第七章 動(dòng)詞種類和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一． 動(dòng)詞的種類：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞---及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
A. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞---及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞
a)掌握幾對(duì)動(dòng)詞 不及物 及物
1.進(jìn)入 come into enter
2.逃離 run/escape from flee,fled,fled
3.升起 rise,rose,risen raise
4.坐 sit,sat,sat seat
eg.我坐著。I sit/am seated/seat myself.
The guests were_________in the front rows___________to the president attentively.
A.seating;listened B.seating;listening C.seated;listened D.seated;listening
5.serve the people/ marry sb---get married to sb
6.動(dòng)詞變化：lie躺---lie說謊---lay放置，產(chǎn)卵，鋪設(shè)
hang吊死------hang掛
feel—felt, felt
fall---fell,fallen
b) 瞬間動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別
borrow----keep begin----have been on
buy----have leave----have been away from
reach-------have been in/at join-----have been in/a member of
die----be dead
marry/be married to---- get married to know-----get to know
B. 助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語態(tài)，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語氣，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會(huì)。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
常用的助動(dòng)詞有： 1. do, does, did
2.be am, is are/ was, were
3.have, has, had
4. will, shall
助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。
3）have+been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
C. 連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞+表語（形容詞，名詞）=名詞性合成謂語
1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）
2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3）表像系動(dòng)詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4）感官系動(dòng)詞
感官系動(dòng)詞主要有看起來 look
聽起來sound
聞起來smell
嘗起來taste
摸起來feel
搭配（1）+形容詞（不用副詞）
( 2 )like+名詞
eg. 1. Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly).
2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy, healthily).
3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange, strangely).
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft, softly).
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice, nicely).
例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5）變化系動(dòng)詞
這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。
6）終止系動(dòng)詞
表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
D. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1. can, could
a. 能力= be able to eg.I can swim.
表示過去某具體的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)還表示需要克服外部困難與障礙,用be able to 不用could:
Few people ___(A)____escape from the fire which happened last night.
A. were able to B.could
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _(C)___get out.
A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could
b.許可（用于否定句，疑問句，條件從句）Can(=May) I use your pen?
c.可能性 could可能(用于虛擬語氣) can’t一定不（用于推測）
eg. He can’t be Mr Li.
[考題回顧]
1.Michael ___________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A.needn't B.can't C.should D.may
2.Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ___________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?(2001上海)
A.can B.should C.may D.must
3.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-Oh, did you? You ___________ with Barbara.(NMET'98)
A.could have stayed B.could stay
C.would stay D.must have stayed
4.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___________ your lecture.(2000上海)
A.couldn't have attended B.needn't have attended
C.mustn't have attended D.shouldn't have attended
5.If I ___________ go with you, I should feel very glad.
A.can B.could C.should D.may
(Key:BAAAB)
2. may, might
a.許可 表示可能性（may的可能性大，might的可能性小）You may go home.
a. 可能性 表示能力（相當(dāng)于can）
b. 可以表示允許、推測
eg. 1.He may come or may not.-（他可能來也可能不來。）
2. Sit here, so that I may/can see your face more clearly.
3. ---Why hasn’t he come? --- He may have been hurt.（他可能受傷了。）
4. ---May I come in?---Yes,you may.
5. The sky is cloudy. You’d better take an umbrella with you. It_____this afternnon.
A.might rain B.may rain C.may have rained C.might have rained
[考題回顧]
1.Sorry I'm late. I ___________ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.(2000春季)
A.might B.should C.can D.will
2.Peter ___________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.(NMET'93)
A.must B.may C.can D.will
3.He ___________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A.might have given B.might give
C.may have given D.may give
4.If I had time, I ___________ go with you.
A.can B.will C.may D.might
5.I thought you ___________ like something to read, so I have brought you some books.
A.may B.might C.could D.must
(Key:ABADB)
d.maybe 與may be 的區(qū)別
maybe可能 在句中作狀語； may be可能是 在句中作謂語
eg. Maybe he has gone to Beijing.
He may be from Beijing.
3. must與 have to的不同用法
(1)must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀意志，意為“必須”；指主觀上認(rèn)為應(yīng)該做某事；
(2)have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀，表示職責(zé)和義務(wù)，“不得不”指在客觀條件下必須去做某事，多是被動(dòng)的，在口語中常用have got to替代；其過去式為had to或had got to；可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)，否定式為don't have to，構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí)，要借助do。
A.----Must we take a bus?---No, you needn’t/don’t have to.You can walk from here.
B.I told her that she must make a decision.
C.When I was your age, I had to get up at 5:00 evry morning.
D.You have to finish your homework first.
must的三個(gè)否定式：mustn’t不準(zhǔn)
needn’t不必=don’t have to
can’t 一定不
eg. 1.Must we hand it in now? No, you needn’t.
2.The books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room.
3.He can’t be our headmaster.
[考題回顧]
1.I didn't hear the phone. I ___________ asleep.
A.must be B.must have been C.should be D.should have been
2.Johnny, you ___________ play with the knife, you ___________ hurt yourself.(NMET'96)
A.won't; can't B.mustn't; may C.shouldn't; must D.can't; shouldn't
3.Put on more clothes. You ___________ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A.can B.could C.would D.must
4.I ___________ do all the difficult work for you.
A.haven't got to B.not have go to C.have got not to D.have got to not
5.You ___________ walk for miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
A.must B.need C.may D.should
(Key:BBDAA)
4. need/ dare 既可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，在使用時(shí)要特別注意
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
肯定 need/dare do need/dare to do
否定 needn’t/daren’t do don’t need/dare to do
疑問 Need/Dare you do。。。？ Do you need/dare to do…?
在否定句，疑問句中need,dare往往用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，不能用于肯定句中;dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，在否定句中，它后面的不定式符號(hào)to可有可無.
改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤：
A.I need buy an English-Chinese dictionary.(need to buy)
B.A rich man needn’t to worry about his next meal.(needn’t worry)
C.The gorl doesn’t dare going out alone at night.(go)
D.I wonder how he dare say that at that time.(dared)
注意：need用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的特殊用法:
Sth +need+doing/ to be done.
Eg. My bike needs repairing/ to be repaired.
5. shall, should /ought to應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng) 指現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的責(zé)任或義務(wù)
1).should表示"應(yīng)該"、"應(yīng)當(dāng)"，指有責(zé)任或義務(wù)做某事；后面接不定式完成式時(shí)，表示過去應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒有做的動(dòng)作；shouldn't后面接不定式完成式時(shí)，表示過去不應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上已經(jīng)做了的動(dòng)作；后面接不定式的進(jìn)行式(be+V-ing)時(shí)，表示"應(yīng)該正在……"；should在肯定句中表示根據(jù)常規(guī)推測，某事應(yīng)該發(fā)生；should用于條件狀語從句的句首時(shí)，常省略if；should用于賓語從句中，表示虛擬語氣，也可以省略。
2).ought to表示"應(yīng)該"時(shí)，與should同義，但語氣較強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)有義務(wù)和必要做某事；如果后面接不定式的完成式，表示過去該做而未做的事；ought to的否定式是ought not to (=oughtn't to)，后面接不定式的完成式，表示過去不該做而已做了的事，也可以用來責(zé)備某人沒有遵守規(guī)定。
(1) These machines ought to/should be cleaned once a day.
(2) We oughtn’t to/shouldn’t waste our time now, for we’re in Senior Three. Do you think so?
Shall I / we do sth?表示建議
Shall we go out for a walk?
表示“建議”的句型還有：
What/How about doing?
Why don’t you do?/Why not do?
Should的特殊用法: should /ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該做sth,
need have done 本來需要做sth
Eg.Tom failed in the exam. He should have worked harder.
[考題回顧]
1.There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party.
You ___________ come, but why didn't you?
A.must have B.should C.need have D.ought to have
2.It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack ___________ be here at any moment.(NMET'95)
A.must B.need C.should D.can
3.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They ___________ be ready by 12:00.(NMET'98)
A.can B.should C.might D.need
4. ___________ it rain tomorrow, you would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A.Where B.Should C.Would D.Will
5.One ought ___________ for what one hasn't done.
A.not to be punished B.to not be punished C.to not punished D.not be punished
(Key:DCBBA)
6.will, would 愿意，肯;偏要 表示愿望和意志，有時(shí)表示禮貌的請(qǐng)求
eg. We will help you if you ask us to.
Will/would you please do sth?
Would you please show the way to the zoo?
It is dangerous, but he will play in the middle of the street.
實(shí)例. If you _____ stop smoking , you can only expect to have a bad cough .
