Cambridge IELTS 5: Test 2
上 篇
劍橋V系列真題的Test 2 無(wú)論從文章的核心話(huà)題還是題型方面來(lái)看都有一定難度，對(duì)于雅思考生尤其是初次參加考試的'烤鴨'們來(lái)講，無(wú)疑是一個(gè)不小的挑戰(zhàn)。三篇文章的主題分別涉及到'酚醛材料 BAKELITE', 關(guān)于大腦處理幽默的一系列機(jī)制的'What's so funny?'以及科技英語(yǔ)的誕生：“The Birth of Scientific English'，其中2篇文章都出現(xiàn)了有一定難度系數(shù)的summary 和Matching, 一個(gè)關(guān)于腦部結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的Labelling題以及多項(xiàng)選擇題，除2個(gè)表格填空題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單外，3篇文章都出現(xiàn)了中等難度的是非無(wú)判斷題T / F / NG. 下面專(zhuān)家將就考生普遍感到困惑的難點(diǎn)做一解析，希望對(duì)眾'烤鴨'們有所幫助。
Passage 1'BAKELITE'算得上是一篇有相當(dāng)難度的文章，無(wú)論就其本身的內(nèi)容，題型而言還是與后面2篇文章的難度對(duì)比而言，有鑒于此，一般會(huì)建議學(xué)員對(duì)3篇文章做一個(gè)全盤(pán)了解和統(tǒng)籌安排，將本文置于后來(lái)進(jìn)行，遵循由易到難的基本原則，把充裕的時(shí)間留給有把握的題，這樣才有利于大限度地優(yōu)化成績(jī)。
在Passage 1 的題型中出現(xiàn)了Summary 的填空題和凸顯定位難度的五選二的多選題，三個(gè)是非無(wú)判斷以及不太具備難度的流程圖填空題。
在第一篇文章的題目中具難度的Q9 & 10兩道五選二的多選題，題目為：
Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?
A. the function which the object would serve
B. the ease with which the resin could fill the mould
C. the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould
D. the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould
E. the fashionable styles of the period
要達(dá)成快速定位就需要首先在題干中找到關(guān)鍵詞，從全句的意思可知，influencing the design是核心意義，也是賴(lài)以定位的關(guān)鍵詞。
略讀選項(xiàng)，掌握每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的大意，劃出關(guān)鍵詞幫助記憶。
回到原文，用Scanning 的方式在原文中Paragraph 5的首句可以看到design: The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process.
由于該句是主題句（Topic Sentence），可知本段的核心是關(guān)于design的，細(xì)讀段落內(nèi)容，分別有2處講到了design:
1. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract.
2. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould.
兩句都毫無(wú)疑義地涉及到關(guān)于design 的要義，第1句中指不能導(dǎo)致'locked into the mould', 以至于不能extract, 正確理解這句話(huà)在澆鑄生產(chǎn)中的實(shí)際意義需要一點(diǎn)想象能力，這對(duì)于不了解澆鑄工藝的考生來(lái)說(shuō)是不大好理解的，所以在下文中給到了一些解釋?zhuān)?BR> A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces.
在了解到'一個(gè)普遍常規(guī)是物體應(yīng)該越朝向底部越尖細(xì)'的意義后，結(jié)合'以免被鎖在里面'，讀者方能理解它的實(shí)際意義，然后確定和C選項(xiàng)中'removed from the mould'這一信息相吻合。
第2句中'flow evenly and completely into the mould'在對(duì)前文理解的基礎(chǔ)上相對(duì)容易，不過(guò)在下文中也出現(xiàn)了補(bǔ)充解釋?zhuān)?BR> Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s.
