第六章介詞
常用介詞
1. about a.關(guān)于=on eg. give sb advice on how to learn English
b．到處 look about環(huán)視
C. 大約
d.be about to do即將做 eg. I was about to leave when the phone rang.
2.above在。。。上方/over在垂直的上方 反義：below在。。。下方
3.across 橫穿，從表面
through豎穿，從內(nèi)部
4.after在（位置，時(shí)間）后 / behind在（位置）后
before在（位置，時(shí)間）前/in front of在（位置）前
look after/run after/ after=according to
在（時(shí)間）后---
in+時(shí)間段+將來時(shí) how soon?
after +時(shí)間段+過去時(shí) when?
after + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間（常用于一般將來時(shí)or一般過去時(shí)）when?
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour.
They will visit their teacher after Friday.
時(shí)間段+later+過去時(shí) when?
5.behind He hangs his coat on a nail behind the door. 他把外套掛在門后的一顆釘子上。
Beyond 超過 This work is beyond my grasp. 這件工作非我力所能及。
His bad behavior is beyond a joke. 他的不良行為超出了開玩笑的范圍。
beside
6.沿著 a. along(沒有方向性) We went for a walk along the shore.我們沿著海岸散步。
b.up(向上，向說話者走來) The boy climbed up the tree. 這個(gè)男孩爬上樹。
c.down(向下，向說話者走去) Will you walk down to the lake with her? 你跟她走到湖那頭去好嗎？
7.在…之間 a.between在兩者之間
b.among在三者或以上之間
eg.1.She was sitting between John and Tom.
2. What were you doing between eight and nine?
3. What’s the defference between the two words?
4. we found a little house among the trees.
5. The students lived and worked among the workers.
Between , among 是介詞，必須 +賓格：between you and me
8. at+地點(diǎn)（小地方） in+地點(diǎn)（大地方） eg. I’ve been at our school/in the USA.
在桌邊 at the table
at表示“向，朝” eg. look at / laugh at
shoot sb 射死，射中/ shoot at sb朝…射擊
eg. The hunter shot at the tree , but he didn’t shoot any birds.
At+時(shí)間點(diǎn)
At+價(jià)格
At+速度
9.beside=next to在旁邊
besides除外還 Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables. 除了牛奶和干酪外，我們還需要蔬菜。
except/ but 除…外 "Every one of us, except him, went to watch the basketball match."
"除他以外,我們都去觀看了藍(lán)球比賽。"
except for +noun除外(總體肯定，局部否定)
except that+clause除外(總體肯定，局部否定)
eg.Your compasitions are good except for a few spelling mistakes.
but的幾個(gè)用法: nothing but
nobody but
have no choice but to do
can’t do anything but do
10.by被
在…旁 by the window/ by the river He sat down just by the door.他正坐在門的旁邊。
by+noun 通過…方式（手段）by bus/
get on the bus/ get off the bus get into the car/get out of the car
She earned money by writing. 她靠寫作掙錢。
By+時(shí)間的用法 by+now 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
by+過去時(shí)間 與過去完成時(shí)連用
by+將來時(shí)間 與將來完成時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)連用
eg.We have learned over 2000 words by now.
had learned by the end of last term.
Will learn/will have learned by the end of this term.
11.during+賓語 不加從句 eg.在我居住在南京期間：
during I stayed in Nanjing (wrong)
during my staying in Nanjing (right)
實(shí)例。I posted the letter some time _____ the week .
A. in B. during C. throughout D. within
答案是B項(xiàng)。介詞during后面總是一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的名詞，這一名詞可以指整段時(shí)間，如：It was very cold during the winter (整個(gè)冬天，天氣都很嚴(yán)寒。)這一名詞也可以指一段時(shí)間中的時(shí)點(diǎn)或時(shí)刻，如：She has phoned him four times during the last half an hour . （在剛才的半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，她給他打過四次電話。）在這個(gè)例句里during可以被介詞in代替，因?yàn)閕n具有within a period (在一段時(shí)間內(nèi))的意思。但在以下兩種情況下不能用in代替during。（1）當(dāng)所提及的是一個(gè)事件或一項(xiàng)活動，而不是一段時(shí)間時(shí)，如：I didn't learn much during my teacher training . (在教師培訓(xùn)中，我沒學(xué)到多少東西。)；（2）在表示不明確的時(shí)間時(shí)，用some time + during…表示，如：I dropped in on him some time during my visit to the city . (在我觀光那座城市時(shí)，我曾順便看望過他。)
12.with和…一起 to live with one's parents 和父母同住
帶有 We take dictionaries with us.