A. won't B. would not C. do not D. can not
答案是A項(xiàng)。will除了用作表示將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞外，還可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)愿意或不愿意。又如：If you will /would wait a moment , I will fetch the money . (如果你肯/愿意稍等片刻，我就把錢取來。)但是在表示不肯或不愿意時(shí)，則只能使用won't，不能使用would not。
7. would的用法：
1) 用于提出提議或邀請(qǐng)
例：Would you like to change a seat? It's warmer here.（您要不要換一下座位？這里暖和些。）
Would you prefer a hardback edition?（您要不要買一本精裝本？）
2) 用于提出客氣的要求或請(qǐng)求：
例：I would like you to fetch that document for me now.（我想請(qǐng)你現(xiàn)在就幫我把那份文件取來。）
I would like to know more about your plan.（我想更多地了解一下你的計(jì)劃。）
3) would you mind + doing句型通常用于表示請(qǐng)求對(duì)方做一件有一定麻煩的事情，語氣一般都非?？蜌?。
注意回答時(shí)通常是肯定的，以表示愿意做所要求的事情。
例：Would you mind filling in this form?（請(qǐng)您填一下這張表。）
Would you mind repeating what you just said?（請(qǐng)把剛才的話重復(fù)一遍好嗎？）
4) 用于委婉地表示自己的意見：
例：I would think the journey will take something like two weeks.（依我看，這次旅程大約需要兩個(gè)星期。）
I would look at the problem a little differently.（我對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法略有不同。）
5) 用于表示過去經(jīng)常性的行為或動(dòng)作：
例：The retired captain would sit hours on end watching ships sailing past.（退休的船長經(jīng)常坐在海邊觀望過往的行船，一坐就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。）
He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.（他總是嚴(yán)格地9點(diǎn)上床睡覺。星期日總在那家飯店吃午飯。）
would you like …?與 Do you like …?
Would you like …?表示“……可以嗎？”“你愿不愿意……？”
Do you like…?表示“你喜歡……嗎？”，常用來詢問對(duì)方習(xí)慣上喜歡什么
had better 與 would rather
(1) had better意為“好還是……”
(2) would rather意為“寧愿……”，常用于：would rather do A than do B（寧愿做 A也不做 B）
eg. Liu hulan would rather die than give in.（劉胡蘭寧死不屈。）
I______rather stay at home than______to the cinema.
A.should; goes B.might; going C.would;go D.had better; go
---I haven’t felt well for a week.---You_____see a doctor.
A.had better to b.had better C.had rather D.should have to
used to 與get/be used to
(1) used to do sth.表示“過去常常做某事”；否定式可以是：usedn’t to…；didn’t use to…，疑問形式可以是：used sb／sth to…？或 did sb／sth use to…？
(2) Be(get)used to sth／doing sth表示“習(xí)慣于某事／做某事”
A. I have stayed in this country for twelve years, so I_____-the life and climate here.
a. used to b.got used to c.am used to d.was used to
B. The old man_____get up early when he was young.
a.was used to b. got used to c.used to d.is used to
8.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測” 推測現(xiàn)在S，將來 推測過去
一定must +do +have done
一定不can’t +do +have done
應(yīng)該 should +do +have done
應(yīng)該不 shouldn’t +do +have done
可能 may, might, could +do +have done
可能不 may not, might not, could not +do +have done
eg. ---Where is John?---He may be doing his homework at home.（表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）
---When will he leave? ---He may be leaving tomorrow.（表示將來時(shí)間）
He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.（表示過去時(shí)間）
He must be our class teacher.（他一定是我們的班主任。）
He can’t be our class teacher.A（他不可能是我們的班主任。）
Don’t believe him. He must be lying.-（別信他。他一定在說謊。）
He must have arrived in Shanghai yesterday.（他昨天一定到達(dá)上海了。）
He may be at home.（他現(xiàn)在可能在家里。）
She may be doing her homework now.（她此刻可能在做功課。）
She may have done her homework now.（她現(xiàn)在功課可能做好了。）
He can’t be doing that job for his friend.（他不可能正在為他的朋友做那項(xiàng)工作。）
Where can Tom have gone?（湯姆會(huì)到哪里去呢？）
Could/Might I have met her?（我可能見過她嗎？）
I could/might have met her somewhere.（我可能在那里見過她。）
Liza did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She______have missed the bus.
A.would B.might C.should D.ought to
should 用于表示可能性
例：We should arrive by supper time.（我們?cè)谕盹埱熬湍艿搅恕＃?BR> She should be here any moment.（她隨時(shí)都可能來。）
在以in case或 if引導(dǎo)的從句中，常用should表達(dá)一定程度的可能性。
I will get some beer ready in case Uncle John should come.（我得準(zhǔn)備些啤酒，約翰叔叔可能會(huì)來。）
If you should happen to see Mary, give her this package.（如果你碰到瑪麗，請(qǐng)把這個(gè)包裹交給她。）
例：She was thankful that she'd had her baby in hospital; otherwise, she thought, the baby _____.
A) died B) had died C) might have died D) might die
答案是C。
例：He may have gone back home, because he didn't say he would take part in her birthday party.（他可能已經(jīng)回家了，因?yàn)樗]有說會(huì)參加她的生日聚會(huì)。）
例：1989年1月四級(jí)第41題
Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ____ have studied very hard.
A) may B) should C) must D) ought to
全句的意思是“瑪麗考試成績?nèi)嗟谝?，她學(xué)習(xí) 很刻苦”?？崭窈蟮膭?dòng)詞用的是完成式，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，空格中要填入一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示說話人對(duì)瑪麗考試能取得好成績的原因的推測。因此答案是C) must（肯定、一定）。
否定判斷時(shí)一般用can't加動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)形式（can't have done），同樣，can不再表示“能夠”，而是表示“肯定不……、肯定沒有……”。
例：1996年1月四級(jí)第23題
You _____ her in here office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
A) needn't have seen B) must have seen
C) might have seen D) can't have seen
我們可以推斷出全句的意思是：“上星期五你不可能在她辦公室見到她，她去外地已經(jīng)兩個(gè)星期了”。根據(jù)全句意思判斷，本題答案是D) can't have seen。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can用于這一意思時(shí)，只能用于否定句或疑問句。
例：1996年6月四級(jí)第31題
The room is in terrible mess; it _________ cleaned.
A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been
C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been
句子前半部分“房間亂極了”是前提，后半部分應(yīng)該是對(duì)這種情況做出一種猜測性判斷。答案是A，表示“不可能打掃國”是正確答案。選項(xiàng)C) mustn't have been的否定形式應(yīng)為can't have been。選項(xiàng)B) shouldn't have been意為“不應(yīng)該打掃過，而實(shí)際上已經(jīng)打掃過了”，跟句意不符。
肯定式表示：應(yīng)該做的事情而沒有做， 否定式表示：不該做的事情做了。
含有對(duì)過去的動(dòng)作的責(zé)備、批評(píng)。例：
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
A. must have received B. must have failed to receive
C. must receive D. must fail to receive B
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had D
9.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“責(zé)備”
should have done
ought to have done
need have done
could have done
例：You needn’t have said that.（你沒有必要說那番話。）
You should be here with clean hands.（你應(yīng)該把手洗干凈了再來吃飯。）
You ought to have been here five minutes ago.（你五分鐘前就應(yīng)該在這里的。）
He didn’t pass the exam. As a good studemt, he shouldn’t have failed.（他考試不及格。作為一個(gè)好學(xué)生，他本來不應(yīng)該不及格的。）
With all this work on hand, he _______ to the cinema last night.
A) mustn't B) oughtn't to go C) wouldn't go D) shouldn't have gone
全句的意思是：“他手頭又這么多工作，昨夜不該看電影”。本句表達(dá)的是昨天已經(jīng)發(fā)生但去不該發(fā)生的事情，所以應(yīng)該用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的否定式，后接動(dòng)詞的完成式。因而答案是D) shouldn't have gone。
例：1991年6月四級(jí)第53題
You ______ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A) needn't have done B) shouldn't have done C) must not have done D) cannot have done
后面一句是說：“這類計(jì)算我們由計(jì)算機(jī)來做”。按后面一句的意思來推測，前面是講：“你已經(jīng)做了全部計(jì)算，這是沒有必要的”。Needn't 后面接動(dòng)詞完成式正是表示這種意思， 所以答案是A。
例：1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.
他本來能夠參加我們的，但是他沒有收到我們的請(qǐng)貼。
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.
我本來能及格的，但是沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)。
1、They have done things they ought _____.
A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done C
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned C
自我檢測
1. She didn’t hear the phone. She ____asleep.
A.may be B.must be C.should have been D.mest have been
2. You ____ your camara. I have brought one.
A.mustn’t have brought B.needn’t have brought C.mustn’t bring D.needn’t to bring
3. ---Did your sister break that window? ---She____________.
A.must do it B.may have done C.can have done it D.may do it
4. ---____she have lost her way? ----She might have.
A.Must B.May C.Could D.Should
5. I parked my car right here but now it’s gone. It_________.
A.must have been stolen B.must gave stolen C.may be stolen D.must be stolen
6. He ______his supper now. The dining hall hasn’t opened yet.
A.can’t be having B.needn’t be having C.mustn’t be having D.shouldn’t be having
7. The train has gone. You two______on time.
A.should come B.must have come C.ought to have come D.shouldn’t have come
8. ---Don’t get near to it. It’s too dangerous.----________.
A.Yes, I won’t. B.No, I don’t. C.No, I can’t D.No, I won’t
9. ---Did you scold him for his carelessness?---Yes, but _______it.
A.I’d rather not do B.I’d rather not have done C.I shouldn’t do D.I’d better not do
10. See who’s there!______ it be Mary?
A.May B.Must C.Can D.Will
11.---Let’s go to the cinema,shall we?---________.
