全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)沖刺試題Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS CandidatesModel Test 1
畢金獻(xiàn)命制 版權(quán)所有侵權(quán)必究
考生注意事項(xiàng)
■ 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場(chǎng)規(guī)則。
■ 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報(bào)考單位”、“考生編號(hào)”等信息。
■ 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動(dòng)，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用（藍(lán)）黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
■ 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
■ 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照新考綱的要求編寫，針對(duì)性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
■ 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測(cè)，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對(duì)答案，自己評(píng)分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時(shí)間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語(yǔ)沖刺試題1
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the earth is finite, 1 absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different 2. Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; 3 the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4 must cause it to become less available for other uses.
The cost of a product 5 money may not measure its true cost 6 society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the 7 of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a 8. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the 9 of an opportunity to produce something else. In 10 how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the 11 of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.
In a market 12 the price of a good and the quantity 13 depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, 14, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism 15 this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other 16 used up in producing them. But the price of these 17, in turn, depends on what they can produce 18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are 19 highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up 20.
1. \[A\] composing \[B\] imposing \[C\] exposing \[D\] disposing
2. \[A\] uses \[B\] ways \[C\] areas \[D\] forms
3. \[A\] since \[B\] unless \[C\] as \[D\] if
4. \[A\] plant \[B\] firm \[C\] process \[D\] procedure
5. \[A\] in regard to \[B\] in terms of \[C\] in view of \[D\] in relation to
6. \[A\] to \[B\] in \[C\] on \[D\] of
7. \[A\] charge \[B\] expense \[C\] price \[D\] value
8. \[A\] product \[B\] purpose \[C\] result \[D\] rule
9. \[A\] diminishing \[B\] abandoning \[C\] discarding \[D\] substituting
10. \[A\] deciding \[B\] assessing \[C\] predicting \[D\] projecting
11. \[A\] wants \[B\] desires \[C\] premises \[D\] facilities
12. \[A\] state \[B\] system \[C\] condition \[D\] economy
13. \[A\] presented \[B\] delivered \[C\] supplied \[D\] forwarded
14. \[A\] accordingly \[B\] ultimately \[C\] consequently \[D\] practically
15. \[A\] formulates \[B\] regulates \[C\] enhances \[D\] enforces
16. \[A\] components \[B\] substances \[C\] elements \[D\] materials
17. \[A\] outputs \[B\] inputs \[C\] goods \[D\] articles
18. \[A\] anyway \[B\] somehow \[C\] somewhere \[D\] elsewhere
19. \[A\] appraised \[B\] appealed \[C\] approved \[D\] approached
20. \[A\] passionately \[B\] unanimously \[C\] spontaneously \[D\] correspondingly
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Can computer reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of errorfree logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recent research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.
One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the systems design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactors design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist “expert systems” that are specialpurpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be duplicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas, which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.21. The author suggests in Par.1 that humans are
\[A\] liable to irrational thinking.\[B\] apt to err in simple counting.
\[C\] prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\] subject to unwitting reasoning.
22. The way AURA works in is to
\[A\] explore the faults in designing.\[B\] discover the bugs in a program.
\[C\] state against the set suppositions.\[D\] make assumptions by reasoning.
23. All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT
\[A\] electronic engineering.\[B\] detection of fossil fuels.
\[C\] identification of diseases.\[D\] complicated mental logic.
24. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT
\[A\] they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\] they are featured by selfanalysis.
\[C\] they may be enriched in contents.\[D\] they are reproduced almost free.
25. The best title for the text seems to be
\[A\] Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\] Suggested Applications for AURA.
\[C\] The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\] Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.
Text2
Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.
Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “l(fā)inguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Englishlanguage teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.
Mr.Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for Englishlanguage teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.
It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.
Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”
“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”
The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.
Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“Englishlanguage students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multilingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”
The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multilingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be
［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.
［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.
［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.
［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.
27. According to the text,“l(fā)inguistic globalization” will
［A］ eliminate French from the globe.
［B］ defeat other European languages.
［C］ fail all languages except English.
［D］ make English the biggest winner.
28. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will
［A］ terminate within half a century.
［B］ climax in the middle of the century.
［C］ endure for no less than five decades.
［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.
29. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ the educational condition and policy.
［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.
［C］ the statistics about population.
［D］ the movements of overseas students.
30. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to
［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.
［B］ lead to the drop of interest in English study.
［C］ account for the further spread of English.
［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.
Text3
In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purists definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sectors performance as producer.
Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.
Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.
This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.
One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.
The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.
Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists
\[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private.
\[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization.
\[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations.
\[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise.
32. Since 1980s, there has been
\[A\] broad international support for privatization.
\[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.
\[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.
\[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..
33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of
\[A\] attaining political stability.
\[B\] making major policy shifts.
\[C\] upgrading basic urban economy.
\[D\] enhancing production efficiency.
34. The authors appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries
\[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital.
\[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.
\[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.
\[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.
