonely孤獨(dú)的 successive連續(xù)的
    19) principal主要的 20) pleasant令人愉快的 21) desirable中意的
    principle原則n. pleased高興的 desirous渴望的
    22) imminent緊迫的 23) live活的(作定語) 24) like相象的
    eminent的 lively活潑的 alike相象的(作表語)
    alive活的(作表語) likely可能的
    25) dead死的 26) sensitive敏感的 27) efficient效率高的
    deadly致命的 sensible明智的 proficient熟練的
    deathly死一般的 sensory知覺的 sufficient足夠的
    28) imaginable可以想象的 29) invaluable無價的 30) eligible合格的 31) stationary靜止的
    imaginary想象中的 valueless無價值的 illegible字跡不清的 stationery文具
    imaginative有想象力的 priceless無價的 illegal非法的
    II、副詞
    1.1常見差別較大的副詞:
    high高高地 highly高度地 direct徑直地 directly立刻 late晚,遲 lately 最近
    pretty相當(dāng)?shù)?prettily優(yōu)美地 sharp突然 sharply嚴(yán)厲地 short突然 shortly馬上
    most最 mostly大部分 near近 nearly幾乎 just正好 justly公正地
    hard努力地 hardly幾乎不 free免費(fèi)地 freely自由地
    1.2副詞在句中的位置 quickly enough do everything carefully
    1.3插入語
    ①Frankly, the students didn't work hard enough last term. 表態(tài)度
    ②The clock is old; it is, however, in good condition. 表邏輯關(guān)系
    ③The rain didn't last long, as they had expected. 表解釋
    ④That accident, John recalled, occurred on a summer morning. 表主次關(guān)系
    III、形容詞和副詞(比較)
    1.1肯定式原級比較:……像……那樣: as + 形容詞或副詞原級+ as名詞或代詞(主格)
    Some of the stars may be as large as the sun and as hot as the sun.
    1.2否定式原級比較:……不如……那樣:not so或as+ 形容詞或副詞原級+ as名詞或代詞(主格)
    The melting point of copper is not so (或as) high as that of iron.
    1.3有時,否定式原級比較結(jié)構(gòu)不表示比較,而是表示:與其說……不如說……
    He is not so (much) unintelligent as uneducated.與其說他不聰明,不如說他未受過教育。
    1.4 more (less)……than結(jié)構(gòu)有時表示:與其說……不如說……,用法同上。
    He is more diligent than clever. 與其說他聰明,不如說他勤奮。
    She was less hurt than frightened. 與其說她受傷了,不如說被嚇著了。
    He is much more an actor than a musician. 與其說他是音樂家,不如說是演員。
    2.1特殊比較級和級形式
    原級 比較級 級 原級 比較級 級
    good/well better best many/much more most
    little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest
    bad/badly/ill worse worst old elder/older eldest/oldest
    late later/latter latest/last near nearer nearest/nest
    ***elder不與than連用
    2.2常見充當(dāng)比較級程度狀語的詞有:
    much, many, far, by far, still, even, a lot,a little, a great deal,three years, one-third,20%等。
    eg. Air in the country is much (far…) cleaner than that in the city.
    He is three years older than his sister. This month, they will produce 20% more coal than last month.
    many / far more opportunities可數(shù) much / far more money不可數(shù)
    2.3表示倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式:
    This room is three times as large as that one. 這個房間的大小是那個房間的三倍。
    Our trade union movement would be a thousand times stronger if it were better organized.
    如果組織得好一些, 我們的工會運(yùn)動將會(比現(xiàn)在)強(qiáng)一千倍。
    2.4 "the + more……, the + more……"表示:"越……,越……"
    The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.
    The more books one reads, the more knowledgeable he becomes.
    2.5 有時比較級也用"the +比較級 + of +比較范圍(通常兩者)"結(jié)構(gòu):
    He is the cleverer of the two boys. Of Mary and Jane, who is the smarter?
    2.6 not more than和 no more than的區(qū)別
    not more than:不超過,不及; no more than:轉(zhuǎn)義為只不過,僅僅。= only
    There are not more than 500 students in this school. 這個學(xué)校的學(xué)生不超過五百。
    There are no more than 500 students in this school. 這個學(xué)校里的學(xué)生只有五百。
    類似的還有:not less than不少于 no less than 有……之多
    not better than 不比……好 no better than 一樣的不好
    3.1有些形容詞及其-ly副詞由于本身意義的原因,不可用于比較級,也不能被其他程度副詞如very等修飾。
    absolute絕對的 sole的 eternal永恒的 total總的 first第一的 ultimate最終的
    true真實(shí)的 unique獨(dú)特的 wrong錯誤的 final 最終的 correct正確的 last最后的
    only僅有的 perfect 完美的 primary首要的 unanimous一致的
    3.2少數(shù)以-or結(jié)尾含有比較意義的形容詞,后面要求接to來引導(dǎo)比較對象。常見的有:
    inferior劣等的 junior年幼的 superior優(yōu)越的 senior年長的
    六、動詞
    1、動詞分類(一):連系動詞、實(shí)義動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。
    1.1常用的連系動詞有:
    appear be become come fall feel get go grow keep
    lie remain rest run smell sound stand stay taste look
    1.2實(shí)義動詞有及物動詞和不及物動詞之分
    1.3助動詞無實(shí)際意義,只起語法作用:
    Do you read newspaper every day? The job will be finished soon.
    1.4情態(tài)動詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語,增加謂語的情態(tài)、語氣等色彩。
    2、動詞種類(二)
    2.1界限性動詞(不能與表示持續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用),如:
    catch come die find give join kill lose leave marry realize
    2.2非界限性動詞(所表示的動作或狀態(tài)可以一直進(jìn)行下去)
    ①動態(tài)動詞:live, sit, stand, study, talk, work, write等
    ②狀態(tài)動詞:be, belong, consist, exist, feel, hate, have, hope, love, want等
    3、常跟雙賓語的動詞有:
    ask bring buy choose do deny fetch get give grant hand leave lend
    make offer order pay pass promise sell send show take teach tell write
    常見動詞搭配:
    1、動詞 + 介詞:
    listen to聽 amount to等于 long for渴望 call on號召 operate on 為……動手術(shù)
    consist of 由……組成 resist in堅持 account for解釋 look at 看 care for 照顧
    object to反對 send for 派人去請 rely on 依靠 depend on 依靠 stand for代表
    laugh at 嘲笑 wait for等待 look into調(diào)查 apply for申請 believe in 信仰
    play with玩 come across碰見 go through通過