A.No, I can’t B.Yes, I will C.Yes, thank you D.No, we’d better not
12John______be a basketball player. He’s much too short.
A. may B.mustn’t C.can’t D.should
13.You_____-call him if you want to, but you ___,for he will surely come here soon.
A.can;needn’t B.may; mustn’t C.have to; needn’t to can;doesn’t need
14.My littler son_____out alone at night.
A.dares not go B.dares not to go dare not to go D.doesn’t dare to go
15.She’s late. What_____have happened to her?
A.should B.must C.can D.would
Answer DBBCA ACDBC DCADC
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法歸納
一、can和could
1. A computer ____ think for itself; it must be told what to do. (MET'91)
A. can't B. couldn't C. may not D. might not
2. -Could I borrow you dictionary?
- Yes, of course you ___ (MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should
3. Mary ___ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago. (MTE'94)
A. mustn't shouldn't B. shouldn't C. can't D. may not
4. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
- It ___ a comfortable journey. (NMET'95)
A. can't B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
5. I ___ speak German in another few months.
A. can B. am bale to C. will be able to D. could
6. He __ her but he didn't choose to.
A. could tell B. could have told C. should tell D. should have told
7. Finally I __ swim across the rivers.
A. could B. might C. would D. was able to
8. - What do you think of the food here? - Oh, wonderful. We ____ a better place.
A. couldn't have found B. won't find C. mustn't have found D. can't find
解題指導(dǎo)：
1．表示能力和客觀可能性，還可表示請(qǐng)求和允許。
2．Could 表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，語氣委婉。主要用于肯定句，答語應(yīng)用can 。
3．表示驚異、懷疑和不相信的態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。
4．can 和be able to都可表示能力，但要表達(dá)將來的能力時(shí)只能用 will be able to。
5．“were (was) able to”具有“經(jīng)過一番努力而終做成某事”之意。
6．“can (could) +動(dòng)詞完成式”用在否定句或疑問句中，表示對(duì)過去事情的懷疑和不肯定，意為“不可能……”或“……可能（會(huì)）嗎？”could表示的可能性更小，不過過去意義。
7．“could +動(dòng)詞完成式”表示“本可以……而沒有……”，具有責(zé)備和婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)之意。
二、may和might
9. He ____you more help,even though he was very busy. (MET'90)
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
10.Peter ____ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. (MET'93)
A. must B. may C. can D. will
11.Johnny, you play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself. (NMET'96 )
A. won't; can B. musn't; may C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
12.-Might I watch TV after supper?
- Yes, you ____.
A. may. B. must. C. might D. can
13.____ you continue in your efforts and achieve greater success.
A. Wish B May C. Might D. Will
14.-What do you think that noise was?
-It ____ a cat.
A. must be B. may be. C. might be D. might have been
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． 表示允許或征詢對(duì)方許可，might 的語氣更加委婉。否定回答時(shí)要用musn't 表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思。
2． may 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。
3． 表示推測，可能（疑問句不能用于此意）。
4． “may(might)+動(dòng)詞完成式”表示對(duì)過去事情的推測。might表示的可能性比 may更 小，此處的 might 不表示過去。
5． “might + 動(dòng)詞完成式”表示“本可以……而沒有”，具有責(zé)備和婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)之意。
三、must和have to
15. Where is my pen? I ____ it. (MET'88)
A. might 1ose B. would have lost C. should have lost D. must have lost
16. I didn't hear the phone. I ____ asleep.(MET'89)
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been
17. -Must I write down the new words now?
-No, you ____.
A. musn't B. may not C. can't D. don't have to
18. You ____ do it even if you do it want to.
A. can B. must C. have to D. need
19. The machine ____ break down at this busy hour.
A. must B. will C. may D. can
20. There ____ be no doubt about it. It ____ be Jack who took the papers away.
A. must; can B. can; may C. can't; must D. must; must
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． 表示必須、必要?；卮餸ust引出的問句時(shí)，如果是否定的回答，不能用 mustn't，而要用 need't 或don't nave to。
2．“must be + 表語”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測，它的否定和疑問形式用can 代替must。
3．“must +完成式”表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測。它的否定和疑問形式用 can 代替must。
4． must 有時(shí)有“偏偏”之意。
5． must 和have to 意義相似，兩者往往可以互換，但must 表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而have to 表示的則是客觀需要。否定形式musn't 表示“不可以”之意，而don't have to 表示“不必要”之意。
四、need和dare
21. You __ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.(NET'98)
A. Can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
22. -Shall I tell John about it?
-No, you ___, I have told him already. (NMET'94)
A. Needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
23. - Need I start from the beginning?
- Yes, you ____.
A. need B. do C. can D. must
24. Jim ____ his strict father, for he broke the vase.
A. didn't dare see B. dared not to see C. didn't dared to see D. dare not to see
25. We ____ a taxi, for it wasn't such a long way.
A. needn't take B. needn't have taken C. musn't take D. musn't have taken
26. -I wonder if I need to leave a message.
-Oh, you ____.
A. need B. may C. musn't D. don't have to
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． need 表示“需要”或“必須”，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定或疑問句中，肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to 或should代替。
2．“needn't 動(dòng)詞完成式”表示做了不必要做的事，意為“本可不必……”，只用于否定 結(jié)構(gòu)。
3． dare 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件句中，不用于肯定句中。
4． dare和 need 常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。dare 在肯定句中后面需接帶to 的不定式，在否定和疑問句中，dare 后面可接帶to 或不帶to的定式。
五、shall, should和ought to
27. The plant is dead. I ___ it more water. (MET'87)
A. will give B. would have given C. must give D. should have given
28. -We quarreled with the waiter about the bill.
- How silly! You ____ to the manager. (MET'94 )
A. would have given B. should have talked C. could talk D. must talk
29. Tom ought not to ____ me your secret ,but he meant no harm. (MET'93)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
30. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack be there at any time. (NMET'95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
31. - ____ Jack come to help you?
-Thanks. I can manage ii myself.
A. Will B. Shall C. Can D. Should
32. You ____ have your reward after you get it well done.
A. shall B. will C. can D. should
33. I think they ____ the airport by now.
A. should arrive at B. might arrive at C. ought to have arrived D. may arrive at
34. We ____ go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don't think we will.
A. ought to B. should C. must D. need
解題指導(dǎo)：
1. shall用于第一和第三人稱，用來征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求指示。
2. shall用于第二和第三人稱，表示說話人意愿，給對(duì)方命令、警告、威脅、強(qiáng)制和允諾。
3. should 常表示勸告、建議和命令，與ought to 意義相近，ought to比 should語氣強(qiáng) 烈。必須注意 should表示的是某人自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況 。
4. ought to 和should 都可以表示可能性、估計(jì)、猜測或推論等，意為“可能；該……”。
5. “should (ought to)+動(dòng)詞完成式”表示該做而實(shí)際上沒做到，意為“本該”。它們都 有責(zé)備或婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)的意思。
六、will, would和used to
35. During the vacation he _____visit me every week.
A. will B. would C. should D. shall
36. -There's somebody coming up the stairs.
-That ____ be Mary.
A. shall B. will C. can D. would
37. He _____ by now.
A. will arrive B. will have arrived C. shall arrive D. shall have arrived
38. I ____have an old car and drove to work.
A. used to B. would C. need D. should
39. I ______to Africa six times when I was young.
A. used to go B. would go C. had gone D. went
40. It is terrible. The engine _____ start.
A. won't B. doesn't C. can't D. musn't
41. Why ____ you turn a deaf ear to what I tell you?
A. must B. would C. will D. shall
解題指導(dǎo):
1．表示請(qǐng)求建議等，would 比will委婉客氣。
2. will 和would 表示意志、愿望和決心。
3.“will be + 表語”和“will +完成式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測，主要用于第二、三人稱，第一人稱用shall。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作和事態(tài)的推測。
4. will和 would可用來說明重復(fù)的習(xí)慣的行為。Would指過去。
5．Would 和used to 均用來談過去的習(xí)慣。used to 可用來談動(dòng)作，也可用來談情況，would只能用來表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。必須注意兩者都不能用來表示某事發(fā)生的次數(shù)。
七、had better和 would rather
42. It's freezing outside. You __ put on your overcoat. (MET'87)
A. had better B. had better to C. would better D. would better to
43. -Shall I open the window?
- I'd rather you _____.
A. won't B. musn't C. can't D. didn't
44. ____ you rather ___ here for the night?
A. Had; stay B. Had; to stay C. Would; stay D. Would; to stay
45. I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees ___ you should tell me a lie.
A. but B. when C. rather than D. than
46. -I promise I'll pay you back.
- You ___.