35. The authors primary intention is to
\[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.
\[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.
\[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.
\[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.
Text4
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the lowincome family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.
The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners socialeconomic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfarerelated instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36. The text is written with the aim of
\[A\] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
\[B\] discussing the fathers role in the family.
\[C\] advocating reforms in the welfare system.
\[D\] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.
37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is
\[A\] liable for most divorces.\[B\] on the verge of collapse.
\[C\] to become obsolete.\[D\] unjust to the needy.
38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on
\[A\] the steady income of the couple.
\[B\] the balance of both sides property.
\[C\] the difference in spousal contributions.
\[D\] the benefits from government subsidies.
39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT
\[A\] the expenditure of child support.
\[B\] the loss of property upon divorce.
\[C\] the greater consumption of married people.
\[D\] the welfare provision for divorced women.
40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
\[A\] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.
\[B\] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.
\[C\] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.
\[D\] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) make your comments and suggestions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing
［解析］ 由所給出的選項(xiàng)可知，此處需一現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于次要謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明“地球表面有限”與“絕對(duì)資源短缺”的關(guān)系。據(jù)此判斷，［B］“強(qiáng)加（帶來(lái)，造成）”表明這種“絕對(duì)短缺”是一種自然狀況，是我們無(wú)法改變的，用在此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“組／構(gòu)成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；處理”，四個(gè)詞的詞根相同，詞義各異，形成雙重干擾。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses
［解析］ 僅從與介詞“in”的搭配上看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可用，但據(jù)其下文看，涉及的都是資源的應(yīng)用問(wèn)題，故此題答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫屬。
［B］“方法／式”，［C］“領(lǐng)域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] if
［解析］ 上句說(shuō)明了“相對(duì)資源短缺”的一個(gè)意義。此句則解釋它的另一意義：投入資源的數(shù)量是有限的，它用于制造某種產(chǎn)品上的數(shù)量增加，必然導(dǎo)致在其他應(yīng)用上的減少。由此判斷，［D］“如果”表示一般條件，為正確答案。
［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因?yàn)椤?，皆不合句意邏輯?BR> 4. ［答案］ \[C\] process
［解析］ 由上題的分析可知，此題答案應(yīng)是［C］“過(guò)程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生產(chǎn)某物的過(guò)程”。
［A］“工廠”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不適用。
5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of
［解析］ 據(jù)句意判斷，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的選項(xiàng)。介詞短語(yǔ)“in terms of money”修飾“the cost of a product”,意為“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本。”
［A］“關(guān)／至于”，［C］“鑒／由于”，［D］“關(guān)系到”，均不可取。
6. ［答案］ \[A\] to
［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意為“……的費(fèi)用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意為“……所付出的費(fèi)用／代價(jià)”。依句意此處自然應(yīng)選［A］。此句句意：“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本不能表明社會(huì)付出的實(shí)際代價(jià)。”下句以實(shí)例對(duì)此作了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
7. ［答案］ \[D\] value
［解析］ 此空處于表語(yǔ)地位，應(yīng)與其主語(yǔ)“the true cost”相呼應(yīng)，故答案非［D］“價(jià)值；（公平的）代價(jià)”莫屬。
［A］“要價(jià)；收費(fèi)”，［B］“花費(fèi)；開(kāi)支”，［C］“價(jià)格／錢”，皆不適用。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] result
［解析］ 將各選項(xiàng)分別代入句中：［A］“as a product”（作為一種產(chǎn)品），［B］“as a purpose”(作為一種用途)，［C］“as a result”(作為結(jié)果；因此)，［D］“as a rule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速噴氣式飛機(jī)的實(shí)際成本，就是因此而不能建造許多學(xué)校和冰箱的代價(jià)。”
9. ［答案］ \[B\] abandoning
［解析］ 此題的前一句指出，“每項(xiàng)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)都消耗掉一部分社會(huì)可用資源”，這意味著什么呢？［B］“不得不放／舍棄”用于此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“減少”，［C］“丟／拋棄”，［D］“替／取代”均不合句意。
10. ［答案］ \[A\] deciding
［解析］ 根據(jù)上一句的論斷，此句提出建議，故［A］“對(duì)……作出抉擇”為順理成章的答案。
［B］“評(píng)價(jià)”，［C］“預(yù)測(cè)”，［D］“規(guī)劃”，均不恰當(dāng)。
11. ［答案］ \[A\] wants
［解析］ 動(dòng)詞satisfy常與needs, demand, wants 等詞連用，故［A］“需要（之物）”為當(dāng)然之選。
［B］“愿望”，［C］“前提”，［D］“設(shè)施”，皆不可取。
12. ［答案］ \[D\] economy
［解析］ “market economy”(市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì))是常用搭配，而economy 又有“（就經(jīng)濟(jì)體制而言的）國(guó)家”，“經(jīng)濟(jì)制度”之意，因而［A］“國(guó)家”，［B］“制度”均可排除；［C］“狀況”不合句意，故［D］是答案。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] supplied
［解析］ 此空所需的分詞修飾“the quantity”（數(shù)量），選項(xiàng)中只有［C］“供應(yīng)（生產(chǎn)）”恰當(dāng)。
［A］“提交”，［B］“運(yùn)送；交付”，［D］“發(fā)送”，均不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] ultimately
［解析］ 由句意判斷，此處的“the cost”顯然不同于上句末的“the cost of making it”，而是指其后果造成的代價(jià)，故［B］“終；終極”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“因此”，［C］“因此；所以”，［D］“實(shí)際上”，均不能入選。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] enforces
［解析］ 此段第1句闡明了在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下商品的制造成本與社會(huì)成本之間的連帶關(guān)系。由此可見(jiàn)，這種關(guān)系是市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的突出特點(diǎn)。故［D］“加強(qiáng)；強(qiáng)調(diào)”用于此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“制定；用公式表示”，［B］“控制；調(diào)整”，［C］“提高，增加”，均不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[C\] elements
［解析］ 由“other”可知，此處所需之詞不僅指制做皮鞋所需的各種材料，還應(yīng)包括投入的人工、時(shí)間等。故［C］“成分，要素”具概括性。
［A］“構(gòu)成部分；部件”，［B］“物質(zhì)／品”，［D］“材料”，均嫌片面。
17. ［答案］ \[B\] inputs
［解析］ 與上題類似，此處同樣需要一個(gè)能概括各種要素的詞，故［B］“投入”為答案。
［A］“產(chǎn)出”，［C］“商品”，［D］“物品”，均與句意相悖。
18. ［答案］ \[D\] elsewhere
［解析］ 據(jù)句意判斷，只有［D］“在別處”，意指生產(chǎn)其他商品，符合邏輯。破折號(hào)后的句子對(duì)此做了具體說(shuō)明。
［A］“無(wú)論如何”，［B］“以某種方式”，［C］“在某處”，均不適用。
19. ［答案］ \[A\] appraised
［解析］ 由后面主句中的“will be bid up”(會(huì)被抬高)判斷，此處用［A］“評(píng)／估價(jià)”恰當(dāng)。［B］“有吸引力”，非及物動(dòng)詞不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，［C］“贊成”，［D］“處理；對(duì)付”，皆不合句意。
20. ［答案］ \[D\] correspondingly
［解析］ 根據(jù)“if”從句的句意，此處選用［D］“相應(yīng)地”合邏輯。
［A］“熱誠(chéng)地”，［B］“一致地”，［C］“自發(fā)地”，皆不合句意邏輯。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］ 第1段第2句指出，人們常犯錯(cuò)誤，這里指的不是因粗心而將兩數(shù)字加錯(cuò)或因遺忘而發(fā)生的簡(jiǎn)單錯(cuò)誤，而是指邏輯性錯(cuò)誤，即由不正確的推理產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤。據(jù)此判斷，A項(xiàng)“易于進(jìn)行不合邏輯的思考”為句意的合理推論。
B項(xiàng)“容易犯簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤”，C項(xiàng)“易于出現(xiàn)記憶功能障礙”，D項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常發(fā)生無(wú)意的推理”，皆與句意相悖。
22. C［解析］ 關(guān)于AURA的工作方式，第2、3段做了介紹：AURA用復(fù)雜技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)矛盾的辦法解決各種問(wèn)題。例如：核反應(yīng)堆的安全系統(tǒng)設(shè)定，當(dāng)其器械發(fā)生故障時(shí)立即關(guān)閉該反應(yīng)堆，AURA對(duì)它檢測(cè)時(shí)發(fā)出在這些情況下該系統(tǒng)不關(guān)閉反應(yīng)堆的指令。如果AURA發(fā)現(xiàn)它的指令與該系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定相矛盾，這就證明該反應(yīng)堆的設(shè)計(jì)在這方面是符合要求的。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“發(fā)出與設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定相反的指令”與句意一致。
A項(xiàng)“探查設(shè)計(jì)上的缺陷”，B項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)程序中的錯(cuò)誤”，D項(xiàng)“通過(guò)推論做出假定”，均與句意相左。
23. D［解析］ AURA的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域見(jiàn)于第4段：AURA目前主要用于電子線路設(shè)計(jì)的正確性檢測(cè)。將來(lái)還有許多其他用途，如醫(yī)療診斷的“專家系統(tǒng)”，預(yù)測(cè)鉆探石油場(chǎng)地的專家程序等。由此判斷，D項(xiàng)“復(fù)雜的思想邏輯”文中未提，為所需答案。
A項(xiàng)“電子工程”，B項(xiàng)“探測(cè)礦物燃料”，C項(xiàng)“診斷疾病”，文中均提到，應(yīng)排除。
24. B［解析］ 專家程序的“advantages”亦見(jiàn)于第4段：現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療診斷“專家系統(tǒng)”可不斷改進(jìn)，可無(wú)限期地使用，可極廉價(jià)地復(fù)制；鉆探石油的專家程序也可無(wú)限次地復(fù)制。由此可知，B項(xiàng)“它們的特點(diǎn)是能自我分析”，文中未見(jiàn)，為應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“它們可無(wú)限地復(fù)制”，C項(xiàng)“它們的內(nèi)容可不斷充實(shí)”，D項(xiàng)“它們幾乎可免費(fèi)復(fù)制”，均在文中提到，可以排除。
25. D［解析］ 文章的“title”必須體現(xiàn)它的主旨。此文主旨是介紹名為AURA（自動(dòng)推理助手）的計(jì)算機(jī)程序，它以各種推理方式得出正確無(wú)誤的結(jié)論，幫助人類檢測(cè)各種設(shè)計(jì)和程序是否存在缺陷，從而避免許多錯(cuò)誤。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)“人類推理的計(jì)算機(jī)助手”符合此文主旨。
A項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)的實(shí)際用途”，B項(xiàng)“AURA的推薦應(yīng)用”，C項(xiàng)“AURA的完美技術(shù)”，皆不體現(xiàn)此文主旨。
