中國學(xué)生英語寫作困境

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一說起英文寫作問題,中國學(xué)生就特別頭疼,也很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)得到有效和實(shí)質(zhì)上的提高。課堂上老師給予學(xué)生的,只能是模板性的框架結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)果弄得很多學(xué)生一寫作文就以相似的方式開頭。其實(shí)要提高應(yīng)試類寫作,除去特別的技巧,修煉內(nèi)功是關(guān)鍵。這個(gè)關(guān)鍵說到實(shí)處,就是兩個(gè)方面,中文思維和英文翻譯,如果一個(gè)學(xué)生在考試或是寫任何其想要寫的文章的時(shí)候,能夠合理而有邏輯地產(chǎn)生中文思維并且用較好的表達(dá)方式翻譯成英文,那么無論是什么應(yīng)試類寫作,都能夠克服恐懼的障礙,甚至取得高分。
    首先是中文思維。看到一個(gè)題目,不管是雅思,托福,賽達(dá)還是其他,一定會(huì)有對(duì)應(yīng)題目的寫作思路,這個(gè)思路,或者是整體框架,其實(shí)是很快就能把握的。議論文無非就是引入話題——展開分析——總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。在寫作過程中,學(xué)生一定是先形成中文的思路或是語言,然后再去翻譯。本文的重點(diǎn)不在如何練習(xí)和培養(yǎng)寫作思路和邏輯,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問題因人而異,每個(gè)人對(duì)待一個(gè)問題的思考深度和角度會(huì)相差很多,也不是老師在一朝一夕內(nèi)可以解決的。我們能做的,就是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生,讓他們用正確合理的語言,表達(dá)他們要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),前提是不要偏題。
    本文的重點(diǎn)在于在形成了一定的中文思路以后,如何把一篇平淡的文章寫得相對(duì)出色。這就涉及到翻譯的問題。在我看來,中國學(xué)生的寫作,初級(jí)階段都應(yīng)該是中文構(gòu)思加翻譯。翻譯是有技巧的,在寫作過程中,通常分為以下幾個(gè)方面:
    確立句子主干——結(jié)構(gòu)寫作法
    橫向多變性——句型
    縱向多變性——詞匯
    增加成分寫長句子——升級(jí)
    押韻
    確立句子主干
    在這里我提出結(jié)構(gòu)寫作的概念,也就是說一個(gè)長句子,無論字?jǐn)?shù)多少,一定只有一個(gè)骨干,即主謂賓,因此在寫作的時(shí)候,先在腦海里形成這樣的骨架是寫句子的基礎(chǔ),比如:英語作為全球語言是目前世界矚目的現(xiàn)象之一。 English, as a global language, is presently one of the most remarkable phenomena worldwide.這句話的主干是:英語是現(xiàn)象。對(duì)于大部分學(xué)生,很快就能夠?qū)懗觯篍nglish is a phenomenon.然后,工作就是增加成分。
    英語是目前世界矚目的現(xiàn)象之一。English is presently one of the most remarkable phenomena worldwide.后才是as……部分,這個(gè)部分不是句子的主體,因?yàn)樵谛纬删渥诱w框架的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該放在后考慮。
    再來看一個(gè)稍微難一點(diǎn)的例子2:
    當(dāng)老俞帶著低沉的調(diào)子和詭異的表情講出那個(gè)笑話的時(shí)候整個(gè)教室爆發(fā)出爆笑。
    這個(gè)句子的主干是“整個(gè)教室發(fā)出爆笑”:The whole class burst out laughing/broke into /burst into a great laughter當(dāng)什么時(shí)候?The whole class burst out laughing/broke into /burst into a great laughter when Laoluo uttered the story.怎么樣的?with his low tone and weird look關(guān)鍵是這個(gè)部分放在那里,第一種可以放在整個(gè)句子后面。更好的是:The whole class burst out laughing/broke into /burst into a great laughter when Laoyu, with his low tone and weird look, uttered the story.這樣的順序改變,增加了句子的頓挫感和平衡性。
    例3:當(dāng)城市化的腳步伴隨高樓林立工業(yè)擴(kuò)展進(jìn)入農(nóng)村,農(nóng)村的寧靜正在慢慢地被打破。
    首先句子主干是:農(nóng)村的寧靜正在慢慢被打破。The peace of the countryside is generally being broken當(dāng)什么時(shí)候?The peace of the countryside is generally being broken when the pace of the urbanization, When the pace of the urbanization spreads/expands/sprawls over into the regional area.怎樣的?with skyscrapers of all shapes set up and the industries of all sorts roaring up.于是這句話可以寫成:The peace of the countryside is generally being broken /when the pace of the urbanization, with skyscrapers of all shapes set up and the industries of all sorts roaring up, spreads / expands/sprawls over into the regional area.
