上篇背景知識(shí)我們主要是總結(jié)整理了考生的回憶內(nèi)容，把文章的大致結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容架構(gòu)出來(lái)了，因此在中篇和下篇中，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家將重點(diǎn)放到一些相似的英語(yǔ)背景材料分析上，仔細(xì)來(lái)看看是通過(guò)怎樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)了解鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)學(xué)習(xí)唱歌這個(gè)過(guò)程的。
BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION
Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs.
Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated.
Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鳥(niǎo)
Oscine：鳴禽類(lèi)的，鳴禽類(lèi)的鳥(niǎo)
Instinctual：本能的
Principles：原則
Imitate：模仿，效仿
exposed to：曝露于，公開(kāi)揭露
bits and pieces：曲子的部分調(diào)子或小節(jié)
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是在第二段和第三段，告訴我們鳴禽類(lèi)唱歌是一種本能，但是如何去學(xué)會(huì)唱歌的是實(shí)驗(yàn)所要研究的問(wèn)題。雖然每種不同的鳴禽有不同的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，但是有一些基本的原則是相同的，例如大部分的鳥(niǎo)都是在出生的前幾個(gè)月學(xué)習(xí)唱歌。另外一個(gè)要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題就是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)是不是準(zhǔn)確地模仿到了自己所聽(tīng)到的歌聲。
The Basic Features of Song Learning
Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period.
When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs.
In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
song sparrows: 北美歌雀
broods：窩
aviary：鳥(niǎo)舍
subject：實(shí)驗(yàn)的對(duì)象
adjacent to：與…連接的
rotated：旋轉(zhuǎn)的
repertoires：整段樂(lè)曲
correspond with：相符合，相一致
exclusively：專(zhuān)門(mén)的，排外的
isolation：孤立，隔離
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
這是介紹了一種類(lèi)型的實(shí)驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)一是對(duì)9只剛出生的北美歌雀統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行的，另外一種實(shí)驗(yàn)是以實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象分組進(jìn)行的。
統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)如下：
實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象：9只剛出生的北美歌雀
實(shí)驗(yàn)材料：4只成年的北美歌雀
實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程：讓9只小鳥(niǎo)由人撫養(yǎng)一個(gè)月之后放入到實(shí)驗(yàn)籠中，而在其另一邊放上有4只成年鳥(niǎo)的籠子。幼鳥(niǎo)能輪流看到其中一只成年鳥(niǎo)，但是可以聽(tīng)到所有成年鳥(niǎo)的叫聲。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：平均每只鳥(niǎo)會(huì)有7種類(lèi)別的歌聲，9只中有8只都學(xué)到了2種或者2種以上的成年鳥(niǎo)的叫聲。
分組實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)如下：
分類(lèi)：看的到成年鳥(niǎo) 隔離撫養(yǎng)
歌聲：模仿，完整的片段，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜 單一，雷同，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單
Sensitive Learning Period
There seems to be a specific time period in which songbirds learn their songs. This “sensitive phase” is “when an individual hears and is thought to acquire song models” （Peters et al. 1992）. Most species learn their songs as juveniles. This learning period lasts from around ten to sixty days of age. This learning period corresponds very closely with the age at which baby birds are in a rehabilitators care. The songs that they are exposed to during this time period are what they will learn from and start singing once they mature. Songbirds do not start to sing until the next spring, once they are around three hundred days old. Once they start to sing, they only imitate songs that they heard during their early sensitive phase. Just a few passerines, such as the European Starling, “are capable of learning songs later in life”.
There is some controversy as to whether live tutoring leads to a longer sensitive phase than does tape tutoring. However, recent experiments show that there is little to support this view.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
Specific：特定的，特有的
Acquire： 獲得，得到，養(yǎng)成
Mature：成熟，長(zhǎng)成
European Starling：歐椋鳥(niǎo)
Controversy：爭(zhēng)論，論戰(zhàn)
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)學(xué)習(xí)唱歌基本上會(huì)有一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間段——“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”，在這個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)，一般是出生10到60天左右。在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)聽(tīng)到或者學(xué)習(xí)到的歌聲，會(huì)在小鳥(niǎo)成熟后開(kāi)始唱歌后體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，一開(kāi)始唱出的內(nèi)容就僅僅是模仿在“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容。但是有一種歐椋鳥(niǎo)卻是可以在成年以后也能繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)唱歌的。
有一個(gè)爭(zhēng)論是認(rèn)為聽(tīng)成年鳥(niǎo)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)歌聲學(xué)習(xí)的幼鳥(niǎo)的“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”要比聽(tīng)錄音學(xué)習(xí)的幼鳥(niǎo)的“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”長(zhǎng)，不過(guò)這并沒(méi)有實(shí)驗(yàn)支持。
BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION
Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs.
Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated.
Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鳥(niǎo)
Oscine：鳴禽類(lèi)的，鳴禽類(lèi)的鳥(niǎo)
Instinctual：本能的
Principles：原則
Imitate：模仿，效仿
exposed to：曝露于，公開(kāi)揭露
bits and pieces：曲子的部分調(diào)子或小節(jié)
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是在第二段和第三段，告訴我們鳴禽類(lèi)唱歌是一種本能，但是如何去學(xué)會(huì)唱歌的是實(shí)驗(yàn)所要研究的問(wèn)題。雖然每種不同的鳴禽有不同的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，但是有一些基本的原則是相同的，例如大部分的鳥(niǎo)都是在出生的前幾個(gè)月學(xué)習(xí)唱歌。另外一個(gè)要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題就是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)是不是準(zhǔn)確地模仿到了自己所聽(tīng)到的歌聲。
The Basic Features of Song Learning
Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period.
When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs.
In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
song sparrows: 北美歌雀
broods：窩
aviary：鳥(niǎo)舍
subject：實(shí)驗(yàn)的對(duì)象
adjacent to：與…連接的
rotated：旋轉(zhuǎn)的
repertoires：整段樂(lè)曲
correspond with：相符合，相一致
exclusively：專(zhuān)門(mén)的，排外的
isolation：孤立，隔離
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
這是介紹了一種類(lèi)型的實(shí)驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)一是對(duì)9只剛出生的北美歌雀統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行的，另外一種實(shí)驗(yàn)是以實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象分組進(jìn)行的。
統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)如下：
實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象：9只剛出生的北美歌雀
實(shí)驗(yàn)材料：4只成年的北美歌雀
實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程：讓9只小鳥(niǎo)由人撫養(yǎng)一個(gè)月之后放入到實(shí)驗(yàn)籠中，而在其另一邊放上有4只成年鳥(niǎo)的籠子。幼鳥(niǎo)能輪流看到其中一只成年鳥(niǎo)，但是可以聽(tīng)到所有成年鳥(niǎo)的叫聲。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：平均每只鳥(niǎo)會(huì)有7種類(lèi)別的歌聲，9只中有8只都學(xué)到了2種或者2種以上的成年鳥(niǎo)的叫聲。
分組實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)如下：
分類(lèi)：看的到成年鳥(niǎo) 隔離撫養(yǎng)
歌聲：模仿，完整的片段，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜 單一，雷同，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單
Sensitive Learning Period
There seems to be a specific time period in which songbirds learn their songs. This “sensitive phase” is “when an individual hears and is thought to acquire song models” （Peters et al. 1992）. Most species learn their songs as juveniles. This learning period lasts from around ten to sixty days of age. This learning period corresponds very closely with the age at which baby birds are in a rehabilitators care. The songs that they are exposed to during this time period are what they will learn from and start singing once they mature. Songbirds do not start to sing until the next spring, once they are around three hundred days old. Once they start to sing, they only imitate songs that they heard during their early sensitive phase. Just a few passerines, such as the European Starling, “are capable of learning songs later in life”.
There is some controversy as to whether live tutoring leads to a longer sensitive phase than does tape tutoring. However, recent experiments show that there is little to support this view.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
Specific：特定的，特有的
Acquire： 獲得，得到，養(yǎng)成
Mature：成熟，長(zhǎng)成
European Starling：歐椋鳥(niǎo)
Controversy：爭(zhēng)論，論戰(zhàn)
點(diǎn)撥迷津：
鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)學(xué)習(xí)唱歌基本上會(huì)有一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間段——“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”，在這個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)，一般是出生10到60天左右。在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)聽(tīng)到或者學(xué)習(xí)到的歌聲，會(huì)在小鳥(niǎo)成熟后開(kāi)始唱歌后體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，一開(kāi)始唱出的內(nèi)容就僅僅是模仿在“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容。但是有一種歐椋鳥(niǎo)卻是可以在成年以后也能繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)唱歌的。
有一個(gè)爭(zhēng)論是認(rèn)為聽(tīng)成年鳥(niǎo)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)歌聲學(xué)習(xí)的幼鳥(niǎo)的“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”要比聽(tīng)錄音學(xué)習(xí)的幼鳥(niǎo)的“敏感學(xué)習(xí)期”長(zhǎng)，不過(guò)這并沒(méi)有實(shí)驗(yàn)支持。