26. C［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文是對(duì)一篇題為The Future of English的研究報(bào)告的介紹，該報(bào)告對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)在世界范圍的發(fā)展做了預(yù)估。據(jù)題干中的“in a decade”可知，此題答案應(yīng)在第一段。該段第2句說(shuō)，今后10年中將有20億人學(xué)英語(yǔ)，30億人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。我們知道，目前世界人口有60億，50億占其中83%。由此可知，C項(xiàng)中的“over 80%”與此相符，其中popular with意為well liked by people（受人們喜愛(ài)的/接受的）涵蓋了learn 和speak,為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)的200 million（2億）與Two billion （20億）相差10倍。B項(xiàng)的global（全球的）未免過(guò)分。D項(xiàng)的master（learn or understand sth. completely精通；掌握）并非一般的learn 或speak所能達(dá)到的。故皆不可取。
27. D［解析］ 題干中的“l(fā)inguistic globalization”（語(yǔ)言全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)）出自第2段第1句。該句說(shuō)，“其他語(yǔ)言，例如法語(yǔ)，有成為‘語(yǔ)言全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)’犧牲品的危險(xiǎn)”。文章末段又說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)并非是惟一廣泛傳播的語(yǔ)言。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)說(shuō)法為妥當(dāng)。其余3項(xiàng)皆與文意不符。
28. A［解析］ 題干中的thriving period相當(dāng)于第2段第2句中的boom（風(fēng)靡期）。請(qǐng)注意介詞“by+時(shí)間名詞”意為not later than;before（不遲于；在……之前）。據(jù)此，只有A項(xiàng)與“by 2050”意思相符。其余3項(xiàng)皆超出了此意。
29. B［解析］ 題干中的factored sth. in(=included sth. in把……因素包括在內(nèi)）出現(xiàn)在第4段末，答案必在該段。該段第1句說(shuō)，此報(bào)告是compiled by looking at various estimates from the Unesco on…(在仔細(xì)核查了聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織對(duì)……提出的各種估計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)上編寫的)，并未提到B項(xiàng)中的directions（提示）和designs(計(jì)劃)，故B項(xiàng)應(yīng)屬EXCEPT之列。
A、C、D三項(xiàng)皆可在該段找到根據(jù)，其中C項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于文中的demographic projections(人口統(tǒng)計(jì)預(yù)測(cè))。
30. C［解析］ 題干中outsourcing（外購(gòu)/包）一詞出現(xiàn)在第6、7兩段。第6段說(shuō)，……由于外包合同有利可圖，一些有包工競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)家，從幼兒園開(kāi)始就大力推行英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。第7段則進(jìn)一步說(shuō)，外購(gòu)所提供的潛在財(cái)源使得馬來(lái)西亞中學(xué)里的數(shù)學(xué)和理科課程都在用英語(yǔ)教授。據(jù)此，只有C項(xiàng)體現(xiàn)了此意。
A項(xiàng)的English subjects 意為“英語(yǔ)科目”。B項(xiàng)與文意相悖。D項(xiàng)的transition（轉(zhuǎn)變）與文意不符，文中只說(shuō)有更多的大學(xué)選擇用英語(yǔ)授課。
31. D［解析］題干中economic purists(純粹派／傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)出現(xiàn)在第1段第2句。該句指出，近年來(lái)政府已擴(kuò)大了所提供商品的種類，其中許多品種不符合傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)“公用商品”的定義。據(jù)此推斷，選項(xiàng)D“對(duì)公用商品有嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)明”符合句意。
A項(xiàng) “反對(duì)將商品由公用變?yōu)樗接谩?，B項(xiàng)“支持重大的私有化改革”，C項(xiàng)“只贊成發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的私有化”，均不合句意。
32. A［解析］ 題干中since 1980s表明此題考查對(duì)第2段末句或第3段的理解。第2段末句表明，美國(guó)自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)進(jìn)行了更大規(guī)模的私有化，而D項(xiàng)“美國(guó)大限度依賴私有資本”與句意不符，應(yīng)予排除。第3段第1句說(shuō)，與此潮流同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的是國(guó)際雙邊援助機(jī)構(gòu)大力支持發(fā)展中國(guó)家更依靠私有經(jīng)濟(jì)。據(jù)此，A項(xiàng)“國(guó)際上對(duì)私有化的廣泛支持”為可取答案。
B項(xiàng)“窮國(guó)私有化的大量證據(jù)”，C項(xiàng)“援助機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)私有化的支持”，未說(shuō)明donor agencies的性質(zhì)，均與文意不符。
33. D［解析］題干中“The authorities of...”相當(dāng)于第4段第4句中“policy makers in...”，表明了此題的考點(diǎn)所在。選項(xiàng)D“提高生產(chǎn)效率”，相當(dāng)于該句的（do not...） increase efficiency of providing goods （提高供應(yīng)商品的效率），為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)“達(dá)成政治穩(wěn)定”，B項(xiàng)“做出重大政策轉(zhuǎn)變”，C項(xiàng)“提高基礎(chǔ)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)”，均不合句意。
34. B［解析］ 題干中的Honduras(洪都拉斯，位于中美洲北部)表明此題針對(duì)的是第5、6段。第5段介紹了該國(guó)“contracting out”（承包出去）的工程項(xiàng)目。作者的appraisal 在第6段：這種“外包”并未達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，因?yàn)闄C(jī)構(gòu)障礙和市場(chǎng)的有限競(jìng)爭(zhēng)阻礙了私人承包者提高質(zhì)量，而不能降低工程建設(shè)所需的時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)體制尚有許多待改進(jìn)之處”是恰當(dāng)選項(xiàng)。
A項(xiàng)“直接管理服務(wù)業(yè)需要更多資金”，C項(xiàng)“私有化在政治上不適合他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)”，D項(xiàng)“所需要的是新設(shè)施而非‘外包工程’”，皆無(wú)依據(jù)。
35. A［解析］題干中凡有primary intention/purpose/aim, intends to, aims at 或be intended/aimed to 等詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，都是概括題，要根據(jù)全文的主旨大意進(jìn)行判斷。此文以主要篇幅討論了發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化中的一些問(wèn)題。因此，選項(xiàng)A“概述發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化的主要障礙”是恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?BR> B項(xiàng)“為經(jīng)濟(jì)政策未來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)變方式提供解決方案”，C項(xiàng)“論證第三世界應(yīng)側(cè)重依靠私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門”，D項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明第三世界國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化的必要條件”，皆與文意不符。
36. A［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文針對(duì)許多批評(píng)家對(duì)當(dāng)前的福利制度導(dǎo)致家庭不穩(wěn)定的指責(zé)，分析了產(chǎn)生這種情況的原因，并得出了與批評(píng)者相反的結(jié)論。因此，A項(xiàng)“分析一種現(xiàn)象的原因”正是此文的目的。
B項(xiàng)“討論父親在家庭中的作用”，C項(xiàng)“支持福利制度的改革”，D項(xiàng)“批評(píng)對(duì)福利接受者的一些看法”，皆非此文的目的。
37. D［解析］ 批評(píng)者對(duì)福利制度的看法主要表現(xiàn)在第1段。他們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在的福利規(guī)章制度f(wàn)oster(促進(jìn))家庭不穩(wěn)定，把貧困的夫妻家庭排除在AFDC（對(duì)有子女家庭補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃）之外，從而助長(zhǎng)了家庭的解體，據(jù)此，D項(xiàng)“對(duì)窮人不公”是應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“對(duì)大多數(shù)離婚負(fù)責(zé)”，B項(xiàng)“行將失敗”，C項(xiàng)“就要過(guò)時(shí)了”，均言過(guò)其實(shí)，不合文意。
38. C［解析］ 作者在第3段第5句指出，夫妻伴侶關(guān)系的利益主要取決于各自給婚姻帶來(lái)的資源或基本財(cái)物的相對(duì)差距。生產(chǎn)能力相同的人沒(méi)有足夠的經(jīng)濟(jì)“cement”（膠合劑；凝聚力）保持住婚姻關(guān)系。因此，婚姻的穩(wěn)定性主要依賴于C項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方（對(duì)家庭的）貢獻(xiàn)的不同”是符合文意的說(shuō)法。
A項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方收入穩(wěn)定”，B項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方財(cái)產(chǎn)均衡”，D項(xiàng)“政府的補(bǔ)助金”，皆與文意南轅北轍。
39. D［解析］第3段第1句表明，婚姻不幸福的夫妻仍共同生活是因?yàn)樗麄兏械綄?duì)子女負(fù)有經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，因?yàn)殡x婚費(fèi)用高昂，或因?yàn)榻Y(jié)婚享有的消費(fèi)福利。由此看來(lái)，A項(xiàng)“養(yǎng)育孩子的開(kāi)支”，B項(xiàng)“離婚造成的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失”，C項(xiàng)“已婚者較高的消費(fèi)”，都是perpetuate（使持續(xù)不變）婚姻的因素，非本題所需答案。只有D項(xiàng)“給離婚婦女提供的福利”起相反的作用，為所需答案，因?yàn)榈?段第4句說(shuō)，滿懷愛(ài)心的丈夫離婚是為了讓妻子兒女享受到公共補(bǔ)助所提供的相關(guān)福利。末段末句總結(jié)說(shuō)，家庭不穩(wěn)定是因?yàn)楣惭a(bǔ)助既降低了結(jié)婚補(bǔ)助金，又降低了離婚的費(fèi)用。
40. A［解析］由上述的分析可知，此文的main idea應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)“福利的規(guī)定限制是家庭不穩(wěn)定的主要原因”。
B項(xiàng)“貧困家庭的解體幾乎不能歸因于無(wú)可耐何的父親”，C項(xiàng)“官方福利金可減緩不斷增長(zhǎng)的離婚率”，D項(xiàng)“低收入家庭的破裂導(dǎo)致福利權(quán)益降低”，皆不可取。
Part B
［解題思路］ 《2006年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)考試大綱》（非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)）在2005年《大綱》的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)閱讀理解Part B提出了3種（4個(gè)）“備選題型”。
第一個(gè)備選題型即2005年試題用過(guò)的選擇匹配題，要求考生從文章（500~600詞）后面A—G的7段文字中，選擇5段適合文章內(nèi)容要求者，將答案分別填入文中空白處（41~45）。
第二個(gè)備選題型是將一篇文章（500~600詞）各個(gè)段落（7個(gè)）的原有順序打亂，分別標(biāo)有A—G，其中2段（樣題中是文章的首段和末段）已標(biāo)明在文中的位置。要求考生將其余5段（A—E）按文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)重新正確排列，將答案分別填入文后空白方格（41~45）中。
第三個(gè)備選題型是一篇文章（約500詞）中5個(gè)不完整的段落前各有一概括其內(nèi)容的小標(biāo)題（41~45），文后有6段（A—F）文字，分別是不同段落的舉例或闡述，其中有一個(gè)是純干擾段。要求考生選出適合各段內(nèi)容的不同語(yǔ)段，將答案填入文中的空白處。
第四個(gè)備選題型是在一篇文章（約500詞）之前有6個(gè)（A—F）概括性語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題（headings），在文章的5個(gè)自然段前各有一個(gè)空白（41~45）。要求考生從6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出5個(gè)概括或揭示各段落主旨大意的語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題，將答案分別填入各段前的空白處。
這4個(gè)題型盡管形式各異，但目的卻相同，即考查考生對(duì)文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容的連貫性、一致性、邏輯性及語(yǔ)段的特征、接續(xù)關(guān)系、主旨大意等的理解與識(shí)別能力。前2個(gè)題型側(cè)重考查對(duì)整體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文之間關(guān)系的理解及運(yùn)用能力。后2個(gè)題型則偏重考查對(duì)語(yǔ)段的主旨或部分內(nèi)容的理解與概括能力。
所謂“備選題型”意即每次考試僅擇其一進(jìn)行考查，而非這些題型同時(shí)出現(xiàn)；但也就是說(shuō)，這4個(gè)題型中的任何一個(gè)都有可能在試卷中出現(xiàn)。因此，就考生而言，這4個(gè)題型都應(yīng)納入備考范圍，才能做到“有備無(wú)患”。
為幫助考生熟悉并掌握這些備選題型的內(nèi)容形式、結(jié)構(gòu)特征、評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)及解題方法，本書各套試卷中分別提供了不同的題型，并在［解析］中分析了該題型的特點(diǎn)和解題思路及方法，供讀者參考。
41. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 這是上述備選題型中的第4個(gè)，即為5個(gè)語(yǔ)段選配適合其內(nèi)容的概括語(yǔ)或標(biāo)題。
此題型的特點(diǎn)，解題的思路和方法：
1）文章完整，可首先快速通讀全文，掌握全文的主旨大意。此題文章的起始段表明，此文是批駁環(huán)境危機(jī)和資源危機(jī)之說(shuō)的。
2）研讀標(biāo)有空白的段落，把握該段的主要內(nèi)容。此語(yǔ)段列舉了地球所供養(yǎng)人口的數(shù)量，從過(guò)去的100萬(wàn)增加到今天的60億，而且人們現(xiàn)在比過(guò)去生活得更健康。
3）仔細(xì)研讀文章前面的6個(gè)語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題，找出適合所讀語(yǔ)段內(nèi)容的答案。值得特別注意的是，所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)并非都很直白，有的須從其總體含意上分析理解，有的則可由其關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)發(fā)現(xiàn)答案線索。41題的答案便是根據(jù)E項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞less habitable（更不適于居住）確定的，因?yàn)橹挥写硕蝺?nèi)容能回答E這個(gè)問(wèn)題，盡管這個(gè)回答是否定的。
42. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此段大意說(shuō)，愛(ài)護(hù)人類的人們并未對(duì)人類能戰(zhàn)勝自然力而歡呼雀躍。相反，他們哀嘆人口過(guò)多，他們wring their hands（扭絞雙手<表示憂慮>），認(rèn)為人口增長(zhǎng)必然產(chǎn)生許多問(wèn)題，物質(zhì)資源會(huì)進(jìn)一步減少。這就是說(shuō)，這些人的憂慮是unfounded（莫須有的）。這正是C項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思，其中humanists（人道主義者）相當(dāng)于文中的lovers of humanity。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段首句表明了它的主旨：人口或收入增長(zhǎng)造成的資源短缺，使我們比未發(fā)生短缺時(shí)生活得更富裕。接著舉例予以證實(shí)。在余下的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A項(xiàng)能概括此意：“壞事可以變成好事”。
44. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 此段第1句用歷史事實(shí)證明，原料并非越用越匱乏，從而批駁了對(duì)資源危機(jī)的通?？捶ā?jù)此判斷，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)適用于此段。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段主要說(shuō)明，美好的未來(lái)不會(huì)自動(dòng)到來(lái)，需要人們?nèi)σ愿暗亟鉀Q問(wèn)題、攻克難關(guān)，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。據(jù)此分析，D項(xiàng)“自助者天助”這一成語(yǔ)恰好概括了此段的中心思想。
B項(xiàng)未被選用，而且可以先行排除，因?yàn)樗c第一段所表達(dá)的全文主旨思想（“環(huán)境和資源危機(jī)的看法是完全錯(cuò)誤的”）明顯背道而馳。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 在歐洲，限制有害物質(zhì)（RoHS）指令禁止在歐盟各國(guó)銷售的新電子產(chǎn)品中使用各種有毒材料；而在美國(guó)加州，移動(dòng)電話零售商現(xiàn)在必須回收并再利用舊手機(jī)。
［解析］ 這是由“whereas”連接的并列句，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單清楚，總體上可按原句順譯。只是前一分句末的分詞短語(yǔ)“sold in...”修飾“new electronic products,”譯漢時(shí)須調(diào)整位置。
47. ［答案］ 然而，綠色和平組織認(rèn)為，不同公司的環(huán)境保護(hù)程度有很大差別，于是這一環(huán)保游說(shuō)團(tuán)體于2006年8月發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)新的反電子垃圾運(yùn)動(dòng)。
［解析］ 此句翻譯注意兩點(diǎn)：1) “how green”中的how表示“程度”，green意為“環(huán)境保護(hù)的”，故譯作“環(huán)境保護(hù)程度”。2) “an environmental lobby group”本是“Greenpeace”的同位語(yǔ)，其后帶有“that”定語(yǔ)從句修飾它，根據(jù)句意邏輯，這里將其合譯為表示結(jié)果的句子“于是（或因此）……”。
48. ［答案］ 要想在綠色和平組織的排行榜上位列前茅，各廠商必須保證其產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中都不含PVC（聚氯乙烯）和RoHS清單上未列的一些BFRs(溴化阻燃劑)。
［解析］ 提醒三點(diǎn)：1） 句首的不定式短語(yǔ)“To do well(取得好成績(jī))...rankings(排名／位次)”為目的狀語(yǔ)，譯文應(yīng)體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。2） “make sure(確保，設(shè)法保證)”后接of sth. 或that,此處省了that。3） 句尾的定語(yǔ)從句“that are not...”應(yīng)修飾“some BFRs”；其中PVC、BFRs中有生詞，可不必翻譯，照抄即可。
49. ［答案］ 然而，戴爾公司在這方面及產(chǎn)品回收率上成績(jī)優(yōu)良，但卻因未逐步清除PVC和BFRs而丟了分，盡管它已制定了消除這些物質(zhì)的后期限。
［解析］ 此句末尾雖有“though”引入的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，但可按原句順譯。句中“scores well”意為“得好分；取得良好成績(jī)”；“phase out”：“逐步廢除；逐步淘汰”。
50. ［答案］ 蘋果公司的成績(jī)很差，因?yàn)樗赐耆宄@些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，也沒(méi)有為此規(guī)定期限；因?yàn)樗惶峁┦芸匚镔|(zhì)的翔實(shí)清單，也未按照綠色和平組織的要求采取足夠的預(yù)防措施。
［解析］ “because”從句中有4個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，前兩個(gè)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，后兩個(gè)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)將兩部分分譯，中間重復(fù)“because”。句末的“taste”意為“興趣，愛(ài)好”，據(jù)句意邏輯譯為“按……的要求”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am a university graduate of Economics, preparing to sit for the entrance test for MA of your School. Im eager to know what subjects and their scopes are to be tested, and what question patterns are to be used. Id be very grateful if I could get a copy of printed outlines or descriptions of them.
Im also concerned with your planned enrolments. Do you have any extra quota for enrolment?
Itd be nice if you inform me whether you will offer any pretest guiding or training courses and materials. How can I get them, if any?
Thank you for your time on my enquiries. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Truly yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The scene in the picture is shocking: the severe drought has turned the farmland into cracked pieces of baren soil. A helpless farmer is gazing at the cloudless sky in despair with driedup shoots in his hands. Obviously, what he wishes for is nothing but a long due rainfall, for continuous drought must result in crop failure followed by famine.
Traditionally, drought has been regarded as one of natural disasters. But nowadays it involves environmental impact of manmade pollutions, especially the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes hazardous changes in the earth climate, such as global warming, droughts, floods and so on. There are the natures punishment and revenge on humans for their selfish conduct.
To survive the crisis requires global efforts in many ways: decreasing energy consumption, reducing and finally banning discharge of harmful exhaust fumes and substances into the air, saving fresh water resources, improving irrigation systems, etc. In brief, we are eating what we have sown, and we have to pay the price for the consequence. It is no exaggeration to say that our existence would be impossible unless we resort to environmentally friendly remedies.
Model Test 1 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
研究人員說(shuō)，到2015年，全球?qū)⒂幸话肴丝跁?huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)或者學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。英國(guó)委員會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)說(shuō)，未來(lái)十年內(nèi)會(huì)有20億人學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人口將達(dá)到30億。
其他語(yǔ)種，比如法語(yǔ)，將會(huì)淪落成“語(yǔ)言全球化”的犧牲品。不過(guò)據(jù)《英語(yǔ)的未來(lái)》的作者大衛(wèi)•格蘭德說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的蓬勃發(fā)展將終止于2050年，此后，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)自身將會(huì)成為英語(yǔ)擴(kuò)張的受害者。
格蘭德的研究建立在電腦模型的基礎(chǔ)上，考慮到了全球?qū)τ⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的種種需求。這位在電視大學(xué)專攻教育和語(yǔ)言研究達(dá)25年之久的研究者指出，該模型還納入了從現(xiàn)在到2050年間學(xué)生人數(shù)的可能性變化。
該模型的編纂綜合考慮了多方因素，涵蓋了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織在教育規(guī)定、人口預(yù)測(cè)、政府教育方針和留學(xué)生流動(dòng)指數(shù)等多方面。此外，教育改革，以及包括像中國(guó)的計(jì)劃生育政策等會(huì)影響世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉數(shù)予以考慮了。
在研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，格蘭德先生預(yù)計(jì)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)浪潮將會(huì)波及全球。許多國(guó)家，尤其是剛獨(dú)立不久的國(guó)家，基于實(shí)用目的，都會(huì)引入英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。
“鑒于英語(yǔ)在商業(yè)圈中的主導(dǎo)地位，這些國(guó)家為了能在有利可圖的外購(gòu)合約等等商業(yè)活動(dòng)中得以展開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，就會(huì)從幼兒園開(kāi)始大力推廣英語(yǔ)?！?BR> 在馬來(lái)西亞的初中，包括數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)等科目都是用英語(yǔ)授課的。然而，隨著學(xué)生英語(yǔ)水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英語(yǔ)授課，英語(yǔ)科目本身的教學(xué)需求將呈下降趨勢(shì)。
格蘭德先生預(yù)測(cè)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展將止于2050年。英語(yǔ)學(xué)生將從20億銳減至5億。隨著英語(yǔ)在全球的擴(kuò)展，越來(lái)越多的人將會(huì)兩種語(yǔ)言甚至多種語(yǔ)言，這在商業(yè)界是極為有利的。但是英國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)其他語(yǔ)言的名聲卻一向欠佳。
報(bào)告還表明，英語(yǔ)并不是惟一向全球擴(kuò)張的語(yǔ)言，全世界也不會(huì)被英語(yǔ)一統(tǒng)天下，世界將會(huì)是多語(yǔ)并存的。格蘭德先生說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)、阿拉伯語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)都很流行，也都可能會(huì)成為世界主要語(yǔ)種。
畢金獻(xiàn)命制 版權(quán)所有侵權(quán)必究
考生注意事項(xiàng)
■ 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場(chǎng)規(guī)則。
■ 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報(bào)考單位”、“考生編號(hào)”等信息。
■ 答案必須按要求填涂或?qū)懺谥付ǖ拇痤}卡上。
★英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動(dòng)，必須用橡皮擦干凈。
★閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用（藍(lán)）黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。
■ 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試題交給監(jiān)考人員。
做 題 提 醒
■ 本試卷嚴(yán)格按照新考綱的要求編寫，針對(duì)性、權(quán)威性強(qiáng)，信度高，是備考訓(xùn)練的精品。
■ 建議以臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行自測(cè)，結(jié)束后仔細(xì)核對(duì)答案，自己評(píng)分并找出薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，在以后的復(fù)習(xí)中重點(diǎn)突破。
考試時(shí)間180分鐘滿分100分得分英語(yǔ)沖刺試題1
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the earth is finite, 1 absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different 2. Material used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; 3 the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing 4 must cause it to become less available for other uses.
The cost of a product 5 money may not measure its true cost 6 society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the 7 of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a 8. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the 9 of an opportunity to produce something else. In 10 how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the 11 of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.
In a market 12 the price of a good and the quantity 13 depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, 14, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism 15 this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other 16 used up in producing them. But the price of these 17, in turn, depends on what they can produce 18—if the leather can used to produce handbags that are 19 highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up 20.