A. had better B. better had C. had rather D. rather had
解題指導(dǎo)：
1. had better后接不帶to的不定式，意為“好”。指現(xiàn)在和將來，不指過去。
2. 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，better在 not 之前，不說 hadn't better。如表示強(qiáng)調(diào)better要置于had之前。
3. would rather 意為“寧愿”，表示“選擇”，后接不帶 to 的不定式，常用“would rather……(than)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
4．would rather后接從句時(shí)，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪龅氖隆?BR> Key: 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.B7.D8.A9.A10.B11.B 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D
18.C 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.A 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.D 27.D28.B 29.A 30.C 31.B 32.A
33.C 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.B 38.A 39.D 40.A 41.C 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.D 46.B
請(qǐng)看下列與should有關(guān)的高考試題：
解題技巧提示：正確解題的關(guān)鍵在于正確理解語言環(huán)境，把握說話人的語氣和句子中的時(shí)間信息從而正確理解句子含義。
1.I was really anxious about you. You _______ home without a word.(NMET 2001)
A.mustn't leave B.shouldn't have left C.needn't leave D.couldn't have left
2.I'm not feeling well in the stomach, I _______ so much fried chicken just now.(2002,上海)
A.shouldn't eat B.mustn't have eaten C.mustn't eat D.shouldn't have eaten
3.We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.(NMET 1992)
A.must have studied B.might study C.should have studied D.would study
4.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _______ it out for her.(NMET 1994)
A.had to write B.must have written C.should have written D.ought to write
5.That young man has made so much noise that he _______ not have been allowed to attend the concert.(1992，上海)
A.could B.must C.would D.should
6.It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack _______ be here at any moment.(NMET 1995)
A.must B.need C.should D.can
7.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _______ be ready by 12:00.(NMET1998)
A.can B.should C.might D.need
8.Mary _______ be in Paris, for I saw her in the town a few minutes ago.(NMET 1994)
A.mustn't B.can't C.shouldn't D.may not
9.I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She _______ have spoken at the meeting.(MET 1991)
A.mustn't B.shouldn't C.needn't D.couldn't
10.-There were already five people in the car，but they managed to take me as well.
-It _______ a comfortable journey.(NMET 1995)
A.can't be B.mustn't have been C.shouldn't D.couldn't have been
11.If only he ___ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.(2000，上海)
A.lies B.lay C.had lain D.should lie
12.It's hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002，上海)
A.wouldn't have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall
13.Johnny, you _______ play with the knife, you _______ hurt yourself.(NMET 1996)
A.won't; can't B.mustn't; may C.shouldn't; must D.can't; shouldn't
14.-Are you coming to Jeff's party?
-I'm not sure. I _______ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)
A.must B.would C.should D.might
15.A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.(NMET 2003)
A.should B.can C.must D.will
16.When Ed first phoned and _______ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.(NMET 2003)
A.declared B.mentioned C.persuaded D.suggested
參考答案：
1-5題都是對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾和責(zé)備，須用"should+have done"的形式。答案分別為BDCCD。
6-10題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測的功能。第6、7題考查對(duì)將來情況的推測，用should表示"照理應(yīng)該、照理會(huì)"的意思，答案分別為C和B。第8題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測，句子背景提示我們"幾分鐘之前我剛在小鎮(zhèn)中見過她"，因此"她現(xiàn)在不可能在巴黎"，考慮到動(dòng)詞的語氣，應(yīng)選B。第9、10兩題考查對(duì)過去情況的推測，具體的語言環(huán)境分別暗示"她不可能在會(huì)議上發(fā)言"和"那不可能是令人舒適的旅行"，should表示的語氣較弱，不能表達(dá)"不可能"的意思，應(yīng)該用can't或couldn't，故答案分別為D和D。
11-12題考查動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣。在假設(shè)條件句中，"should+do"只能表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，而兩題都指已發(fā)生的情況，須用過去完成形式，故答案分別為C和B。
13-14題考查對(duì)說話人的要求和意向的理解。受語境影響，答案分別為B和D。
15題選項(xiàng)中的should顯然不符合句子背景。行李"可以"暫放行李寄存處，而非"應(yīng)該"。故答案應(yīng)為B。
16題選項(xiàng)及題干中雖未出現(xiàn)should，但句子時(shí)態(tài)已給我們足夠的暗示，主句謂語為過去時(shí)，而賓語從句中卻用動(dòng)詞原形，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)適合此種用法，表示"建議做某事"，動(dòng)詞play前實(shí)際上是省略了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專練
1.-May I sit beside you, sir?
-No, you ________ . My girlfriend is coming soon.
( ) A.can't B.mustn't C.needn't D.shouldn't
2.- ________ I speak to May, please?
-I'm sorry she ________ come to the phone because she isn't in.
( ) A.Might; won't B.Can; mustn't C.May; can't D.Could, ; shouldn't
3.-I want to know if I ________ smoke here.
-No, you ________ . Could you see the sign "NO SMOKING" there?
( ) A.can; needn't B.must; can't C.shall; won't D.may; mustn't
4.My wife never remembers my telephone number. She always ________ look it up.
( ) A.must B.should C.would D.has to
5.- ________ you pass me the English magazine, please?
-Sure. Here you are.
( )A.Could B.Need C.Must D.Might
6.-Must I go to work with you?
-No, you ________ . Linda ________ go with me.
( ) A.mustn't; can B.can't; has to C.daren't; should D.needn't; may
7.- ________ I tell Mary the test results?
-No, you ________ . She's already got the score.
( ) A.Will; won't B.Shall; needn't C.May; mustn't D.Can; don't
8.You ________ be careful when crossing here-the traffic lights aren't working.
( ) A.might B.ought to C.could D.may
9.-Could I borrow you bicycle?
-Yes, of course you ________ .
( ) A.will B.should C.can D.need
10.Joan ________ come with us this afternoon, but she isn't very sure yet.
( ) A.can B.may C.must D.will
11.I ________ ask you the question because I thought I ________ be wrong.
( ) A.daren't; must B.mustn't; can C.needn't; may D.can't; should
12.It's nearly eight o'clock. Mike ________ be here at any moment.
( ) A.need B.has to C.should D.can
13.The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone ________ get out.
( ) A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
14.-What do you think of his answer? -I don't think it ________ be right.
( ) A.should B.might C.must D.can
15.-Is John coming by train?
-He should, but he ________ . He likes driving his car.
( ) A.can't B.needn't C.may not D.mustn't
16.He doesn't have to work tomorrow, but you have got to, ________ you?
( ) A.don't B.haven't C.haven't got D.can't
17.You ________ wake me up when I fall asleep, ________ you?
( ) A.haven't better; have B.would not rather; would C.had better not; should D.had not better; must
18.-Why! I couldn't get you on the phone this morning.
-We ________ tennis in the yard when you phoned me.
( )A.could be playing B.must be playing C.must have been playing D.should have played
19.-We didn't see him at the lecture.
-Neither did anybody else. He ________ it.
( ) A.may not have attended B.mustn't attend C.can't have attended D.couldn't attend
20.-I came here by taxi and the driver charged me 50 yuan.
-Really? You ________ have come by bus.
( ) A.could B.must C.may D.should
21.-Do you still remember when we went to the Great Wall?
-I can't remember it well, but ________ it have been sometime last May?
( ) A.should B.must C.could D.would
22.-I wonder why Mr Lin didn't come to work.
-He ________ have been ill.
( ) A.needn't B.should C.might D.can
23.-No one passed the mathematics examination today.
-I guess we ________ the exercises last night.
( ) A.could review B.should review C.might review D.should have reviewed
24.She ________ the hospital so soon, for she hasn't yet recovered.
( ) A.wouldn't have left B.shouldn't have left C.needn't leave D.hadn't left
25.Why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? I ________ all the way here through the heavy snow.
( ) A.needn't have driven B.can't have driven C.must have driven D.shouldn't have driven
答案與解析：
1.A。
2.C。請(qǐng)某人接電話用May/Can/Could I speak to...,please?表否定推測用can't。
3.D。may表允許。從NO SMOKING知道是不準(zhǔn)、禁止等意思，故用mustn't。
4.D。表客觀上不得不，這是記不住的后果。A表主觀必須，不合題意。
5.A。表示客氣請(qǐng)求，用Will/ Could/ Would you...?
6.D。Must I...?的否定回答用needn't/don't have to?？赡苄圆淮笥胢ay。
7.B。表征詢意見用Shall I/he...?用于第一、三人稱。從"她已經(jīng)拿到分?jǐn)?shù)單了"可知，沒必要告訴她考試結(jié)果。
8.B。表建議應(yīng)該做某事，用should/ought to。
9.C?；卮饎e人可否借某物時(shí)，肯定句用Yes, you can.否定句常用I'm sorry/afraid...表婉言謝絕。
10.B。從he isn't sure知道，可能性小的肯定推測用may。
11.A。根據(jù)句意：我錯(cuò)了，才不敢問。
12.C。表本應(yīng)該，實(shí)際并未如此。
13.D。
14.D。表否定推測，語氣肯定。主句否定詞not應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到賓語從句的謂語。
15.C。從前后語境看，推測語氣不肯定。
16.B。have to...反問用don't...? have got to...反問用haven't...?
17.C。had better的否定式是had better not，反意疑問句多用should。
18.C。對(duì)過去情況有充分依據(jù)的肯定推測。
19.C。對(duì)過去情況可能性的否定推測。
20.D。表過去本應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際未做某事。
21.C。對(duì)過去情況可能性的疑問推測。
22.C。表對(duì)過去情況可能性較小的肯定推測。might比may的可能性更小。
23.D。表過去本該做而實(shí)際未做某事。
24.B。表過去本不該做實(shí)際又做了某事。
25.A。表過去做了本沒有必要做的某事。
一． 動(dòng)詞的種類：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞---及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
A. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞---及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞
a)掌握幾對(duì)動(dòng)詞 不及物 及物
1.進(jìn)入 come into enter
2.逃離 run/escape from flee,fled,fled
3.升起 rise,rose,risen raise
4.坐 sit,sat,sat seat
eg.我坐著。I sit/am seated/seat myself.