在綜合理解上文的基礎(chǔ)上，可以獲知另一個(gè)待選的正確選項(xiàng)是B，因?yàn)锽選項(xiàng)中'the ease'和'fill the mould'的表述與上述信息一致。
上述過(guò)程帶給我們的啟示是平時(shí)要注意多積累，閱讀面要廣泛，盡可能涉獵不同領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容。
另外，筆者在執(zhí)教過(guò)程中還發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)于本篇文章的Summary 中的Question 1& 2做題的正確率不高，分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，主要原因還在于信息定位和綜合理解能力欠佳，下面具體說(shuō)明：
題目：Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Some plastic behave in a similar way to 1____________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. BAKELITE was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2____________ in origin, and thermosetting.
除了similar 及melt under heat 兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)可以幫助定位以外，作為主體的Some plastic 也不應(yīng)被忽略。原文中：
Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic （the result of chemical action on a natural substance）, and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil.
考生在找到Some plastics 定位后，在涵蓋了4行篇幅的文字中并未能如愿找到similar和 melt under heat的相關(guān)信息。這時(shí)缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和備考不足的考生可能會(huì)失去對(duì)定位準(zhǔn)確性的信心，另覓他處尋找答案；綜合理解能力較好或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的考生會(huì)意識(shí)到，既然此處已經(jīng)談及Some plastics的來(lái)源和特性，那么就有可能會(huì)在后面的內(nèi)容中涉及和它有類(lèi)似特性的某種物質(zhì)，而這種物質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)是melt under heat, 這意味著只要讀下去，甄別出來(lái)是容易的。
在接下來(lái)的句子中：Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped. 出現(xiàn)了題目中提及的特點(diǎn)：遇熱融化，由前文可發(fā)現(xiàn)，答案是candlewax.
該題本身難度是不大的，但考生臨場(chǎng)過(guò)于功利的心態(tài)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不切實(shí)際的急躁做法，希望一出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞就得到答案，從而人為增加了難度，教師在授課中應(yīng)適時(shí)地加以引導(dǎo)，教會(huì)學(xué)生客觀實(shí)際地看待類(lèi)似情況，不懼多讀上下文，才能使技巧走入良性循環(huán)的軌道。
Question 2: BAKELITE 具備的unique 的特點(diǎn)是極好的定位詞，加之first, entirely 以及thermosetting, 該題的定位并不比Q1麻煩。在緊接Q1的下一句中出現(xiàn)了：
Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
若能結(jié)合上下文背景，就不難理解上述句子中distinction 對(duì)應(yīng)于題目中出現(xiàn)的unique, 還出現(xiàn)了原詞重現(xiàn)的first, 而totally 對(duì)應(yīng)于題目的entirely, 根據(jù)題目中和thermosetting并列的要求，閱讀原文中對(duì)plastic 的并列修飾成分synthetic 和thermosetting, 可知答案是synthetic.
該題更多考察的是對(duì)句子的綜合理解能力，在單詞，短語(yǔ)和句型被代換的背景下，只有在對(duì)句子所表達(dá)的意義真正理解的前提下，才能辨別出隱藏其中的答案?？忌鷳?yīng)在洞悉技巧的同時(shí)，加強(qiáng)實(shí)力，才是明智之舉。
下 篇
在本套題的Passage 2中，同樣出現(xiàn)了幾處有一定難度的題目值得討論，現(xiàn)分述如下：
Q15 （T / F / NG）: Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.
以大寫(xiě)首字母的人名Plato做關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)幫助定位，我們會(huì)在原文第二段發(fā)現(xiàn)它的出處：
Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.
看起來(lái)二者已經(jīng)有對(duì)應(yīng)的可能性了：feeling 似乎只能和 sign對(duì)應(yīng)，而superiority 似能和above-average 對(duì)應(yīng)。但是稍加思考問(wèn)題就出現(xiàn)了：feeling 只是一種主觀感覺(jué)，而sign 是客觀跡象; 原文雖然出現(xiàn)了superiority, 但并未明確是intelligence方面的。而不能肯定也不代表可以否定，終答案是NOT GIVEN.
Q16. Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
除了Kant 以外，可以做關(guān)鍵詞幫助定位的還包括the controlled release和 nervous energy，
找到Kant 所在的位置Paragraph 2:
Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline.