1. \[A\] composing \[B\] imposing \[C\] exposing \[D\] disposing
2. \[A\] uses \[B\] ways \[C\] areas \[D\] forms
3. \[A\] since \[B\] unless \[C\] as \[D\] if
4. \[A\] plant \[B\] firm \[C\] process \[D\] procedure
5. \[A\] in regard to \[B\] in terms of \[C\] in view of \[D\] in relation to
6. \[A\] to \[B\] in \[C\] on \[D\] of
7. \[A\] charge \[B\] expense \[C\] price \[D\] value
8. \[A\] product \[B\] purpose \[C\] result \[D\] rule
9. \[A\] diminishing \[B\] abandoning \[C\] discarding \[D\] substituting
10. \[A\] deciding \[B\] assessing \[C\] predicting \[D\] projecting
11. \[A\] wants \[B\] desires \[C\] premises \[D\] facilities
12. \[A\] state \[B\] system \[C\] condition \[D\] economy
13. \[A\] presented \[B\] delivered \[C\] supplied \[D\] forwarded
14. \[A\] accordingly \[B\] ultimately \[C\] consequently \[D\] practically
15. \[A\] formulates \[B\] regulates \[C\] enhances \[D\] enforces
16. \[A\] components \[B\] substances \[C\] elements \[D\] materials
17. \[A\] outputs \[B\] inputs \[C\] goods \[D\] articles
18. \[A\] anyway \[B\] somehow \[C\] somewhere \[D\] elsewhere
19. \[A\] appraised \[B\] appealed \[C\] approved \[D\] approached
20. \[A\] passionately \[B\] unanimously \[C\] spontaneously \[D\] correspondingly
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Can computer reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logical nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of errorfree logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the recent research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA(Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a program by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. The program reaches logical conclusions flawlessly as it uses various types of reasoning and solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction.
One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the systems design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactors design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist “expert systems” that are specialpurpose programs designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be duplicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce more clever programs and more efficient components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas, which will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.21. The author suggests in Par.1 that humans are
\[A\] liable to irrational thinking.\[B\] apt to err in simple counting.
\[C\] prone to memory dysfunction.\[D\] subject to unwitting reasoning.
22. The way AURA works in is to
\[A\] explore the faults in designing.\[B\] discover the bugs in a program.
\[C\] state against the set suppositions.\[D\] make assumptions by reasoning.
23. All of the following are mentioned as areas for AURA EXCEPT
\[A\] electronic engineering.\[B\] detection of fossil fuels.
\[C\] identification of diseases.\[D\] complicated mental logic.
24. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT
\[A\] they can be duplicated infinitely.\[B\] they are featured by selfanalysis.
\[C\] they may be enriched in contents.\[D\] they are reproduced almost free.
25. The best title for the text seems to be
\[A\] Practical Uses of Computers.\[B\] Suggested Applications for AURA.
\[C\] The Technical Perfection of AURA.\[D\] Computer Aid to Human Reasoning.
Text2
Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.
Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “l(fā)inguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Englishlanguage teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.
Mr.Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for Englishlanguage teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.
It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.
Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”
“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”
The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.
Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“Englishlanguage students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multilingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”
The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multilingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”26. It is estimated that in a decade English will be
［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.
［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.
［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.
［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.
27. According to the text,“l(fā)inguistic globalization” will
［A］ eliminate French from the globe.
［B］ defeat other European languages.
［C］ fail all languages except English.
［D］ make English the biggest winner.
28. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will
［A］ terminate within half a century.
［B］ climax in the middle of the century.
［C］ endure for no less than five decades.
［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.
29. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ the educational condition and policy.
［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.
［C］ the statistics about population.
［D］ the movements of overseas students.
30. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to
［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.
［B］ lead to the drop of interest in English study.
［C］ account for the further spread of English.
［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.
Text3
In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purists definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sectors performance as producer.
Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.
Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.
This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.
One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.
The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.
Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists
\[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private.
\[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization.
\[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations.
\[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise.
32. Since 1980s, there has been
\[A\] broad international support for privatization.
\[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.
\[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.
\[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..
33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of
\[A\] attaining political stability.
\[B\] making major policy shifts.
\[C\] upgrading basic urban economy.
\[D\] enhancing production efficiency.
34. The authors appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries
\[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital.
\[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.
\[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.
\[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.
35. The authors primary intention is to
\[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.
\[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.
\[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.
\[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.
Text4
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the lowincome family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.
The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners socialeconomic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfarerelated instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.36. The text is written with the aim of
\[A\] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
\[B\] discussing the fathers role in the family.
\[C\] advocating reforms in the welfare system.
\[D\] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.
37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is
\[A\] liable for most divorces.\[B\] on the verge of collapse.
\[C\] to become obsolete.\[D\] unjust to the needy.
38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on
\[A\] the steady income of the couple.
\[B\] the balance of both sides property.
\[C\] the difference in spousal contributions.