    例4:武術(shù)被認(rèn)為是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的有魅力的代表之一,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)很簡單的原因,它總是激發(fā)了人們關(guān)于中國古代俠客刀光劍影的生活的想象。
    Kong-fu is frequently referred to be one of the most enchanting symbols of Chinese culture為什么?for the simple reason什么原因?激起江湖的想象:it intrigues/arouses the fantasy concerning the cowboy life of ancient times:什么江湖?50-foot vertical leaps, running on the wind, jumping from rooftop to rooftop as well as shooting electricity from their fingers, to name a few.
    橫向變換句型
    一個(gè)句子可以有多種表達(dá),因此在練習(xí)和考試的時(shí)候,我們應(yīng)該選擇好的表達(dá)方式。橫向變換就是改變句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
    比如,上海位于中國東南沿海,是中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的領(lǐng)頭羊。 Bellwether
    這句話分別有十種以上的表達(dá):
    Shanghai is located in the east of China and is the leader/ bellwether of the national economy. ? Shanghai is located in the east of China, which is the leader of the national economy. ? Shanghai, located in the east of China, is the leader of the national economy. ? Located in east of China, Shanghai is the leader of the national economy. ? In the east of China is located Shanghai, the leader of the national economy. ? It's in the east of China that is located Shanghai, the leader of the national economy. ? It is Shanghai, the leader of the national economy, that is located in the east of China.
    上述的語法,無非涉及定語從句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,同位語,分詞伴隨,很多同學(xué)懂得這些,卻很少把它們用到寫作中去。
    縱向變換單詞
    縱向變換就是變換句子中可以變換的單詞,用高級(jí)的方式呈現(xiàn),比如:
    Be located可以由以下幾個(gè)詞替換:Stand/sit/nest/lie/is situated/ perch棲息
    其中,nest/perch體現(xiàn)了畫面感,于是要講到在寫作中不是越復(fù)雜高級(jí)的詞語越好,用一些簡單的詞也能表達(dá)很有形象的畫面,這些詞多數(shù)會(huì)是名詞,因?yàn)樗鼈兊漠嬅娓?,比如?BR>    Dragon over 盤亙Crane for 好奇wolf over 狼吞虎咽Snake along 蜿蜒
    寫長句
    中國學(xué)生的句子總是很短,逗號(hào)巨多。如何表達(dá)一個(gè)清晰干凈的長句子其實(shí)是建立在中文內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上的,如果用中文想不出要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容等于白搭。通常寫長句是建立在主干基礎(chǔ)上的,一個(gè)句子只有一個(gè)S V O 在成分之間增加內(nèi)容是寫長句的方式:
    S 1 2V Q3
    一般情況下,在主語和賓語后面,都可以增加的成分就是同位語,分詞和定語從句來修飾名詞,在1和3后面。
    University education, one of the most important periods in our growth, offers us a wealth of knowledge. Advertisement, (which is) regarded to be one of the most indispensable communication channels in the 21st century, can bring us a great deal of useful information.
    2的位置可以放入插入語,通常的插入語有很多,主要集中在:
    程度類:To a large extent/to some extent轉(zhuǎn)這類: however關(guān)系類:directly or indirectly
    在加入成分后我們把上面的例句改寫如下:
    Shanghai, located in the east of China, is the leader/driving force of the national economy,which has, to a large extent, made great contributions to the prosperity of China…….
    如果還有想寫的,可以在定語從句中增加內(nèi)容
    Shanghai, located in the east of China, is the leader/driving force of the national economy,which has, to a large extent, made great contributions to the prosperity of China and build up the national strength in this competitive world.
    押韻
    對(duì)于高級(jí)學(xué)生,在掌握大量詞匯和對(duì)英文特別有感覺的基礎(chǔ)上,可以選擇押韻的詞語。
    Located in the east of China, Shanghai, an exterior knight and interior poet, is the leader of economic development of China.外表的武士,內(nèi)心的文人。
    He is a man who always talks the talk but never walks the walk.言行不一。
    Smile a smile Dream a little dream Whiter than white A little more than kin, and less than kind.——Helmet Act1 Scene 2不親不淡的關(guān)系。
    Measure for measure一報(bào)還一報(bào)。
    All's Well That Ends Well皆大歡喜。
    Love's Labour's Lost空愛一場。
    Forever love is, no matter lover leaves.兩情若是久長時(shí)又豈在朝朝暮暮。
    不管是什么考試,只要形成一定的中文思維,學(xué)生們只要掌握如何翻譯的技巧就基本可以把自己內(nèi)心的話寫出來。因此去背模板和范文根本不是長久之計(jì),就算以后出國寫論文也沒有自己的想法。所以要提高寫作,同學(xué)們只能從理解如何把一個(gè)中文句子正確的,合理的,并且嘗試用更好的表達(dá)方式寫出來開始,慢慢鍛煉自己的翻譯能力,確立主干,橫向和縱向選擇好的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯,充實(shí)內(nèi)容,如果可能選擇押韻的詞語。長期練習(xí),不但對(duì)應(yīng)試寫作有很大幫助,也能鍛煉自己的綜合寫作能力。