Without I can't do it without your help. 沒有你的幫助，我不能做這件事。
13.in the morning/afternoon/evening
at night
14.像 1).like like you像你那樣 like that那樣
2).as+從句（或從句的省略句）Please do as I told you./ Please do as I did.
as作為 eg.consider/recognize/regard…as
3). 幾個(gè)短語：be like look like sound like
the same as such as
15. 方位介詞
in the east of
on the east of
to the east of/east of
在山頂 at the top of hill=on top of hill
Last year he spent hisw holiday on a farm in the country south of Boston.
16. up to
1）.勝任，適合 The machine is up to requirements.這部機(jī)器符合要求。
The manager is well up to the work..經(jīng)理十分勝任這個(gè)工作。
2）是…義不容辭的，是…的職責(zé)
It’s up to me to finance my yong brother to finish his college study.資助我弟弟完成其大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)，我義不容辭。
It is up to us to give them all the help we can.我們理應(yīng)給他們力所能及的幫助。
3)取決于， 必須由….決定
I’ve given you my advice; whether or not you act it is up to you.我已經(jīng)把辦法告訴了你，是否照辦得由你決定了.
It’s up to you to get to school on time.你是否準(zhǔn)時(shí)到校由你自己決定.
4)一直到(時(shí)間)
Up to her fourth birthday, the baby slept in a crib.嬰孩睡嬰兒床一直睡至到四歲.
We went swimming up to supper time.我們一直游到吃晚飯的時(shí)候.
5)一直到(數(shù)目),多達(dá)
There were eight fire engines at the fire.來到火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場的消防車多達(dá)８輛.
I can take up to six people in my car.我的車能載６個(gè)人.
up to date 新的,現(xiàn)代化的,切合目前情況的
up to 的常見用法
1.表示程度或數(shù)量,表示"達(dá)到……程度或數(shù)量",相當(dāng)于as far as, to。如:
Up to ten people can sleep in this tent.這個(gè)帳篷至多能睡十人。
Everyone has his part to play, from the office boy up to the president.從辦公室勤雜員到董事長,每個(gè)人都有自己的事做。
Our football team played up to its best in the last League matches.我們的足球隊(duì)在上屆聯(lián)賽中發(fā)揮了高水平。
2.表示時(shí)間限制,"直到……為止",相當(dāng)于till(也可用up till)或until。如:
He was here up to a moment ago.他剛才還在這兒呢。
The No. 5 bus runs up to 9 o'clock in the evening.五路公共汽車一直開到晚上九點(diǎn)。
注意:在將來時(shí)態(tài)中,應(yīng)用until或till為好。如:
I'll wait for you until / till ten o'clock tomorrow.我將等你到明天十點(diǎn)鐘。
3.表示"夠……;合格做……;有資格做……",相當(dāng)于good/well/clever enough for或fit for。如:
Michael is not really up to the job.邁克爾確實(shí)不勝任那項(xiàng)工作.
My German isn't up to translating that letter.我的德語還不行,翻譯不了那封信。(to為介詞,接V-ing形式)
Do you feel up to going out, or have you still got a headache?你覺得可以出去還是仍覺得頭痛?
4.表示"責(zé)任"、"義務(wù)",相當(dāng)于the duty or responsibility of。如:
It is up to us to do our best now.我們現(xiàn)在務(wù)必要盡大努力。(sb.后接動詞不定式)
5.表示"該……做出決定,取決于",相當(dāng)于decided or chosen by。如:
-Shall we go out for dinner or eat at home?
-It's up to you.
-我們是出去吃飯還是在家吃呢?
-那要由你決定。(you后省略了to decide).
6.表示"做;忙于"或"從事于",相當(dāng)于doing或busy doing/ with。(非正式語體中)如:
The children are quiet; I wonder what they are up to!孩子們很安靜,我不知道他們在搗什么鬼!
What are you on earth up to?你究竟在搞什么名堂?
7.表示"知道"或"識破",相當(dāng)于know, aware of。如:
He is not up to many things about sports.他對體育運(yùn)動知道得很少。
They cannot deceive me, for I'm up to all their tricks.他們欺騙不了我,因?yàn)槲夷茏R破他們所有的詭計(jì)。
常用介詞
1. about a.關(guān)于=on eg. give sb advice on how to learn English
b．到處 look about環(huán)視
C. 大約
d.be about to do即將做 eg. I was about to leave when the phone rang.