\[D\] the benefits from government subsidies.
39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT
\[A\] the expenditure of child support.
\[B\] the loss of property upon divorce.
\[C\] the greater consumption of married people.
\[D\] the welfare provision for divorced women.
40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
\[A\] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.
\[B\] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.
\[C\] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.
\[D\] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenthcentury England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadnt loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the commonsense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We dont say that all is well everywhere,and we dont predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankinds economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary largescale problems arise.But the worlds physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a wellfunctioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Disposing of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tons of “ewaste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. In July 2006 new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. 46) In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union, whereas in California mobilephone retailers must now take back and recycle old phones.
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. 47) Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental lobby group that launched a new ewaste campaign in August 2006. It has ranked the top mobilephone and PCmakers based on their progress in eliminaling chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flameretardants(BFRs). 48) To do well in Greenpeaces rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
Although not everyone agrees with Greenpeaces methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the worlds biggest handsetmaker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace grumbles, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. 49) Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. 50) It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeaces tastes. As for recycling, the 9,500 tons of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is slight given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Greenpeace. Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons(advantages and disadvantages) of Greenpeaces ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to the Economics School of a famous university, asking for the details about the entrance test for MA.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) make your comments and suggestions.
答案與解析：
Model Test 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] imposing
［解析］ 由所給出的選項(xiàng)可知，此處需一現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于次要謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明“地球表面有限”與“絕對(duì)資源短缺”的關(guān)系。據(jù)此判斷，［B］“強(qiáng)加（帶來(lái)，造成）”表明這種“絕對(duì)短缺”是一種自然狀況，是我們無(wú)法改變的，用在此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“組／構(gòu)成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；處理”，四個(gè)詞的詞根相同，詞義各異，形成雙重干擾。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] uses
［解析］ 僅從與介詞“in”的搭配上看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可用，但據(jù)其下文看，涉及的都是資源的應(yīng)用問(wèn)題，故此題答案非［A］“用法；用途”莫屬。
［B］“方法／式”，［C］“領(lǐng)域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。
3. ［答案］ \[D\] if
［解析］ 上句說(shuō)明了“相對(duì)資源短缺”的一個(gè)意義。此句則解釋它的另一意義：投入資源的數(shù)量是有限的，它用于制造某種產(chǎn)品上的數(shù)量增加，必然導(dǎo)致在其他應(yīng)用上的減少。由此判斷，［D］“如果”表示一般條件，為正確答案。
［A］“由于；既然”，［B］“如果……不；除非”，［C］“因?yàn)椤?，皆不合句意邏輯?BR> 4. ［答案］ \[C\] process
［解析］ 由上題的分析可知，此題答案應(yīng)是［C］“過(guò)程”：manufacturing process 意指“制造／生產(chǎn)某物的過(guò)程”。
［A］“工廠”，［B］“公司”，［D］“程序”，皆不適用。
5. ［答案］ \[B\] in terms of
［解析］ 據(jù)句意判斷，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意的選項(xiàng)。介詞短語(yǔ)“in terms of money”修飾“the cost of a product”,意為“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本。”
［A］“關(guān)／至于”，［C］“鑒／由于”，［D］“關(guān)系到”，均不可取。
6. ［答案］ \[A\] to
［解析］ “the cost of sth.”意為“……的費(fèi)用／成本”，“the cost to sb./sth.”意為“……所付出的費(fèi)用／代價(jià)”。依句意此處自然應(yīng)選［A］。此句句意：“一產(chǎn)品的貨幣成本不能表明社會(huì)付出的實(shí)際代價(jià)。”下句以實(shí)例對(duì)此作了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
7. ［答案］ \[D\] value
［解析］ 此空處于表語(yǔ)地位，應(yīng)與其主語(yǔ)“the true cost”相呼應(yīng)，故答案非［D］“價(jià)值；（公平的）代價(jià)”莫屬。
［A］“要價(jià)；收費(fèi)”，［B］“花費(fèi)；開(kāi)支”，［C］“價(jià)格／錢”，皆不適用。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] result
［解析］ 將各選項(xiàng)分別代入句中：［A］“as a product”（作為一種產(chǎn)品），［B］“as a purpose”(作為一種用途)，［C］“as a result”(作為結(jié)果；因此)，［D］“as a rule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速噴氣式飛機(jī)的實(shí)際成本，就是因此而不能建造許多學(xué)校和冰箱的代價(jià)。”
9. ［答案］ \[B\] abandoning
［解析］ 此題的前一句指出，“每項(xiàng)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)都消耗掉一部分社會(huì)可用資源”，這意味著什么呢？［B］“不得不放／舍棄”用于此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“減少”，［C］“丟／拋棄”，［D］“替／取代”均不合句意。
10. ［答案］ \[A\] deciding
［解析］ 根據(jù)上一句的論斷，此句提出建議，故［A］“對(duì)……作出抉擇”為順理成章的答案。
［B］“評(píng)價(jià)”，［C］“預(yù)測(cè)”，［D］“規(guī)劃”，均不恰當(dāng)。
11. ［答案］ \[A\] wants
［解析］ 動(dòng)詞satisfy常與needs, demand, wants 等詞連用，故［A］“需要（之物）”為當(dāng)然之選。
［B］“愿望”，［C］“前提”，［D］“設(shè)施”，皆不可取。
12. ［答案］ \[D\] economy
［解析］ “market economy”(市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì))是常用搭配，而economy 又有“（就經(jīng)濟(jì)體制而言的）國(guó)家”，“經(jīng)濟(jì)制度”之意，因而［A］“國(guó)家”，［B］“制度”均可排除；［C］“狀況”不合句意，故［D］是答案。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] supplied
［解析］ 此空所需的分詞修飾“the quantity”（數(shù)量），選項(xiàng)中只有［C］“供應(yīng)（生產(chǎn)）”恰當(dāng)。
［A］“提交”，［B］“運(yùn)送；交付”，［D］“發(fā)送”，均不適用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] ultimately
［解析］ 由句意判斷，此處的“the cost”顯然不同于上句末的“the cost of making it”，而是指其后果造成的代價(jià)，故［B］“終；終極”符合句意邏輯。
［A］“因此”，［C］“因此；所以”，［D］“實(shí)際上”，均不能入選。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] enforces
［解析］ 此段第1句闡明了在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下商品的制造成本與社會(huì)成本之間的連帶關(guān)系。由此可見(jiàn)，這種關(guān)系是市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的突出特點(diǎn)。故［D］“加強(qiáng)；強(qiáng)調(diào)”用于此處恰當(dāng)。
［A］“制定；用公式表示”，［B］“控制；調(diào)整”，［C］“提高，增加”，均不適用。
16. ［答案］ \[C\] elements
［解析］ 由“other”可知，此處所需之詞不僅指制做皮鞋所需的各種材料，還應(yīng)包括投入的人工、時(shí)間等。故［C］“成分，要素”具概括性。
［A］“構(gòu)成部分；部件”，［B］“物質(zhì)／品”，［D］“材料”，均嫌片面。
17. ［答案］ \[B\] inputs
［解析］ 與上題類似，此處同樣需要一個(gè)能概括各種要素的詞，故［B］“投入”為答案。
［A］“產(chǎn)出”，［C］“商品”，［D］“物品”，均與句意相悖。
18. ［答案］ \[D\] elsewhere
［解析］ 據(jù)句意判斷，只有［D］“在別處”，意指生產(chǎn)其他商品，符合邏輯。破折號(hào)后的句子對(duì)此做了具體說(shuō)明。
［A］“無(wú)論如何”，［B］“以某種方式”，［C］“在某處”，均不適用。
19. ［答案］ \[A\] appraised
［解析］ 由后面主句中的“will be bid up”(會(huì)被抬高)判斷，此處用［A］“評(píng)／估價(jià)”恰當(dāng)。［B］“有吸引力”，非及物動(dòng)詞不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，［C］“贊成”，［D］“處理；對(duì)付”，皆不合句意。
20. ［答案］ \[D\] correspondingly
［解析］ 根據(jù)“if”從句的句意，此處選用［D］“相應(yīng)地”合邏輯。
［A］“熱誠(chéng)地”，［B］“一致地”，［C］“自發(fā)地”，皆不合句意邏輯。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］ 第1段第2句指出，人們常犯錯(cuò)誤，這里指的不是因粗心而將兩數(shù)字加錯(cuò)或因遺忘而發(fā)生的簡(jiǎn)單錯(cuò)誤，而是指邏輯性錯(cuò)誤，即由不正確的推理產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤。據(jù)此判斷，A項(xiàng)“易于進(jìn)行不合邏輯的思考”為句意的合理推論。
B項(xiàng)“容易犯簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤”，C項(xiàng)“易于出現(xiàn)記憶功能障礙”，D項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常發(fā)生無(wú)意的推理”，皆與句意相悖。
22. C［解析］ 關(guān)于AURA的工作方式，第2、3段做了介紹：AURA用復(fù)雜技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)矛盾的辦法解決各種問(wèn)題。例如：核反應(yīng)堆的安全系統(tǒng)設(shè)定，當(dāng)其器械發(fā)生故障時(shí)立即關(guān)閉該反應(yīng)堆，AURA對(duì)它檢測(cè)時(shí)發(fā)出在這些情況下該系統(tǒng)不關(guān)閉反應(yīng)堆的指令。如果AURA發(fā)現(xiàn)它的指令與該系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定相矛盾，這就證明該反應(yīng)堆的設(shè)計(jì)在這方面是符合要求的。據(jù)此判斷，C項(xiàng)“發(fā)出與設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定相反的指令”與句意一致。
A項(xiàng)“探查設(shè)計(jì)上的缺陷”，B項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)程序中的錯(cuò)誤”，D項(xiàng)“通過(guò)推論做出假定”，均與句意相左。
23. D［解析］ AURA的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域見(jiàn)于第4段：AURA目前主要用于電子線路設(shè)計(jì)的正確性檢測(cè)。將來(lái)還有許多其他用途，如醫(yī)療診斷的“專家系統(tǒng)”，預(yù)測(cè)鉆探石油場(chǎng)地的專家程序等。由此判斷，D項(xiàng)“復(fù)雜的思想邏輯”文中未提，為所需答案。