若欲憑籍詞或詞組的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系來(lái)判斷正誤，這道題恐怕就會(huì)令人失望。脫離上下文，讀者是不會(huì)將controlled release 和safely punctured 聯(lián)系起來(lái)，也不會(huì)將nervous energy 和psychic tension視作等同，然而若根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容仔細(xì)理解關(guān)于humour 的過(guò)程就會(huì)洞悉上述2組短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容是一樣的，都是指'幽默的過(guò)程其實(shí)是將蓄積的神經(jīng)能量（心理緊張）在一定條件下得到釋放（safely punctured）'， 該題的答案為：TRUE.
因此，建議考生在備考過(guò)程中應(yīng)注意夯實(shí)自己的實(shí)力，提升綜合理解能力，才有望克服上述類(lèi)型的題目。
再看Passage 3的Q29 （Summary）:
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ______________.
題目中mathematicians 是一個(gè)的定位詞，因?yàn)樘羁账枰脑~是和它并列的，在原文中也至少不會(huì)相距很遠(yuǎn)。
原文： And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, …
文中沒(méi)有很順利地出現(xiàn)和'數(shù)學(xué)家'并列的詞，不過(guò)在接下來(lái)的句子中出現(xiàn)了：Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted.
一些同學(xué)看到終于出現(xiàn)了scientists, 就牽強(qiáng)地將其并列，忽略了科學(xué)家堅(jiān)持用Latin的原因是能夠precisely 地表達(dá)他們的idea. 而題目中的信息則不然，因?yàn)楹退⒘械倪@個(gè)職業(yè)的人必須是和mathematicians一樣，具有the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate的特點(diǎn)，所以，scientists 這個(gè)答案和原文內(nèi)容是有偏差的。
段落后一句道明了答案：Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.
引號(hào)內(nèi)的'insider language'成為前文中'keep their desire and proofs secret,'一句的代換。所以答案是doctors. 該題考察的是讀者細(xì)致嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拈喿x風(fēng)格，考生應(yīng)在備考中多做針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練。
上 篇
劍橋V系列真題的Test 2 無(wú)論從文章的核心話(huà)題還是題型方面來(lái)看都有一定難度，對(duì)于雅思考生尤其是初次參加考試的'烤鴨'們來(lái)講，無(wú)疑是一個(gè)不小的挑戰(zhàn)。三篇文章的主題分別涉及到'酚醛材料 BAKELITE', 關(guān)于大腦處理幽默的一系列機(jī)制的'What's so funny?'以及科技英語(yǔ)的誕生：“The Birth of Scientific English'，其中2篇文章都出現(xiàn)了有一定難度系數(shù)的summary 和Matching, 一個(gè)關(guān)于腦部結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的Labelling題以及多項(xiàng)選擇題，除2個(gè)表格填空題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單外，3篇文章都出現(xiàn)了中等難度的是非無(wú)判斷題T / F / NG. 下面專(zhuān)家將就考生普遍感到困惑的難點(diǎn)做一解析，希望對(duì)眾'烤鴨'們有所幫助。
Passage 1'BAKELITE'算得上是一篇有相當(dāng)難度的文章，無(wú)論就其本身的內(nèi)容，題型而言還是與后面2篇文章的難度對(duì)比而言，有鑒于此，一般會(huì)建議學(xué)員對(duì)3篇文章做一個(gè)全盤(pán)了解和統(tǒng)籌安排，將本文置于后來(lái)進(jìn)行，遵循由易到難的基本原則，把充裕的時(shí)間留給有把握的題，這樣才有利于大限度地優(yōu)化成績(jī)。
在Passage 1 的題型中出現(xiàn)了Summary 的填空題和凸顯定位難度的五選二的多選題，三個(gè)是非無(wú)判斷以及不太具備難度的流程圖填空題。
在第一篇文章的題目中具難度的Q9 & 10兩道五選二的多選題，題目為：
Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?