2.above在。。。上方/over在垂直的上方 反義：below在。。。下方
3.across 橫穿，從表面
through豎穿，從內(nèi)部
4.after在（位置，時(shí)間）后 / behind在（位置）后
before在（位置，時(shí)間）前/in front of在（位置）前
look after/run after/ after=according to
在（時(shí)間）后---
in+時(shí)間段+將來時(shí) how soon?
after +時(shí)間段+過去時(shí) when?
after + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間（常用于一般將來時(shí)or一般過去時(shí)）when?
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour.
They will visit their teacher after Friday.
時(shí)間段+later+過去時(shí) when?
5.behind He hangs his coat on a nail behind the door. 他把外套掛在門后的一顆釘子上。
Beyond 超過 This work is beyond my grasp. 這件工作非我力所能及。
His bad behavior is beyond a joke. 他的不良行為超出了開玩笑的范圍。
beside
6.沿著 a. along(沒有方向性) We went for a walk along the shore.我們沿著海岸散步。
b.up(向上，向說話者走來) The boy climbed up the tree. 這個(gè)男孩爬上樹。
c.down(向下，向說話者走去) Will you walk down to the lake with her? 你跟她走到湖那頭去好嗎？
7.在…之間 a.between在兩者之間
b.among在三者或以上之間
eg.1.She was sitting between John and Tom.
2. What were you doing between eight and nine?
3. What’s the defference between the two words?
4. we found a little house among the trees.
5. The students lived and worked among the workers.
Between , among 是介詞，必須 +賓格：between you and me
8. at+地點(diǎn)（小地方） in+地點(diǎn)（大地方） eg. I’ve been at our school/in the USA.
在桌邊 at the table
at表示“向，朝” eg. look at / laugh at
shoot sb 射死，射中/ shoot at sb朝…射擊
eg. The hunter shot at the tree , but he didn’t shoot any birds.
At+時(shí)間點(diǎn)
At+價(jià)格
At+速度
9.beside=next to在旁邊
besides除外還 Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables. 除了牛奶和干酪外，我們還需要蔬菜。
except/ but 除…外 "Every one of us, except him, went to watch the basketball match."
"除他以外,我們都去觀看了藍(lán)球比賽。"
except for +noun除外(總體肯定，局部否定)
except that+clause除外(總體肯定，局部否定)
eg.Your compasitions are good except for a few spelling mistakes.
but的幾個(gè)用法: nothing but
nobody but
have no choice but to do
can’t do anything but do
10.by被
在…旁 by the window/ by the river He sat down just by the door.他正坐在門的旁邊。
by+noun 通過…方式（手段）by bus/
get on the bus/ get off the bus get into the car/get out of the car
She earned money by writing. 她靠寫作掙錢。
By+時(shí)間的用法 by+now 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
by+過去時(shí)間 與過去完成時(shí)連用
by+將來時(shí)間 與將來完成時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)連用
eg.We have learned over 2000 words by now.
had learned by the end of last term.
Will learn/will have learned by the end of this term.
11.during+賓語 不加從句 eg.在我居住在南京期間：
during I stayed in Nanjing (wrong)
during my staying in Nanjing (right)
實(shí)例。I posted the letter some time _____ the week .
A. in B. during C. throughout D. within
答案是B項(xiàng)。介詞during后面總是一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的名詞，這一名詞可以指整段時(shí)間，如：It was very cold during the winter (整個(gè)冬天，天氣都很嚴(yán)寒。)這一名詞也可以指一段時(shí)間中的時(shí)點(diǎn)或時(shí)刻，如：She has phoned him four times during the last half an hour . （在剛才的半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，她給他打過四次電話。）在這個(gè)例句里during可以被介詞in代替，因?yàn)閕n具有within a period (在一段時(shí)間內(nèi))的意思。但在以下兩種情況下不能用in代替during。（1）當(dāng)所提及的是一個(gè)事件或一項(xiàng)活動，而不是一段時(shí)間時(shí)，如：I didn't learn much during my teacher training . (在教師培訓(xùn)中，我沒學(xué)到多少東西。)；（2）在表示不明確的時(shí)間時(shí)，用some time + during…表示，如：I dropped in on him some time during my visit to the city . (在我觀光那座城市時(shí)，我曾順便看望過他。)
12.with和…一起 to live with one's parents 和父母同住
帶有 We take dictionaries with us.