A項(xiàng)“電子工程”，B項(xiàng)“探測(cè)礦物燃料”，C項(xiàng)“診斷疾病”，文中均提到，應(yīng)排除。
24. B［解析］ 專家程序的“advantages”亦見(jiàn)于第4段：現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療診斷“專家系統(tǒng)”可不斷改進(jìn)，可無(wú)限期地使用，可極廉價(jià)地復(fù)制；鉆探石油的專家程序也可無(wú)限次地復(fù)制。由此可知，B項(xiàng)“它們的特點(diǎn)是能自我分析”，文中未見(jiàn)，為應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“它們可無(wú)限地復(fù)制”，C項(xiàng)“它們的內(nèi)容可不斷充實(shí)”，D項(xiàng)“它們幾乎可免費(fèi)復(fù)制”，均在文中提到，可以排除。
25. D［解析］ 文章的“title”必須體現(xiàn)它的主旨。此文主旨是介紹名為AURA（自動(dòng)推理助手）的計(jì)算機(jī)程序，它以各種推理方式得出正確無(wú)誤的結(jié)論，幫助人類檢測(cè)各種設(shè)計(jì)和程序是否存在缺陷，從而避免許多錯(cuò)誤。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)“人類推理的計(jì)算機(jī)助手”符合此文主旨。
A項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)的實(shí)際用途”，B項(xiàng)“AURA的推薦應(yīng)用”，C項(xiàng)“AURA的完美技術(shù)”，皆不體現(xiàn)此文主旨。
26. C［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文是對(duì)一篇題為The Future of English的研究報(bào)告的介紹，該報(bào)告對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)在世界范圍的發(fā)展做了預(yù)估。據(jù)題干中的“in a decade”可知，此題答案應(yīng)在第一段。該段第2句說(shuō)，今后10年中將有20億人學(xué)英語(yǔ)，30億人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。我們知道，目前世界人口有60億，50億占其中83%。由此可知，C項(xiàng)中的“over 80%”與此相符，其中popular with意為well liked by people（受人們喜愛(ài)的/接受的）涵蓋了learn 和speak,為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)的200 million（2億）與Two billion （20億）相差10倍。B項(xiàng)的global（全球的）未免過(guò)分。D項(xiàng)的master（learn or understand sth. completely精通；掌握）并非一般的learn 或speak所能達(dá)到的。故皆不可取。
27. D［解析］ 題干中的“l(fā)inguistic globalization”（語(yǔ)言全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)）出自第2段第1句。該句說(shuō)，“其他語(yǔ)言，例如法語(yǔ)，有成為‘語(yǔ)言全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)’犧牲品的危險(xiǎn)”。文章末段又說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)并非是惟一廣泛傳播的語(yǔ)言。據(jù)此判斷，D項(xiàng)說(shuō)法為妥當(dāng)。其余3項(xiàng)皆與文意不符。
28. A［解析］ 題干中的thriving period相當(dāng)于第2段第2句中的boom（風(fēng)靡期）。請(qǐng)注意介詞“by+時(shí)間名詞”意為not later than;before（不遲于；在……之前）。據(jù)此，只有A項(xiàng)與“by 2050”意思相符。其余3項(xiàng)皆超出了此意。
29. B［解析］ 題干中的factored sth. in(=included sth. in把……因素包括在內(nèi)）出現(xiàn)在第4段末，答案必在該段。該段第1句說(shuō)，此報(bào)告是compiled by looking at various estimates from the Unesco on…(在仔細(xì)核查了聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織對(duì)……提出的各種估計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)上編寫的)，并未提到B項(xiàng)中的directions（提示）和designs(計(jì)劃)，故B項(xiàng)應(yīng)屬EXCEPT之列。
A、C、D三項(xiàng)皆可在該段找到根據(jù)，其中C項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于文中的demographic projections(人口統(tǒng)計(jì)預(yù)測(cè))。
30. C［解析］ 題干中outsourcing（外購(gòu)/包）一詞出現(xiàn)在第6、7兩段。第6段說(shuō)，……由于外包合同有利可圖，一些有包工競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)家，從幼兒園開(kāi)始就大力推行英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。第7段則進(jìn)一步說(shuō)，外購(gòu)所提供的潛在財(cái)源使得馬來(lái)西亞中學(xué)里的數(shù)學(xué)和理科課程都在用英語(yǔ)教授。據(jù)此，只有C項(xiàng)體現(xiàn)了此意。
A項(xiàng)的English subjects 意為“英語(yǔ)科目”。B項(xiàng)與文意相悖。D項(xiàng)的transition（轉(zhuǎn)變）與文意不符，文中只說(shuō)有更多的大學(xué)選擇用英語(yǔ)授課。
31. D［解析］題干中economic purists(純粹派／傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)出現(xiàn)在第1段第2句。該句指出，近年來(lái)政府已擴(kuò)大了所提供商品的種類，其中許多品種不符合傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)“公用商品”的定義。據(jù)此推斷，選項(xiàng)D“對(duì)公用商品有嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)明”符合句意。
A項(xiàng) “反對(duì)將商品由公用變?yōu)樗接谩?，B項(xiàng)“支持重大的私有化改革”，C項(xiàng)“只贊成發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的私有化”，均不合句意。
32. A［解析］ 題干中since 1980s表明此題考查對(duì)第2段末句或第3段的理解。第2段末句表明，美國(guó)自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)進(jìn)行了更大規(guī)模的私有化，而D項(xiàng)“美國(guó)大限度依賴私有資本”與句意不符，應(yīng)予排除。第3段第1句說(shuō)，與此潮流同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的是國(guó)際雙邊援助機(jī)構(gòu)大力支持發(fā)展中國(guó)家更依靠私有經(jīng)濟(jì)。據(jù)此，A項(xiàng)“國(guó)際上對(duì)私有化的廣泛支持”為可取答案。
B項(xiàng)“窮國(guó)私有化的大量證據(jù)”，C項(xiàng)“援助機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)私有化的支持”，未說(shuō)明donor agencies的性質(zhì)，均與文意不符。
33. D［解析］題干中“The authorities of...”相當(dāng)于第4段第4句中“policy makers in...”，表明了此題的考點(diǎn)所在。選項(xiàng)D“提高生產(chǎn)效率”，相當(dāng)于該句的（do not...） increase efficiency of providing goods （提高供應(yīng)商品的效率），為正確答案。
A項(xiàng)“達(dá)成政治穩(wěn)定”，B項(xiàng)“做出重大政策轉(zhuǎn)變”，C項(xiàng)“提高基礎(chǔ)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)”，均不合句意。
34. B［解析］ 題干中的Honduras(洪都拉斯，位于中美洲北部)表明此題針對(duì)的是第5、6段。第5段介紹了該國(guó)“contracting out”（承包出去）的工程項(xiàng)目。作者的appraisal 在第6段：這種“外包”并未達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，因?yàn)闄C(jī)構(gòu)障礙和市場(chǎng)的有限競(jìng)爭(zhēng)阻礙了私人承包者提高質(zhì)量，而不能降低工程建設(shè)所需的時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。據(jù)此判斷，B項(xiàng)“市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)體制尚有許多待改進(jìn)之處”是恰當(dāng)選項(xiàng)。
A項(xiàng)“直接管理服務(wù)業(yè)需要更多資金”，C項(xiàng)“私有化在政治上不適合他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)”，D項(xiàng)“所需要的是新設(shè)施而非‘外包工程’”，皆無(wú)依據(jù)。
35. A［解析］題干中凡有primary intention/purpose/aim, intends to, aims at 或be intended/aimed to 等詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，都是概括題，要根據(jù)全文的主旨大意進(jìn)行判斷。此文以主要篇幅討論了發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化中的一些問(wèn)題。因此，選項(xiàng)A“概述發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化的主要障礙”是恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?BR> B項(xiàng)“為經(jīng)濟(jì)政策未來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)變方式提供解決方案”，C項(xiàng)“論證第三世界應(yīng)側(cè)重依靠私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門”，D項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明第三世界國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)私有化的必要條件”，皆與文意不符。
36. A［解析］ 通讀全文可知，此文針對(duì)許多批評(píng)家對(duì)當(dāng)前的福利制度導(dǎo)致家庭不穩(wěn)定的指責(zé)，分析了產(chǎn)生這種情況的原因，并得出了與批評(píng)者相反的結(jié)論。因此，A項(xiàng)“分析一種現(xiàn)象的原因”正是此文的目的。
B項(xiàng)“討論父親在家庭中的作用”，C項(xiàng)“支持福利制度的改革”，D項(xiàng)“批評(píng)對(duì)福利接受者的一些看法”，皆非此文的目的。
37. D［解析］ 批評(píng)者對(duì)福利制度的看法主要表現(xiàn)在第1段。他們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在的福利規(guī)章制度f(wàn)oster(促進(jìn))家庭不穩(wěn)定，把貧困的夫妻家庭排除在AFDC（對(duì)有子女家庭補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃）之外，從而助長(zhǎng)了家庭的解體，據(jù)此，D項(xiàng)“對(duì)窮人不公”是應(yīng)選答案。
A項(xiàng)“對(duì)大多數(shù)離婚負(fù)責(zé)”，B項(xiàng)“行將失敗”，C項(xiàng)“就要過(guò)時(shí)了”，均言過(guò)其實(shí)，不合文意。
38. C［解析］ 作者在第3段第5句指出，夫妻伴侶關(guān)系的利益主要取決于各自給婚姻帶來(lái)的資源或基本財(cái)物的相對(duì)差距。生產(chǎn)能力相同的人沒(méi)有足夠的經(jīng)濟(jì)“cement”（膠合劑；凝聚力）保持住婚姻關(guān)系。因此，婚姻的穩(wěn)定性主要依賴于C項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方（對(duì)家庭的）貢獻(xiàn)的不同”是符合文意的說(shuō)法。
A項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方收入穩(wěn)定”，B項(xiàng)“夫妻雙方財(cái)產(chǎn)均衡”，D項(xiàng)“政府的補(bǔ)助金”，皆與文意南轅北轍。
39. D［解析］第3段第1句表明，婚姻不幸福的夫妻仍共同生活是因?yàn)樗麄兏械綄?duì)子女負(fù)有經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，因?yàn)殡x婚費(fèi)用高昂，或因?yàn)榻Y(jié)婚享有的消費(fèi)福利。由此看來(lái)，A項(xiàng)“養(yǎng)育孩子的開(kāi)支”，B項(xiàng)“離婚造成的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失”，C項(xiàng)“已婚者較高的消費(fèi)”，都是perpetuate（使持續(xù)不變）婚姻的因素，非本題所需答案。只有D項(xiàng)“給離婚婦女提供的福利”起相反的作用，為所需答案，因?yàn)榈?段第4句說(shuō)，滿懷愛(ài)心的丈夫離婚是為了讓妻子兒女享受到公共補(bǔ)助所提供的相關(guān)福利。末段末句總結(jié)說(shuō)，家庭不穩(wěn)定是因?yàn)楣惭a(bǔ)助既降低了結(jié)婚補(bǔ)助金，又降低了離婚的費(fèi)用。
40. A［解析］由上述的分析可知，此文的main idea應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)“福利的規(guī)定限制是家庭不穩(wěn)定的主要原因”。
B項(xiàng)“貧困家庭的解體幾乎不能歸因于無(wú)可耐何的父親”，C項(xiàng)“官方福利金可減緩不斷增長(zhǎng)的離婚率”，D項(xiàng)“低收入家庭的破裂導(dǎo)致福利權(quán)益降低”，皆不可取。
Part B
［解題思路］ 《2006年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)考試大綱》（非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)）在2005年《大綱》的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)閱讀理解Part B提出了3種（4個(gè)）“備選題型”。
第一個(gè)備選題型即2005年試題用過(guò)的選擇匹配題，要求考生從文章（500~600詞）后面A—G的7段文字中，選擇5段適合文章內(nèi)容要求者，將答案分別填入文中空白處（41~45）。
第二個(gè)備選題型是將一篇文章（500~600詞）各個(gè)段落（7個(gè)）的原有順序打亂，分別標(biāo)有A—G，其中2段（樣題中是文章的首段和末段）已標(biāo)明在文中的位置。要求考生將其余5段（A—E）按文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)重新正確排列，將答案分別填入文后空白方格（41~45）中。
第三個(gè)備選題型是一篇文章（約500詞）中5個(gè)不完整的段落前各有一概括其內(nèi)容的小標(biāo)題（41~45），文后有6段（A—F）文字，分別是不同段落的舉例或闡述，其中有一個(gè)是純干擾段。要求考生選出適合各段內(nèi)容的不同語(yǔ)段，將答案填入文中的空白處。