A. the function which the object would serve
B. the ease with which the resin could fill the mould
C. the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould
D. the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould
E. the fashionable styles of the period
要達(dá)成快速定位就需要首先在題干中找到關(guān)鍵詞，從全句的意思可知，influencing the design是核心意義，也是賴(lài)以定位的關(guān)鍵詞。
略讀選項(xiàng)，掌握每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的大意，劃出關(guān)鍵詞幫助記憶。
回到原文，用Scanning 的方式在原文中Paragraph 5的首句可以看到design: The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process.
由于該句是主題句（Topic Sentence），可知本段的核心是關(guān)于design的，細(xì)讀段落內(nèi)容，分別有2處講到了design:
1. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract.
2. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould.
兩句都毫無(wú)疑義地涉及到關(guān)于design 的要義，第1句中指不能導(dǎo)致'locked into the mould', 以至于不能extract, 正確理解這句話(huà)在澆鑄生產(chǎn)中的實(shí)際意義需要一點(diǎn)想象能力，這對(duì)于不了解澆鑄工藝的考生來(lái)說(shuō)是不大好理解的，所以在下文中給到了一些解釋?zhuān)?BR> A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces.
在了解到'一個(gè)普遍常規(guī)是物體應(yīng)該越朝向底部越尖細(xì)'的意義后，結(jié)合'以免被鎖在里面'，讀者方能理解它的實(shí)際意義，然后確定和C選項(xiàng)中'removed from the mould'這一信息相吻合。
第2句中'flow evenly and completely into the mould'在對(duì)前文理解的基礎(chǔ)上相對(duì)容易，不過(guò)在下文中也出現(xiàn)了補(bǔ)充解釋?zhuān)?BR> Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s.
在綜合理解上文的基礎(chǔ)上，可以獲知另一個(gè)待選的正確選項(xiàng)是B，因?yàn)锽選項(xiàng)中'the ease'和'fill the mould'的表述與上述信息一致。
上述過(guò)程帶給我們的啟示是平時(shí)要注意多積累，閱讀面要廣泛，盡可能涉獵不同領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容。
另外，筆者在執(zhí)教過(guò)程中還發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)于本篇文章的Summary 中的Question 1& 2做題的正確率不高，分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，主要原因還在于信息定位和綜合理解能力欠佳，下面具體說(shuō)明：
題目：Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Some plastic behave in a similar way to 1____________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. BAKELITE was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2____________ in origin, and thermosetting.
除了similar 及melt under heat 兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)可以幫助定位以外，作為主體的Some plastic 也不應(yīng)被忽略。原文中：
Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic （the result of chemical action on a natural substance）, and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil.
考生在找到Some plastics 定位后，在涵蓋了4行篇幅的文字中并未能如愿找到similar和 melt under heat的相關(guān)信息。這時(shí)缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和備考不足的考生可能會(huì)失去對(duì)定位準(zhǔn)確性的信心，另覓他處尋找答案；綜合理解能力較好或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的考生會(huì)意識(shí)到，既然此處已經(jīng)談及Some plastics的來(lái)源和特性，那么就有可能會(huì)在后面的內(nèi)容中涉及和它有類(lèi)似特性的某種物質(zhì)，而這種物質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)是melt under heat, 這意味著只要讀下去，甄別出來(lái)是容易的。
在接下來(lái)的句子中：Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped. 出現(xiàn)了題目中提及的特點(diǎn)：遇熱融化，由前文可發(fā)現(xiàn)，答案是candlewax.
該題本身難度是不大的，但考生臨場(chǎng)過(guò)于功利的心態(tài)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不切實(shí)際的急躁做法，希望一出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞就得到答案，從而人為增加了難度，教師在授課中應(yīng)適時(shí)地加以引導(dǎo)，教會(huì)學(xué)生客觀實(shí)際地看待類(lèi)似情況，不懼多讀上下文，才能使技巧走入良性循環(huán)的軌道。
Question 2: BAKELITE 具備的unique 的特點(diǎn)是極好的定位詞，加之first, entirely 以及thermosetting, 該題的定位并不比Q1麻煩。在緊接Q1的下一句中出現(xiàn)了：
Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
若能結(jié)合上下文背景，就不難理解上述句子中distinction 對(duì)應(yīng)于題目中出現(xiàn)的unique, 還出現(xiàn)了原詞重現(xiàn)的first, 而totally 對(duì)應(yīng)于題目的entirely, 根據(jù)題目中和thermosetting并列的要求，閱讀原文中對(duì)plastic 的并列修飾成分synthetic 和thermosetting, 可知答案是synthetic.
