學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)
1． Speaking---forms of communication
2． Reading --- Is your English too English
3． Leaving voice mails and Taking messages
4． Vocabulary consolidation
5． Self-study exercises
6． Memo writing
7． Oral Practice
8． Homework
I. Speaking.
Keeping in touch
1. frequency n.頻率
2. formality n.正式程度
Discussion.
l Which methods of communication do you like best? Letters, phone calls or e-mails?
I like sending e-mails. They are quick, inexpensive, easy and efficient. Also, when I write my thoughts on the computer, I can edit and organize them to ensure that I am communicating clearly. However, sometimes it takes a long time to receive the reply, so I have to make a phone call.
Points under consideration for their advantages and disadvantages
l price
l speed of communication
l user-friendliness
l Time-consuming
II. Reading.
Is Your English Too English?
Para.1
executive n.執(zhí)行者, 經(jīng)理主管人員
corporate adj. 公司的
dominance noun [uncountable]
the fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things優(yōu)勢(shì), 統(tǒng)治
動(dòng)詞 dominate
political/economic/cultural etc dominance 政治/經(jīng)濟(jì)/文化統(tǒng)治
the economic and political dominance of Western countries 西方國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治上的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)
television's dominance over other media 電視在媒體中的統(tǒng)治地位
exceed verb [transitive] formal
1 to be more than a particular number or amount超越, 勝過(guò)
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. 工作小時(shí)數(shù)不能超過(guò)42小時(shí)。
His performance exceeded our expectations. 他的表現(xiàn)超過(guò)了我們對(duì)他的期待。
2 to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do超過(guò)
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit. 由于超速，他被罰款。
Explanation: communicating internationally
Para. 2
bilingual adj.能說(shuō)兩種語(yǔ)言的
consistent adjectiveￚ反義詞 inconsistent
1 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval 連續(xù)的， 持續(xù)的
consistent in
We need to be consistent in our approach.我們必須在方法上保持連貫。
a consistent improvement in the country's economy 該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)改善
ￚconsistently adverb consistently high performance
overestimate verb [transitive]
1 to think something is better, more important etc than it really is過(guò)高評(píng)價(jià)
ￚ反義詞 underestimate
He tends to overestimate his own abilities. 他總是想過(guò)高地評(píng)價(jià)自己的能力。
2 to guess an amount or value that is too high 過(guò)高地估算
Most patients overestimated how long they had had to wait to see a doctor. 許多病人都過(guò)高地估計(jì)了需要等待看醫(yī)生看病的時(shí)間。
estimate noun [countable]
1 a calculation of the value, size, amount etc of something 計(jì)算
a rough estimate (=not an exact calculation) of how much time we'll need 粗略的估算我們需要的時(shí)間
The figure will only be about two million, less than half the original estimate. 這個(gè)數(shù)值只有2百萬(wàn)左右，比原先的計(jì)算少一半還要多。
2 a statement of how much it will probably cost to build or repair something修理、建設(shè)估價(jià)表
The garage said they'd send me an estimate for the work. 汽車(chē)修理行說(shuō)他們會(huì)給我寄來(lái)一份修車(chē)估價(jià)表。
assume verb [transitive]
1 to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof 估計(jì)
I didn't see your car, so I assumed you'd gone out. 我沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)你的車(chē)，所以我估計(jì)你已經(jīng)走了。
it is/seems reasonable to assume (that)
I think we can safely assume (=it is almost certain) that interest rates will go up again soon. 我認(rèn)為我們可以非常放心地預(yù)計(jì)利率會(huì)很快上調(diào)。
2 assume control/responsibility etc 實(shí)施控制/承擔(dān)責(zé)任
formal to start to have control, responsibility etc or to start in a particular position or job
Whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. 不管他們誰(shuí)被任命，他們都會(huì)繼續(xù)承擔(dān)所有財(cái)政上的責(zé)任。
Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director. …將會(huì)擔(dān)任總經(jīng)理一職。
3 to be based on the idea that something else is correct 假設(shè)
The theory assumes that both labour and capital are mobile. 這個(gè)理論假設(shè)勞動(dòng)力和資金可以移動(dòng)。
Explanation：Assuming too much
Para.3
adapt verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation使適應(yīng)；使適合
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. 孩子們覺(jué)得適應(yīng)新學(xué)校很困難。
adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)
How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments? 這些昆蟲(chóng)是怎樣適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的？
2 [transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose 調(diào)整
adapt something to do something
The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. 這輛車(chē)被改裝成一輛可以加裝無(wú)鉛汽油的車(chē)輛。
adapt something for somebody
These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 這些教學(xué)資料可以改編后讓大一些的孩子們使用。
3 [transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etc改編
be adapted for something
Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television.這本書(shū)改編成電視劇之后有很多兒童紛紛購(gòu)買(mǎi)此書(shū)。
simplify verb [transitive]
to make something easier or less complicated讓….更簡(jiǎn)單
an attempt to simplify the tax system 針對(duì)簡(jiǎn)化稅收體系而做出的努力
The law needs to be simplified. 法律應(yīng)該更被簡(jiǎn)化。
a simplified version of the game 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化版本的游戲
over-
over-complicate
complicate verb [transitive]
1 to make a problem or situation more difficult 讓問(wèn)題或情況更困難
The situation is complicated by the fact that I've got to work late on Friday. 我周五必須要工作到很晚這一事實(shí)讓情況更為復(fù)雜。
chunk noun [countable]
1 a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape短而厚的一塊（肉、木頭等）
ice chunks 冰塊
a chunk of bread 一塊面包
2 a large part or amount of something 一大部分
The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary. 租金花掉了我月薪中的絕大部分。
A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show. 絕大多數(shù)觀眾都在演出結(jié)束之前起身走了。
Explanation：Keeping it simple
Para. 4
idiomatic adj.慣用的, 合乎語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的
get down to something phrasal verb
to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy 精心做事
It's time we got down to work. 該是我們工作的時(shí)間了。
get down to doing something
I always find it hard to get down to revising. 我總覺(jué)得修改起來(lái)很困難。
understate verb [transitive]
to describe something in a way that makes it seem less important or serious than it really is有意輕描淡寫(xiě)，保守地說(shuō),
ￚ反義詞 overstate
The press have tended to understate the extent of the problem. 平面媒體想輕描淡寫(xiě)地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的波及面。
insist on v.堅(jiān)持, 堅(jiān)決要求
specific adjective
1 [only before noun] a specific thing, person, or group is one particular thing, person, or group 某一具體的事情、人或團(tuán)體
games suitable for specific age-groups 專(zhuān)門(mén)適合某年齡組的游戲
2 detailed and exact具體的
Mr Howarth gave us very specific instructions. …給我們非常具體的指示。
specific about
Could you be more specific about what you're looking for? 你能把你正在找的東西說(shuō)得更具體些嗎？
Explanation: Understanding cultural difference
Para. 5
majority n.多數(shù), 大半ￚ反義詞 minority
great/vast/overwhelming majority of something (=almost all of a group)
be in the majority
a majority of 500
insensitive adjective 不敏感的，不注意的，
insensitive to
She's totally insensitive to Jack's feelings.她一定也不注意捷克的感覺(jué)。
Companies that are insensitive to global changes will lose sales. 那些對(duì)國(guó)際變化不敏感的公司終會(huì)喪失銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)。
The service is insensitive to the needs of local people. 這項(xiàng)服務(wù)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊男枨蠼z毫也不關(guān)注。
insensitive to pain對(duì)疼痛不敏感
rely verb