第四個(gè)備選題型是在一篇文章（約500詞）之前有6個(gè)（A—F）概括性語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題（headings），在文章的5個(gè)自然段前各有一個(gè)空白（41~45）。要求考生從6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出5個(gè)概括或揭示各段落主旨大意的語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題，將答案分別填入各段前的空白處。
這4個(gè)題型盡管形式各異，但目的卻相同，即考查考生對(duì)文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容的連貫性、一致性、邏輯性及語(yǔ)段的特征、接續(xù)關(guān)系、主旨大意等的理解與識(shí)別能力。前2個(gè)題型側(cè)重考查對(duì)整體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文之間關(guān)系的理解及運(yùn)用能力。后2個(gè)題型則偏重考查對(duì)語(yǔ)段的主旨或部分內(nèi)容的理解與概括能力。
所謂“備選題型”意即每次考試僅擇其一進(jìn)行考查，而非這些題型同時(shí)出現(xiàn)；但也就是說(shuō)，這4個(gè)題型中的任何一個(gè)都有可能在試卷中出現(xiàn)。因此，就考生而言，這4個(gè)題型都應(yīng)納入備考范圍，才能做到“有備無(wú)患”。
為幫助考生熟悉并掌握這些備選題型的內(nèi)容形式、結(jié)構(gòu)特征、評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)及解題方法，本書各套試卷中分別提供了不同的題型，并在［解析］中分析了該題型的特點(diǎn)和解題思路及方法，供讀者參考。
41. ［答案］ E
［解析］ 這是上述備選題型中的第4個(gè)，即為5個(gè)語(yǔ)段選配適合其內(nèi)容的概括語(yǔ)或標(biāo)題。
此題型的特點(diǎn)，解題的思路和方法：
1）文章完整，可首先快速通讀全文，掌握全文的主旨大意。此題文章的起始段表明，此文是批駁環(huán)境危機(jī)和資源危機(jī)之說(shuō)的。
2）研讀標(biāo)有空白的段落，把握該段的主要內(nèi)容。此語(yǔ)段列舉了地球所供養(yǎng)人口的數(shù)量，從過(guò)去的100萬(wàn)增加到今天的60億，而且人們現(xiàn)在比過(guò)去生活得更健康。
3）仔細(xì)研讀文章前面的6個(gè)語(yǔ)句或標(biāo)題，找出適合所讀語(yǔ)段內(nèi)容的答案。值得特別注意的是，所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)并非都很直白，有的須從其總體含意上分析理解，有的則可由其關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)發(fā)現(xiàn)答案線索。41題的答案便是根據(jù)E項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞less habitable（更不適于居住）確定的，因?yàn)橹挥写硕蝺?nèi)容能回答E這個(gè)問(wèn)題，盡管這個(gè)回答是否定的。
42. ［答案］ C
［解析］ 此段大意說(shuō)，愛(ài)護(hù)人類的人們并未對(duì)人類能戰(zhàn)勝自然力而歡呼雀躍。相反，他們哀嘆人口過(guò)多，他們wring their hands（扭絞雙手<表示憂慮>），認(rèn)為人口增長(zhǎng)必然產(chǎn)生許多問(wèn)題，物質(zhì)資源會(huì)進(jìn)一步減少。這就是說(shuō)，這些人的憂慮是unfounded（莫須有的）。這正是C項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思，其中humanists（人道主義者）相當(dāng)于文中的lovers of humanity。
43. ［答案］ A
［解析］ 此段首句表明了它的主旨：人口或收入增長(zhǎng)造成的資源短缺，使我們比未發(fā)生短缺時(shí)生活得更富裕。接著舉例予以證實(shí)。在余下的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A項(xiàng)能概括此意：“壞事可以變成好事”。
44. ［答案］ F
［解析］ 此段第1句用歷史事實(shí)證明，原料并非越用越匱乏，從而批駁了對(duì)資源危機(jī)的通?？捶ā?jù)此判斷，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)適用于此段。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］ 此段主要說(shuō)明，美好的未來(lái)不會(huì)自動(dòng)到來(lái)，需要人們?nèi)σ愿暗亟鉀Q問(wèn)題、攻克難關(guān)，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。據(jù)此分析，D項(xiàng)“自助者天助”這一成語(yǔ)恰好概括了此段的中心思想。
B項(xiàng)未被選用，而且可以先行排除，因?yàn)樗c第一段所表達(dá)的全文主旨思想（“環(huán)境和資源危機(jī)的看法是完全錯(cuò)誤的”）明顯背道而馳。
Part C
46. ［答案］ 在歐洲，限制有害物質(zhì)（RoHS）指令禁止在歐盟各國(guó)銷售的新電子產(chǎn)品中使用各種有毒材料；而在美國(guó)加州，移動(dòng)電話零售商現(xiàn)在必須回收并再利用舊手機(jī)。
［解析］ 這是由“whereas”連接的并列句，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單清楚，總體上可按原句順譯。只是前一分句末的分詞短語(yǔ)“sold in...”修飾“new electronic products,”譯漢時(shí)須調(diào)整位置。
47. ［答案］ 然而，綠色和平組織認(rèn)為，不同公司的環(huán)境保護(hù)程度有很大差別，于是這一環(huán)保游說(shuō)團(tuán)體于2006年8月發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)新的反電子垃圾運(yùn)動(dòng)。
［解析］ 此句翻譯注意兩點(diǎn)：1) “how green”中的how表示“程度”，green意為“環(huán)境保護(hù)的”，故譯作“環(huán)境保護(hù)程度”。2) “an environmental lobby group”本是“Greenpeace”的同位語(yǔ)，其后帶有“that”定語(yǔ)從句修飾它，根據(jù)句意邏輯，這里將其合譯為表示結(jié)果的句子“于是（或因此）……”。
48. ［答案］ 要想在綠色和平組織的排行榜上位列前茅，各廠商必須保證其產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中都不含PVC（聚氯乙烯）和RoHS清單上未列的一些BFRs(溴化阻燃劑)。
［解析］ 提醒三點(diǎn)：1） 句首的不定式短語(yǔ)“To do well(取得好成績(jī))...rankings(排名／位次)”為目的狀語(yǔ)，譯文應(yīng)體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。2） “make sure(確保，設(shè)法保證)”后接of sth. 或that,此處省了that。3） 句尾的定語(yǔ)從句“that are not...”應(yīng)修飾“some BFRs”；其中PVC、BFRs中有生詞，可不必翻譯，照抄即可。
49. ［答案］ 然而，戴爾公司在這方面及產(chǎn)品回收率上成績(jī)優(yōu)良，但卻因未逐步清除PVC和BFRs而丟了分，盡管它已制定了消除這些物質(zhì)的后期限。
［解析］ 此句末尾雖有“though”引入的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，但可按原句順譯。句中“scores well”意為“得好分；取得良好成績(jī)”；“phase out”：“逐步廢除；逐步淘汰”。
50. ［答案］ 蘋果公司的成績(jī)很差，因?yàn)樗赐耆宄@些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，也沒(méi)有為此規(guī)定期限；因?yàn)樗惶峁┦芸匚镔|(zhì)的翔實(shí)清單，也未按照綠色和平組織的要求采取足夠的預(yù)防措施。
［解析］ “because”從句中有4個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，前兩個(gè)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，后兩個(gè)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)將兩部分分譯，中間重復(fù)“because”。句末的“taste”意為“興趣，愛(ài)好”，據(jù)句意邏輯譯為“按……的要求”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［參考樣文］
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am a university graduate of Economics, preparing to sit for the entrance test for MA of your School. Im eager to know what subjects and their scopes are to be tested, and what question patterns are to be used. Id be very grateful if I could get a copy of printed outlines or descriptions of them.
Im also concerned with your planned enrolments. Do you have any extra quota for enrolment?
Itd be nice if you inform me whether you will offer any pretest guiding or training courses and materials. How can I get them, if any?
Thank you for your time on my enquiries. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Truly yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52.［參考樣文］
The scene in the picture is shocking: the severe drought has turned the farmland into cracked pieces of baren soil. A helpless farmer is gazing at the cloudless sky in despair with driedup shoots in his hands. Obviously, what he wishes for is nothing but a long due rainfall, for continuous drought must result in crop failure followed by famine.
Traditionally, drought has been regarded as one of natural disasters. But nowadays it involves environmental impact of manmade pollutions, especially the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes hazardous changes in the earth climate, such as global warming, droughts, floods and so on. There are the natures punishment and revenge on humans for their selfish conduct.
To survive the crisis requires global efforts in many ways: decreasing energy consumption, reducing and finally banning discharge of harmful exhaust fumes and substances into the air, saving fresh water resources, improving irrigation systems, etc. In brief, we are eating what we have sown, and we have to pay the price for the consequence. It is no exaggeration to say that our existence would be impossible unless we resort to environmentally friendly remedies.
Model Test 1 重點(diǎn)閱讀文章參考譯文
Text 2
研究人員說(shuō)，到2015年，全球?qū)⒂幸话肴丝跁?huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)或者學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。英國(guó)委員會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)說(shuō)，未來(lái)十年內(nèi)會(huì)有20億人學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人口將達(dá)到30億。
其他語(yǔ)種，比如法語(yǔ)，將會(huì)淪落成“語(yǔ)言全球化”的犧牲品。不過(guò)據(jù)《英語(yǔ)的未來(lái)》的作者大衛(wèi)•格蘭德說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的蓬勃發(fā)展將終止于2050年，此后，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)自身將會(huì)成為英語(yǔ)擴(kuò)張的受害者。
格蘭德的研究建立在電腦模型的基礎(chǔ)上，考慮到了全球?qū)τ⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的種種需求。這位在電視大學(xué)專攻教育和語(yǔ)言研究達(dá)25年之久的研究者指出，該模型還納入了從現(xiàn)在到2050年間學(xué)生人數(shù)的可能性變化。
該模型的編纂綜合考慮了多方因素，涵蓋了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織在教育規(guī)定、人口預(yù)測(cè)、政府教育方針和留學(xué)生流動(dòng)指數(shù)等多方面。此外，教育改革，以及包括像中國(guó)的計(jì)劃生育政策等會(huì)影響世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉數(shù)予以考慮了。
在研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，格蘭德先生預(yù)計(jì)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)浪潮將會(huì)波及全球。許多國(guó)家，尤其是剛獨(dú)立不久的國(guó)家，基于實(shí)用目的，都會(huì)引入英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。
“鑒于英語(yǔ)在商業(yè)圈中的主導(dǎo)地位，這些國(guó)家為了能在有利可圖的外購(gòu)合約等等商業(yè)活動(dòng)中得以展開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，就會(huì)從幼兒園開(kāi)始大力推廣英語(yǔ)?！?BR> 在馬來(lái)西亞的初中，包括數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)等科目都是用英語(yǔ)授課的。然而，隨著學(xué)生英語(yǔ)水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英語(yǔ)授課，英語(yǔ)科目本身的教學(xué)需求將呈下降趨勢(shì)。
格蘭德先生預(yù)測(cè)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展將止于2050年。英語(yǔ)學(xué)生將從20億銳減至5億。隨著英語(yǔ)在全球的擴(kuò)展，越來(lái)越多的人將會(huì)兩種語(yǔ)言甚至多種語(yǔ)言，這在商業(yè)界是極為有利的。但是英國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)其他語(yǔ)言的名聲卻一向欠佳。
報(bào)告還表明，英語(yǔ)并不是惟一向全球擴(kuò)張的語(yǔ)言，全世界也不會(huì)被英語(yǔ)一統(tǒng)天下，世界將會(huì)是多語(yǔ)并存的。格蘭德先生說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)、阿拉伯語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)都很流行，也都可能會(huì)成為世界主要語(yǔ)種。