The guests were_________in the front rows___________to the president attentively.
A.seating;listened B.seating;listening C.seated;listened D.seated;listening
5.serve the people/ marry sb---get married to sb
6.動(dòng)詞變化：lie躺---lie說謊---lay放置，產(chǎn)卵，鋪設(shè)
hang吊死------hang掛
feel—felt, felt
fall---fell,fallen
b) 瞬間動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別
borrow----keep begin----have been on
buy----have leave----have been away from
reach-------have been in/at join-----have been in/a member of
die----be dead
marry/be married to---- get married to know-----get to know
B. 助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語態(tài)，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語氣，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會(huì)。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
常用的助動(dòng)詞有： 1. do, does, did
2.be am, is are/ was, were
3.have, has, had
4. will, shall
助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。
3）have+been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
C. 連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞+表語（形容詞，名詞）=名詞性合成謂語
1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）
2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3）表像系動(dòng)詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4）感官系動(dòng)詞
感官系動(dòng)詞主要有看起來 look
聽起來sound
聞起來smell
嘗起來taste
摸起來feel
搭配（1）+形容詞（不用副詞）
( 2 )like+名詞
eg. 1. Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly).
2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy, healthily).
3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange, strangely).
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft, softly).
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice, nicely).
例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5）變化系動(dòng)詞
這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。
6）終止系動(dòng)詞
表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
D. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1. can, could
a. 能力= be able to eg.I can swim.
表示過去某具體的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)還表示需要克服外部困難與障礙,用be able to 不用could:
Few people ___(A)____escape from the fire which happened last night.
A. were able to B.could
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _(C)___get out.
A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could
b.許可（用于否定句，疑問句，條件從句）Can(=May) I use your pen?
c.可能性 could可能(用于虛擬語氣) can’t一定不（用于推測）
eg. He can’t be Mr Li.
[考題回顧]
1.Michael ___________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A.needn't B.can't C.should D.may
2.Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ___________ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?(2001上海)
A.can B.should C.may D.must
3.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-Oh, did you? You ___________ with Barbara.(NMET'98)
A.could have stayed B.could stay
C.would stay D.must have stayed
4.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___________ your lecture.(2000上海)
A.couldn't have attended B.needn't have attended
C.mustn't have attended D.shouldn't have attended
5.If I ___________ go with you, I should feel very glad.
A.can B.could C.should D.may
(Key:BAAAB)
2. may, might
a.許可 表示可能性（may的可能性大，might的可能性小）You may go home.
a. 可能性 表示能力（相當(dāng)于can）
b. 可以表示允許、推測
eg. 1.He may come or may not.-（他可能來也可能不來。）
2. Sit here, so that I may/can see your face more clearly.
3. ---Why hasn’t he come? --- He may have been hurt.（他可能受傷了。）
4. ---May I come in?---Yes,you may.
5. The sky is cloudy. You’d better take an umbrella with you. It_____this afternnon.
A.might rain B.may rain C.may have rained C.might have rained
[考題回顧]
1.Sorry I'm late. I ___________ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.(2000春季)
A.might B.should C.can D.will
2.Peter ___________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.(NMET'93)
A.must B.may C.can D.will
3.He ___________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A.might have given B.might give
C.may have given D.may give
4.If I had time, I ___________ go with you.
A.can B.will C.may D.might
5.I thought you ___________ like something to read, so I have brought you some books.
A.may B.might C.could D.must
(Key:ABADB)
d.maybe 與may be 的區(qū)別
maybe可能 在句中作狀語； may be可能是 在句中作謂語
eg. Maybe he has gone to Beijing.
He may be from Beijing.
3. must與 have to的不同用法
(1)must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀意志，意為“必須”；指主觀上認(rèn)為應(yīng)該做某事；
(2)have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀，表示職責(zé)和義務(wù)，“不得不”指在客觀條件下必須去做某事，多是被動(dòng)的，在口語中常用have got to替代；其過去式為had to或had got to；可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)，否定式為don't have to，構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí)，要借助do。
A.----Must we take a bus?---No, you needn’t/don’t have to.You can walk from here.
B.I told her that she must make a decision.
C.When I was your age, I had to get up at 5:00 evry morning.
D.You have to finish your homework first.
must的三個(gè)否定式：mustn’t不準(zhǔn)
needn’t不必=don’t have to
can’t 一定不
eg. 1.Must we hand it in now? No, you needn’t.
2.The books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room.
3.He can’t be our headmaster.
[考題回顧]
1.I didn't hear the phone. I ___________ asleep.
A.must be B.must have been C.should be D.should have been
2.Johnny, you ___________ play with the knife, you ___________ hurt yourself.(NMET'96)
A.won't; can't B.mustn't; may C.shouldn't; must D.can't; shouldn't
3.Put on more clothes. You ___________ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A.can B.could C.would D.must
4.I ___________ do all the difficult work for you.
A.haven't got to B.not have go to C.have got not to D.have got to not
5.You ___________ walk for miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
A.must B.need C.may D.should
(Key:BBDAA)
4. need/ dare 既可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，在使用時(shí)要特別注意
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
肯定 need/dare do need/dare to do
否定 needn’t/daren’t do don’t need/dare to do
疑問 Need/Dare you do。。。？ Do you need/dare to do…?
在否定句，疑問句中need,dare往往用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，不能用于肯定句中;dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，在否定句中，它后面的不定式符號(hào)to可有可無.
改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤：
A.I need buy an English-Chinese dictionary.(need to buy)
B.A rich man needn’t to worry about his next meal.(needn’t worry)
C.The gorl doesn’t dare going out alone at night.(go)
D.I wonder how he dare say that at that time.(dared)
注意：need用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的特殊用法:
Sth +need+doing/ to be done.
Eg. My bike needs repairing/ to be repaired.
5. shall, should /ought to應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng) 指現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的責(zé)任或義務(wù)
1).should表示"應(yīng)該"、"應(yīng)當(dāng)"，指有責(zé)任或義務(wù)做某事；后面接不定式完成式時(shí)，表示過去應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒有做的動(dòng)作；shouldn't后面接不定式完成式時(shí)，表示過去不應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上已經(jīng)做了的動(dòng)作；后面接不定式的進(jìn)行式(be+V-ing)時(shí)，表示"應(yīng)該正在……"；should在肯定句中表示根據(jù)常規(guī)推測，某事應(yīng)該發(fā)生；should用于條件狀語從句的句首時(shí)，常省略if；should用于賓語從句中，表示虛擬語氣，也可以省略。
2).ought to表示"應(yīng)該"時(shí)，與should同義，但語氣較強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)有義務(wù)和必要做某事；如果后面接不定式的完成式，表示過去該做而未做的事；ought to的否定式是ought not to (=oughtn't to)，后面接不定式的完成式，表示過去不該做而已做了的事，也可以用來責(zé)備某人沒有遵守規(guī)定。
(1) These machines ought to/should be cleaned once a day.
(2) We oughtn’t to/shouldn’t waste our time now, for we’re in Senior Three. Do you think so?
Shall I / we do sth?表示建議
Shall we go out for a walk?
表示“建議”的句型還有：
What/How about doing?
Why don’t you do?/Why not do?
Should的特殊用法: should /ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該做sth,
need have done 本來需要做sth
Eg.Tom failed in the exam. He should have worked harder.
[考題回顧]
1.There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party.
You ___________ come, but why didn't you?
A.must have B.should C.need have D.ought to have
2.It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack ___________ be here at any moment.(NMET'95)
A.must B.need C.should D.can
3.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They ___________ be ready by 12:00.(NMET'98)
A.can B.should C.might D.need
4. ___________ it rain tomorrow, you would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A.Where B.Should C.Would D.Will
5.One ought ___________ for what one hasn't done.
A.not to be punished B.to not be punished C.to not punished D.not be punished
(Key:DCBBA)
6.will, would 愿意，肯;偏要 表示愿望和意志，有時(shí)表示禮貌的請(qǐng)求
eg. We will help you if you ask us to.
Will/would you please do sth?
Would you please show the way to the zoo?
It is dangerous, but he will play in the middle of the street.
實(shí)例. If you _____ stop smoking , you can only expect to have a bad cough .