該題更多考察的是對(duì)句子的綜合理解能力，在單詞，短語(yǔ)和句型被代換的背景下，只有在對(duì)句子所表達(dá)的意義真正理解的前提下，才能辨別出隱藏其中的答案?？忌鷳?yīng)在洞悉技巧的同時(shí)，加強(qiáng)實(shí)力，才是明智之舉。
下 篇
在本套題的Passage 2中，同樣出現(xiàn)了幾處有一定難度的題目值得討論，現(xiàn)分述如下：
Q15 （T / F / NG）: Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.
以大寫(xiě)首字母的人名Plato做關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)幫助定位，我們會(huì)在原文第二段發(fā)現(xiàn)它的出處：
Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.
看起來(lái)二者已經(jīng)有對(duì)應(yīng)的可能性了：feeling 似乎只能和 sign對(duì)應(yīng)，而superiority 似能和above-average 對(duì)應(yīng)。但是稍加思考問(wèn)題就出現(xiàn)了：feeling 只是一種主觀感覺(jué)，而sign 是客觀跡象; 原文雖然出現(xiàn)了superiority, 但并未明確是intelligence方面的。而不能肯定也不代表可以否定，終答案是NOT GIVEN.
Q16. Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
除了Kant 以外，可以做關(guān)鍵詞幫助定位的還包括the controlled release和 nervous energy，
找到Kant 所在的位置Paragraph 2:
Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline.
若欲憑籍詞或詞組的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系來(lái)判斷正誤，這道題恐怕就會(huì)令人失望。脫離上下文，讀者是不會(huì)將controlled release 和safely punctured 聯(lián)系起來(lái)，也不會(huì)將nervous energy 和psychic tension視作等同，然而若根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容仔細(xì)理解關(guān)于humour 的過(guò)程就會(huì)洞悉上述2組短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容是一樣的，都是指'幽默的過(guò)程其實(shí)是將蓄積的神經(jīng)能量（心理緊張）在一定條件下得到釋放（safely punctured）'， 該題的答案為：TRUE.
因此，建議考生在備考過(guò)程中應(yīng)注意夯實(shí)自己的實(shí)力，提升綜合理解能力，才有望克服上述類(lèi)型的題目。
再看Passage 3的Q29 （Summary）:
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ______________.
題目中mathematicians 是一個(gè)的定位詞，因?yàn)樘羁账枰脑~是和它并列的，在原文中也至少不會(huì)相距很遠(yuǎn)。
原文： And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, …
文中沒(méi)有很順利地出現(xiàn)和'數(shù)學(xué)家'并列的詞，不過(guò)在接下來(lái)的句子中出現(xiàn)了：Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted.
一些同學(xué)看到終于出現(xiàn)了scientists, 就牽強(qiáng)地將其并列，忽略了科學(xué)家堅(jiān)持用Latin的原因是能夠precisely 地表達(dá)他們的idea. 而題目中的信息則不然，因?yàn)楹退⒘械倪@個(gè)職業(yè)的人必須是和mathematicians一樣，具有the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate的特點(diǎn)，所以，scientists 這個(gè)答案和原文內(nèi)容是有偏差的。
段落后一句道明了答案：Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.
引號(hào)內(nèi)的'insider language'成為前文中'keep their desire and proofs secret,'一句的代換。所以答案是doctors. 該題考察的是讀者細(xì)致嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拈喿x風(fēng)格，考生應(yīng)在備考中多做針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練。