6. 因果分析法（cause and effect）
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中,常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中,主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象,推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7. 定義法（definition）
在科普文章的寫作中,定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義,可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”。
這一段文字使我們了解了 “automation” 和 “Second Industrial Revolution” 兩個概念,分別由 “refers to” 和 “been called” 引出。
常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to, mean, call等。
8. 重復(fù)法（repetition）
句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中,這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver； I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg； I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted； ——
該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in mortal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
以上, 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫作中,我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法,而是將若干方法穿插在一起,使文章有聲有色。
結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要,因?yàn)楹玫拈_頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣,文章的結(jié)尾也很重要,好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和說服力,讓人深思,回味無窮。確切地說,結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想,使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來,提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
但是,如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢？ 下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：
1.重復(fù)中心思想： 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上,達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
（例1）A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.
（例2）With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.
2.作出結(jié)論： 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容,并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。
（例1）In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
（例2）On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中,常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中,主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象,推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7. 定義法（definition）
在科普文章的寫作中,定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義,可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”。
這一段文字使我們了解了 “automation” 和 “Second Industrial Revolution” 兩個概念,分別由 “refers to” 和 “been called” 引出。
常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to, mean, call等。
8. 重復(fù)法（repetition）
句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中,這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver； I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg； I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted； ——
該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in mortal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
以上, 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫作中,我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法,而是將若干方法穿插在一起,使文章有聲有色。
結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要,因?yàn)楹玫拈_頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣,文章的結(jié)尾也很重要,好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和說服力,讓人深思,回味無窮。確切地說,結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想,使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來,提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
但是,如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢？ 下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：
1.重復(fù)中心思想： 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上,達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
（例1）A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.
（例2）With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.
2.作出結(jié)論： 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容,并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。
（例1）In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
（例2）On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.