A. won't B. would not C. do not D. can not
答案是A項(xiàng)。will除了用作表示將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞外，還可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)愿意或不愿意。又如：If you will /would wait a moment , I will fetch the money . (如果你肯/愿意稍等片刻，我就把錢取來。)但是在表示不肯或不愿意時(shí)，則只能使用won't，不能使用would not。
7. would的用法：
1) 用于提出提議或邀請(qǐng)
例：Would you like to change a seat? It's warmer here.（您要不要換一下座位？這里暖和些。）
Would you prefer a hardback edition?（您要不要買一本精裝本？）
2) 用于提出客氣的要求或請(qǐng)求：
例：I would like you to fetch that document for me now.（我想請(qǐng)你現(xiàn)在就幫我把那份文件取來。）
I would like to know more about your plan.（我想更多地了解一下你的計(jì)劃。）
3) would you mind + doing句型通常用于表示請(qǐng)求對(duì)方做一件有一定麻煩的事情，語氣一般都非?？蜌?。
注意回答時(shí)通常是肯定的，以表示愿意做所要求的事情。
例：Would you mind filling in this form?（請(qǐng)您填一下這張表。）
Would you mind repeating what you just said?（請(qǐng)把剛才的話重復(fù)一遍好嗎？）
4) 用于委婉地表示自己的意見：
例：I would think the journey will take something like two weeks.（依我看，這次旅程大約需要兩個(gè)星期。）
I would look at the problem a little differently.（我對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法略有不同。）
5) 用于表示過去經(jīng)常性的行為或動(dòng)作：
例：The retired captain would sit hours on end watching ships sailing past.（退休的船長經(jīng)常坐在海邊觀望過往的行船，一坐就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。）
He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.（他總是嚴(yán)格地9點(diǎn)上床睡覺。星期日總在那家飯店吃午飯。）
would you like …?與 Do you like …?
Would you like …?表示“……可以嗎？”“你愿不愿意……？”
Do you like…?表示“你喜歡……嗎？”，常用來詢問對(duì)方習(xí)慣上喜歡什么
had better 與 would rather
(1) had better意為“好還是……”
(2) would rather意為“寧愿……”，常用于：would rather do A than do B（寧愿做 A也不做 B）
eg. Liu hulan would rather die than give in.（劉胡蘭寧死不屈。）
I______rather stay at home than______to the cinema.
A.should; goes B.might; going C.would;go D.had better; go
---I haven’t felt well for a week.---You_____see a doctor.
A.had better to b.had better C.had rather D.should have to
used to 與get/be used to
(1) used to do sth.表示“過去常常做某事”；否定式可以是：usedn’t to…；didn’t use to…，疑問形式可以是：used sb／sth to…？或 did sb／sth use to…？
(2) Be(get)used to sth／doing sth表示“習(xí)慣于某事／做某事”
A. I have stayed in this country for twelve years, so I_____-the life and climate here.
a. used to b.got used to c.am used to d.was used to
B. The old man_____get up early when he was young.
a.was used to b. got used to c.used to d.is used to
8.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測” 推測現(xiàn)在S，將來 推測過去
一定must +do +have done
一定不can’t +do +have done
應(yīng)該 should +do +have done
應(yīng)該不 shouldn’t +do +have done
可能 may, might, could +do +have done
可能不 may not, might not, could not +do +have done
eg. ---Where is John?---He may be doing his homework at home.（表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間）
---When will he leave? ---He may be leaving tomorrow.（表示將來時(shí)間）
He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.（表示過去時(shí)間）
He must be our class teacher.（他一定是我們的班主任。）
He can’t be our class teacher.A（他不可能是我們的班主任。）
Don’t believe him. He must be lying.-（別信他。他一定在說謊。）
He must have arrived in Shanghai yesterday.（他昨天一定到達(dá)上海了。）
He may be at home.（他現(xiàn)在可能在家里。）
She may be doing her homework now.（她此刻可能在做功課。）
She may have done her homework now.（她現(xiàn)在功課可能做好了。）
He can’t be doing that job for his friend.（他不可能正在為他的朋友做那項(xiàng)工作。）
Where can Tom have gone?（湯姆會(huì)到哪里去呢？）
Could/Might I have met her?（我可能見過她嗎？）
I could/might have met her somewhere.（我可能在那里見過她。）
Liza did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She______have missed the bus.
A.would B.might C.should D.ought to
should 用于表示可能性
例：We should arrive by supper time.（我們?cè)谕盹埱熬湍艿搅恕＃?BR> She should be here any moment.（她隨時(shí)都可能來。）
在以in case或 if引導(dǎo)的從句中，常用should表達(dá)一定程度的可能性。
I will get some beer ready in case Uncle John should come.（我得準(zhǔn)備些啤酒，約翰叔叔可能會(huì)來。）
If you should happen to see Mary, give her this package.（如果你碰到瑪麗，請(qǐng)把這個(gè)包裹交給她。）
例：She was thankful that she'd had her baby in hospital; otherwise, she thought, the baby _____.
A) died B) had died C) might have died D) might die
答案是C。
例：He may have gone back home, because he didn't say he would take part in her birthday party.（他可能已經(jīng)回家了，因?yàn)樗]有說會(huì)參加她的生日聚會(huì)。）
例：1989年1月四級(jí)第41題
Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ____ have studied very hard.
A) may B) should C) must D) ought to
全句的意思是“瑪麗考試成績?nèi)嗟谝?，她學(xué)習(xí) 很刻苦”?？崭窈蟮膭?dòng)詞用的是完成式，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，空格中要填入一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示說話人對(duì)瑪麗考試能取得好成績的原因的推測。因此答案是C) must（肯定、一定）。
否定判斷時(shí)一般用can't加動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)形式（can't have done），同樣，can不再表示“能夠”，而是表示“肯定不……、肯定沒有……”。
例：1996年1月四級(jí)第23題
You _____ her in here office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
A) needn't have seen B) must have seen
C) might have seen D) can't have seen
我們可以推斷出全句的意思是：“上星期五你不可能在她辦公室見到她，她去外地已經(jīng)兩個(gè)星期了”。根據(jù)全句意思判斷，本題答案是D) can't have seen。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can用于這一意思時(shí)，只能用于否定句或疑問句。
例：1996年6月四級(jí)第31題
The room is in terrible mess; it _________ cleaned.
A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been
C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been
句子前半部分“房間亂極了”是前提，后半部分應(yīng)該是對(duì)這種情況做出一種猜測性判斷。答案是A，表示“不可能打掃國”是正確答案。選項(xiàng)C) mustn't have been的否定形式應(yīng)為can't have been。選項(xiàng)B) shouldn't have been意為“不應(yīng)該打掃過，而實(shí)際上已經(jīng)打掃過了”，跟句意不符。
肯定式表示：應(yīng)該做的事情而沒有做， 否定式表示：不該做的事情做了。
含有對(duì)過去的動(dòng)作的責(zé)備、批評(píng)。例：
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.
A. must have received B. must have failed to receive
C. must receive D. must fail to receive B
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had D
9.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“責(zé)備”
should have done
ought to have done
need have done
could have done
例：You needn’t have said that.（你沒有必要說那番話。）
You should be here with clean hands.（你應(yīng)該把手洗干凈了再來吃飯。）
You ought to have been here five minutes ago.（你五分鐘前就應(yīng)該在這里的。）
He didn’t pass the exam. As a good studemt, he shouldn’t have failed.（他考試不及格。作為一個(gè)好學(xué)生，他本來不應(yīng)該不及格的。）
With all this work on hand, he _______ to the cinema last night.
A) mustn't B) oughtn't to go C) wouldn't go D) shouldn't have gone
全句的意思是：“他手頭又這么多工作，昨夜不該看電影”。本句表達(dá)的是昨天已經(jīng)發(fā)生但去不該發(fā)生的事情，所以應(yīng)該用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的否定式，后接動(dòng)詞的完成式。因而答案是D) shouldn't have gone。
例：1991年6月四級(jí)第53題
You ______ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A) needn't have done B) shouldn't have done C) must not have done D) cannot have done
后面一句是說：“這類計(jì)算我們由計(jì)算機(jī)來做”。按后面一句的意思來推測，前面是講：“你已經(jīng)做了全部計(jì)算，這是沒有必要的”。Needn't 后面接動(dòng)詞完成式正是表示這種意思， 所以答案是A。
例：1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.
他本來能夠參加我們的，但是他沒有收到我們的請(qǐng)貼。
2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.
我本來能及格的，但是沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)。
1、They have done things they ought _____.
A. not to do B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done C
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned C
自我檢測
1. She didn’t hear the phone. She ____asleep.
A.may be B.must be C.should have been D.mest have been
2. You ____ your camara. I have brought one.
A.mustn’t have brought B.needn’t have brought C.mustn’t bring D.needn’t to bring
3. ---Did your sister break that window? ---She____________.
A.must do it B.may have done C.can have done it D.may do it
4. ---____she have lost her way? ----She might have.
A.Must B.May C.Could D.Should
5. I parked my car right here but now it’s gone. It_________.
A.must have been stolen B.must gave stolen C.may be stolen D.must be stolen
6. He ______his supper now. The dining hall hasn’t opened yet.
A.can’t be having B.needn’t be having C.mustn’t be having D.shouldn’t be having
7. The train has gone. You two______on time.
A.should come B.must have come C.ought to have come D.shouldn’t have come
8. ---Don’t get near to it. It’s too dangerous.----________.
A.Yes, I won’t. B.No, I don’t. C.No, I can’t D.No, I won’t
9. ---Did you scold him for his carelessness?---Yes, but _______it.
A.I’d rather not do B.I’d rather not have done C.I shouldn’t do D.I’d better not do
10. See who’s there!______ it be Mary?
A.May B.Must C.Can D.Will
11.---Let’s go to the cinema,shall we?---________.
A.No, I can’t B.Yes, I will C.Yes, thank you D.No, we’d better not
12John______be a basketball player. He’s much too short.