Without I can't do it without your help. 沒有你的幫助，我不能做這件事。
13.in the morning/afternoon/evening
at night
14.像 1).like like you像你那樣 like that那樣
2).as+從句（或從句的省略句）Please do as I told you./ Please do as I did.
as作為 eg.consider/recognize/regard…as
3). 幾個(gè)短語：be like look like sound like
the same as such as
15. 方位介詞
in the east of
on the east of
to the east of/east of
在山頂 at the top of hill=on top of hill
Last year he spent hisw holiday on a farm in the country south of Boston.
16. up to
1）.勝任，適合 The machine is up to requirements.這部機(jī)器符合要求。
The manager is well up to the work..經(jīng)理十分勝任這個(gè)工作。
2）是…義不容辭的，是…的職責(zé)
It’s up to me to finance my yong brother to finish his college study.資助我弟弟完成其大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)，我義不容辭。
It is up to us to give them all the help we can.我們理應(yīng)給他們力所能及的幫助。
3)取決于， 必須由….決定
I’ve given you my advice; whether or not you act it is up to you.我已經(jīng)把辦法告訴了你，是否照辦得由你決定了.
It’s up to you to get to school on time.你是否準(zhǔn)時(shí)到校由你自己決定.
4)一直到(時(shí)間)
Up to her fourth birthday, the baby slept in a crib.嬰孩睡嬰兒床一直睡至到四歲.
We went swimming up to supper time.我們一直游到吃晚飯的時(shí)候.
5)一直到(數(shù)目),多達(dá)
There were eight fire engines at the fire.來到火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場的消防車多達(dá)８輛.
I can take up to six people in my car.我的車能載６個(gè)人.
up to date 新的,現(xiàn)代化的,切合目前情況的
up to 的常見用法
1.表示程度或數(shù)量,表示"達(dá)到……程度或數(shù)量",相當(dāng)于as far as, to。如:
Up to ten people can sleep in this tent.這個(gè)帳篷至多能睡十人。
Everyone has his part to play, from the office boy up to the president.從辦公室勤雜員到董事長,每個(gè)人都有自己的事做。
Our football team played up to its best in the last League matches.我們的足球隊(duì)在上屆聯(lián)賽中發(fā)揮了高水平。
2.表示時(shí)間限制,"直到……為止",相當(dāng)于till(也可用up till)或until。如:
He was here up to a moment ago.他剛才還在這兒呢。
The No. 5 bus runs up to 9 o'clock in the evening.五路公共汽車一直開到晚上九點(diǎn)。
注意:在將來時(shí)態(tài)中,應(yīng)用until或till為好。如:
I'll wait for you until / till ten o'clock tomorrow.我將等你到明天十點(diǎn)鐘。
3.表示"夠……;合格做……;有資格做……",相當(dāng)于good/well/clever enough for或fit for。如:
Michael is not really up to the job.邁克爾確實(shí)不勝任那項(xiàng)工作.
My German isn't up to translating that letter.我的德語還不行,翻譯不了那封信。(to為介詞,接V-ing形式)
Do you feel up to going out, or have you still got a headache?你覺得可以出去還是仍覺得頭痛?
4.表示"責(zé)任"、"義務(wù)",相當(dāng)于the duty or responsibility of。如:
It is up to us to do our best now.我們現(xiàn)在務(wù)必要盡大努力。(sb.后接動詞不定式)
5.表示"該……做出決定,取決于",相當(dāng)于decided or chosen by。如:
-Shall we go out for dinner or eat at home?
-It's up to you.
-我們是出去吃飯還是在家吃呢?
-那要由你決定。(you后省略了to decide).
6.表示"做;忙于"或"從事于",相當(dāng)于doing或busy doing/ with。(非正式語體中)如:
The children are quiet; I wonder what they are up to!孩子們很安靜,我不知道他們在搗什么鬼!
What are you on earth up to?你究竟在搞什么名堂?
7.表示"知道"或"識破",相當(dāng)于know, aware of。如:
He is not up to many things about sports.他對體育運(yùn)動知道得很少。
They cannot deceive me, for I'm up to all their tricks.他們欺騙不了我,因?yàn)槲夷茏R破他們所有的詭計(jì)。