A. may B.mustn’t C.can’t D.should
13.You_____-call him if you want to, but you ___,for he will surely come here soon.
A.can;needn’t B.may; mustn’t C.have to; needn’t to can;doesn’t need
14.My littler son_____out alone at night.
A.dares not go B.dares not to go dare not to go D.doesn’t dare to go
15.She’s late. What_____have happened to her?
A.should B.must C.can D.would
Answer DBBCA ACDBC DCADC
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法歸納
一、can和could
1. A computer ____ think for itself; it must be told what to do. (MET'91)
A. can't B. couldn't C. may not D. might not
2. -Could I borrow you dictionary?
- Yes, of course you ___ (MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should
3. Mary ___ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago. (MTE'94)
A. mustn't shouldn't B. shouldn't C. can't D. may not
4. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
- It ___ a comfortable journey. (NMET'95)
A. can't B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
5. I ___ speak German in another few months.
A. can B. am bale to C. will be able to D. could
6. He __ her but he didn't choose to.
A. could tell B. could have told C. should tell D. should have told
7. Finally I __ swim across the rivers.
A. could B. might C. would D. was able to
8. - What do you think of the food here? - Oh, wonderful. We ____ a better place.
A. couldn't have found B. won't find C. mustn't have found D. can't find
解題指導(dǎo)：
1．表示能力和客觀可能性，還可表示請(qǐng)求和允許。
2．Could 表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，語氣委婉。主要用于肯定句，答語應(yīng)用can 。
3．表示驚異、懷疑和不相信的態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。
4．can 和be able to都可表示能力，但要表達(dá)將來的能力時(shí)只能用 will be able to。
5．“were (was) able to”具有“經(jīng)過一番努力而終做成某事”之意。
6．“can (could) +動(dòng)詞完成式”用在否定句或疑問句中，表示對(duì)過去事情的懷疑和不肯定，意為“不可能……”或“……可能（會(huì)）嗎？”could表示的可能性更小，不過過去意義。
7．“could +動(dòng)詞完成式”表示“本可以……而沒有……”，具有責(zé)備和婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)之意。
二、may和might
9. He ____you more help,even though he was very busy. (MET'90)
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
10.Peter ____ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. (MET'93)
A. must B. may C. can D. will
11.Johnny, you play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself. (NMET'96 )
A. won't; can B. musn't; may C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
12.-Might I watch TV after supper?
- Yes, you ____.
A. may. B. must. C. might D. can
13.____ you continue in your efforts and achieve greater success.
A. Wish B May C. Might D. Will
14.-What do you think that noise was?
-It ____ a cat.
A. must be B. may be. C. might be D. might have been
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． 表示允許或征詢對(duì)方許可，might 的語氣更加委婉。否定回答時(shí)要用musn't 表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思。
2． may 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。
3． 表示推測，可能（疑問句不能用于此意）。
4． “may(might)+動(dòng)詞完成式”表示對(duì)過去事情的推測。might表示的可能性比 may更 小，此處的 might 不表示過去。
5． “might + 動(dòng)詞完成式”表示“本可以……而沒有”，具有責(zé)備和婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)之意。
三、must和have to
15. Where is my pen? I ____ it. (MET'88)
A. might 1ose B. would have lost C. should have lost D. must have lost
16. I didn't hear the phone. I ____ asleep.(MET'89)
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been
17. -Must I write down the new words now?
-No, you ____.
A. musn't B. may not C. can't D. don't have to
18. You ____ do it even if you do it want to.
A. can B. must C. have to D. need
19. The machine ____ break down at this busy hour.
A. must B. will C. may D. can
20. There ____ be no doubt about it. It ____ be Jack who took the papers away.
A. must; can B. can; may C. can't; must D. must; must
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． 表示必須、必要?；卮餸ust引出的問句時(shí)，如果是否定的回答，不能用 mustn't，而要用 need't 或don't nave to。
2．“must be + 表語”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測，它的否定和疑問形式用can 代替must。
3．“must +完成式”表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測。它的否定和疑問形式用 can 代替must。
4． must 有時(shí)有“偏偏”之意。
5． must 和have to 意義相似，兩者往往可以互換，但must 表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而have to 表示的則是客觀需要。否定形式musn't 表示“不可以”之意，而don't have to 表示“不必要”之意。
四、need和dare
21. You __ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.(NET'98)
A. Can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
22. -Shall I tell John about it?
-No, you ___, I have told him already. (NMET'94)
A. Needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
23. - Need I start from the beginning?
- Yes, you ____.
A. need B. do C. can D. must
24. Jim ____ his strict father, for he broke the vase.
A. didn't dare see B. dared not to see C. didn't dared to see D. dare not to see
25. We ____ a taxi, for it wasn't such a long way.
A. needn't take B. needn't have taken C. musn't take D. musn't have taken
26. -I wonder if I need to leave a message.
-Oh, you ____.
A. need B. may C. musn't D. don't have to
解題指導(dǎo)：
1． need 表示“需要”或“必須”，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定或疑問句中，肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to 或should代替。
2．“needn't 動(dòng)詞完成式”表示做了不必要做的事，意為“本可不必……”，只用于否定 結(jié)構(gòu)。
3． dare 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件句中，不用于肯定句中。
4． dare和 need 常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。dare 在肯定句中后面需接帶to 的不定式，在否定和疑問句中，dare 后面可接帶to 或不帶to的定式。
五、shall, should和ought to
27. The plant is dead. I ___ it more water. (MET'87)
A. will give B. would have given C. must give D. should have given
28. -We quarreled with the waiter about the bill.
- How silly! You ____ to the manager. (MET'94 )
A. would have given B. should have talked C. could talk D. must talk
29. Tom ought not to ____ me your secret ,but he meant no harm. (MET'93)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
30. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack be there at any time. (NMET'95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
31. - ____ Jack come to help you?
-Thanks. I can manage ii myself.
A. Will B. Shall C. Can D. Should
32. You ____ have your reward after you get it well done.
A. shall B. will C. can D. should
33. I think they ____ the airport by now.
A. should arrive at B. might arrive at C. ought to have arrived D. may arrive at
34. We ____ go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don't think we will.
A. ought to B. should C. must D. need
解題指導(dǎo)：
1. shall用于第一和第三人稱，用來征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求指示。
2. shall用于第二和第三人稱，表示說話人意愿，給對(duì)方命令、警告、威脅、強(qiáng)制和允諾。
3. should 常表示勸告、建議和命令，與ought to 意義相近，ought to比 should語氣強(qiáng) 烈。必須注意 should表示的是某人自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況 。
4. ought to 和should 都可以表示可能性、估計(jì)、猜測或推論等，意為“可能；該……”。
5. “should (ought to)+動(dòng)詞完成式”表示該做而實(shí)際上沒做到，意為“本該”。它們都 有責(zé)備或婉轉(zhuǎn)批評(píng)的意思。
六、will, would和used to
35. During the vacation he _____visit me every week.
A. will B. would C. should D. shall
36. -There's somebody coming up the stairs.
-That ____ be Mary.
A. shall B. will C. can D. would
37. He _____ by now.
A. will arrive B. will have arrived C. shall arrive D. shall have arrived
38. I ____have an old car and drove to work.
A. used to B. would C. need D. should
39. I ______to Africa six times when I was young.
A. used to go B. would go C. had gone D. went
40. It is terrible. The engine _____ start.
A. won't B. doesn't C. can't D. musn't
41. Why ____ you turn a deaf ear to what I tell you?
A. must B. would C. will D. shall
解題指導(dǎo):
1．表示請(qǐng)求建議等，would 比will委婉客氣。
2. will 和would 表示意志、愿望和決心。
3.“will be + 表語”和“will +完成式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測，主要用于第二、三人稱，第一人稱用shall。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作和事態(tài)的推測。
4. will和 would可用來說明重復(fù)的習(xí)慣的行為。Would指過去。
5．Would 和used to 均用來談過去的習(xí)慣。used to 可用來談動(dòng)作，也可用來談情況，would只能用來表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。必須注意兩者都不能用來表示某事發(fā)生的次數(shù)。
七、had better和 would rather
42. It's freezing outside. You __ put on your overcoat. (MET'87)
A. had better B. had better to C. would better D. would better to
43. -Shall I open the window?
- I'd rather you _____.
A. won't B. musn't C. can't D. didn't
44. ____ you rather ___ here for the night?
A. Had; stay B. Had; to stay C. Would; stay D. Would; to stay
45. I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees ___ you should tell me a lie.
A. but B. when C. rather than D. than
46. -I promise I'll pay you back.
- You ___.
A. had better B. better had C. had rather D. rather had
解題指導(dǎo)：
1. had better后接不帶to的不定式，意為“好”。指現(xiàn)在和將來，不指過去。
2. 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，better在 not 之前，不說 hadn't better。如表示強(qiáng)調(diào)better要置于had之前。
3. would rather 意為“寧愿”，表示“選擇”，后接不帶 to 的不定式，常用“would rather……(than)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
4．would rather后接從句時(shí)，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪龅氖隆?BR> Key: 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.B7.D8.A9.A10.B11.B 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D
18.C 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.A 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.D 27.D28.B 29.A 30.C 31.B 32.A
33.C 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.B 38.A 39.D 40.A 41.C 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.D 46.B
請(qǐng)看下列與should有關(guān)的高考試題：
解題技巧提示：正確解題的關(guān)鍵在于正確理解語言環(huán)境，把握說話人的語氣和句子中的時(shí)間信息從而正確理解句子含義。
1.I was really anxious about you. You _______ home without a word.(NMET 2001)
A.mustn't leave B.shouldn't have left C.needn't leave D.couldn't have left
2.I'm not feeling well in the stomach, I _______ so much fried chicken just now.(2002,上海)
A.shouldn't eat B.mustn't have eaten C.mustn't eat D.shouldn't have eaten
3.We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.(NMET 1992)
A.must have studied B.might study C.should have studied D.would study
4.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _______ it out for her.(NMET 1994)
A.had to write B.must have written C.should have written D.ought to write
5.That young man has made so much noise that he _______ not have been allowed to attend the concert.(1992，上海)
A.could B.must C.would D.should
6.It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack _______ be here at any moment.(NMET 1995)
A.must B.need C.should D.can
7.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _______ be ready by 12:00.(NMET1998)
A.can B.should C.might D.need
8.Mary _______ be in Paris, for I saw her in the town a few minutes ago.(NMET 1994)
A.mustn't B.can't C.shouldn't D.may not
9.I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She _______ have spoken at the meeting.(MET 1991)
A.mustn't B.shouldn't C.needn't D.couldn't
10.-There were already five people in the car，but they managed to take me as well.
-It _______ a comfortable journey.(NMET 1995)
A.can't be B.mustn't have been C.shouldn't D.couldn't have been
11.If only he ___ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.(2000，上海)
A.lies B.lay C.had lain D.should lie
12.It's hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002，上海)
A.wouldn't have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall
13.Johnny, you _______ play with the knife, you _______ hurt yourself.(NMET 1996)
A.won't; can't B.mustn't; may C.shouldn't; must D.can't; shouldn't
14.-Are you coming to Jeff's party?
-I'm not sure. I _______ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)
A.must B.would C.should D.might
15.A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.(NMET 2003)
A.should B.can C.must D.will
16.When Ed first phoned and _______ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.(NMET 2003)
A.declared B.mentioned C.persuaded D.suggested
參考答案：
1-5題都是對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾和責(zé)備，須用"should+have done"的形式。答案分別為BDCCD。
6-10題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測的功能。第6、7題考查對(duì)將來情況的推測，用should表示"照理應(yīng)該、照理會(huì)"的意思，答案分別為C和B。第8題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測，句子背景提示我們"幾分鐘之前我剛在小鎮(zhèn)中見過她"，因此"她現(xiàn)在不可能在巴黎"，考慮到動(dòng)詞的語氣，應(yīng)選B。第9、10兩題考查對(duì)過去情況的推測，具體的語言環(huán)境分別暗示"她不可能在會(huì)議上發(fā)言"和"那不可能是令人舒適的旅行"，should表示的語氣較弱，不能表達(dá)"不可能"的意思，應(yīng)該用can't或couldn't，故答案分別為D和D。
11-12題考查動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣。在假設(shè)條件句中，"should+do"只能表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，而兩題都指已發(fā)生的情況，須用過去完成形式，故答案分別為C和B。
13-14題考查對(duì)說話人的要求和意向的理解。受語境影響，答案分別為B和D。
15題選項(xiàng)中的should顯然不符合句子背景。行李"可以"暫放行李寄存處，而非"應(yīng)該"。故答案應(yīng)為B。
16題選項(xiàng)及題干中雖未出現(xiàn)should，但句子時(shí)態(tài)已給我們足夠的暗示，主句謂語為過去時(shí)，而賓語從句中卻用動(dòng)詞原形，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)適合此種用法，表示"建議做某事"，動(dòng)詞play前實(shí)際上是省略了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專練
1.-May I sit beside you, sir?
-No, you ________ . My girlfriend is coming soon.
( ) A.can't B.mustn't C.needn't D.shouldn't
2.- ________ I speak to May, please?
-I'm sorry she ________ come to the phone because she isn't in.
( ) A.Might; won't B.Can; mustn't C.May; can't D.Could, ; shouldn't
3.-I want to know if I ________ smoke here.
-No, you ________ . Could you see the sign "NO SMOKING" there?
( ) A.can; needn't B.must; can't C.shall; won't D.may; mustn't
4.My wife never remembers my telephone number. She always ________ look it up.
( ) A.must B.should C.would D.has to
5.- ________ you pass me the English magazine, please?
-Sure. Here you are.
( )A.Could B.Need C.Must D.Might
6.-Must I go to work with you?
-No, you ________ . Linda ________ go with me.
( ) A.mustn't; can B.can't; has to C.daren't; should D.needn't; may
7.- ________ I tell Mary the test results?
-No, you ________ . She's already got the score.
( ) A.Will; won't B.Shall; needn't C.May; mustn't D.Can; don't
8.You ________ be careful when crossing here-the traffic lights aren't working.
( ) A.might B.ought to C.could D.may
9.-Could I borrow you bicycle?
-Yes, of course you ________ .
( ) A.will B.should C.can D.need
10.Joan ________ come with us this afternoon, but she isn't very sure yet.
( ) A.can B.may C.must D.will
11.I ________ ask you the question because I thought I ________ be wrong.
( ) A.daren't; must B.mustn't; can C.needn't; may D.can't; should
12.It's nearly eight o'clock. Mike ________ be here at any moment.
( ) A.need B.has to C.should D.can
13.The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone ________ get out.
( ) A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
14.-What do you think of his answer? -I don't think it ________ be right.
( ) A.should B.might C.must D.can
15.-Is John coming by train?
-He should, but he ________ . He likes driving his car.
( ) A.can't B.needn't C.may not D.mustn't
16.He doesn't have to work tomorrow, but you have got to, ________ you?
( ) A.don't B.haven't C.haven't got D.can't
17.You ________ wake me up when I fall asleep, ________ you?
( ) A.haven't better; have B.would not rather; would C.had better not; should D.had not better; must
18.-Why! I couldn't get you on the phone this morning.
-We ________ tennis in the yard when you phoned me.
( )A.could be playing B.must be playing C.must have been playing D.should have played
19.-We didn't see him at the lecture.
-Neither did anybody else. He ________ it.
( ) A.may not have attended B.mustn't attend C.can't have attended D.couldn't attend
20.-I came here by taxi and the driver charged me 50 yuan.
-Really? You ________ have come by bus.
( ) A.could B.must C.may D.should
21.-Do you still remember when we went to the Great Wall?
-I can't remember it well, but ________ it have been sometime last May?
( ) A.should B.must C.could D.would
22.-I wonder why Mr Lin didn't come to work.
-He ________ have been ill.
( ) A.needn't B.should C.might D.can
23.-No one passed the mathematics examination today.
-I guess we ________ the exercises last night.
( ) A.could review B.should review C.might review D.should have reviewed
24.She ________ the hospital so soon, for she hasn't yet recovered.
( ) A.wouldn't have left B.shouldn't have left C.needn't leave D.hadn't left
25.Why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? I ________ all the way here through the heavy snow.
( ) A.needn't have driven B.can't have driven C.must have driven D.shouldn't have driven
答案與解析：
1.A。
2.C。請(qǐng)某人接電話用May/Can/Could I speak to...,please?表否定推測用can't。
3.D。may表允許。從NO SMOKING知道是不準(zhǔn)、禁止等意思，故用mustn't。
4.D。表客觀上不得不，這是記不住的后果。A表主觀必須，不合題意。
5.A。表示客氣請(qǐng)求，用Will/ Could/ Would you...?
6.D。Must I...?的否定回答用needn't/don't have to?？赡苄圆淮笥胢ay。
7.B。表征詢意見用Shall I/he...?用于第一、三人稱。從"她已經(jīng)拿到分?jǐn)?shù)單了"可知，沒必要告訴她考試結(jié)果。
8.B。表建議應(yīng)該做某事，用should/ought to。
9.C?；卮饎e人可否借某物時(shí)，肯定句用Yes, you can.否定句常用I'm sorry/afraid...表婉言謝絕。
10.B。從he isn't sure知道，可能性小的肯定推測用may。
11.A。根據(jù)句意：我錯(cuò)了，才不敢問。
12.C。表本應(yīng)該，實(shí)際并未如此。
13.D。
14.D。表否定推測，語氣肯定。主句否定詞not應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到賓語從句的謂語。
15.C。從前后語境看，推測語氣不肯定。
16.B。have to...反問用don't...? have got to...反問用haven't...?
17.C。had better的否定式是had better not，反意疑問句多用should。
18.C。對(duì)過去情況有充分依據(jù)的肯定推測。
19.C。對(duì)過去情況可能性的否定推測。
20.D。表過去本應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際未做某事。
21.C。對(duì)過去情況可能性的疑問推測。
22.C。表對(duì)過去情況可能性較小的肯定推測。might比may的可能性更小。
23.D。表過去本該做而實(shí)際未做某事。
24.B。表過去本不該做實(shí)際又做了某事。
25.A。表過去做了本沒有必要做的某事。