rely on/upon somebody/something phrasal verb 依賴(lài)，依靠
1 to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do
ￚ reliable, reliance
rely on somebody/something to do something
Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children. 許多工作婦女依賴(lài)她們的親戚幫助她們照看自己的小孩。
rely on/upon somebody/something for
Many people now rely on the Internet for news. 許多人現(xiàn)在借用英特網(wǎng)來(lái)瀏覽新聞。
2 to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist 依賴(lài)借以生存
For its income, the company relies heavily on only a few contracts. 這家公司的收入絕大程度上依賴(lài)僅有的幾個(gè)合同。
cross-cultural adjective [only before noun] belonging to or involving two or more different societies, countries, or cultures 跨文化的
cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流
evaluation noun [uncountable and countable]
a judgment about how good, useful, or successful something is 評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估
ￚ同義詞 assessment
We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system. 我們需要對(duì)這套新體系做出一個(gè)正確的評(píng)價(jià)。
They took some samples of products for evaluation. 他們?nèi)〕鲆恍┊a(chǎn)品的樣本作評(píng)估。
evaluate verb [transitive] to judge how good, useful, or successful something is
ￚ同義詞 assess
You should be able to evaluate your own work. 你應(yīng)該能夠評(píng)價(jià)自己的工作。
Explanation: Raising awareness
III. Leaving voice mails and Taking messages
① Listening.
1. B
send me a copy of your department’s figures
copy noun
1[countable] something that is made to be exactly like another thing 復(fù)印件
She forwarded them a copy of her British passport. 她將自己的英國(guó)護(hù)照復(fù)印件交給了他們。
2[countable] one of many books, magazines, records etc that are all exactly the same一份，一張，一本
a copy of the local newspaper 一份當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙
The hardback costs £16.99 a copy. 這本精裝書(shū)一本16.99英鎊。
The record sold a million copies. 這盤(pán)磁帶賣(mài)了1百萬(wàn)盤(pán)。
Free copies are available on request. 如果要求就可以得到免費(fèi)的資料。
2. G
trade fair noun [countable]
a large event when several companies show their goods or services in one place, to try to sell them 博覽會(huì)
ￚ同義詞 trade show
booth (telephone booth), stand
complimentary adjective
1 given free to people(免費(fèi))贈(zèng)送的
There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room. 在飯店房間里有一瓶免費(fèi)的香檳酒。
I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight. 我得到了今晚劇院的免費(fèi)票。
2 saying that you admire someone or something 贊揚(yáng)的，夸獎(jiǎng)的
complimentary remarks 奉承話(huà)
3. C
deadline
l by
l before
l until
stress management, time management, prioritise tasks,
put something back phrasal verb
to arrange for an event to start at a later time or date 推遲
ￚ同義詞 postpone
put something ↔ back to
The meeting has been put back to next Thursday. 這次會(huì)議推遲到下周四舉行。
work out phrasal verb
▶GET BETTER◀帶來(lái)好結(jié)果；有預(yù)期的結(jié)果
if a problem or complicated situation works out, it gradually gets better or gets solved
Things will work out, you'll see. 你會(huì)看到一切都會(huì)好的。
▶EXERCISE◀
to make your body fit and strong by doing exercises鍛煉身體
4. H
mobile phone
client
urgently
proposal
get involved
to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way
be/get involved in
More than 30 software firms were involved in the project. 30多家軟件公司參與了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
I don't want to get involved in some lengthy argument about who is to blame. 我不想被牽涉進(jìn)這場(chǎng)曠日持久的關(guān)于到底是誰(shuí)應(yīng)該被指責(zé)的爭(zhēng)論當(dāng)中。
5. E
optimistic (pessimistic)
get off 寄出，發(fā)出 ▶SEND SOMETHING◀
to send a letter or package by post
I'll have to get this letter off by tonight. 我必須要在今晚之前把信寄出去。
I'll get the forms off to you today. 我今天會(huì)把表格寄給你。
Leaving answering machine messages
l Hello, person who is calling, time, day, place, purpose
Analysis:
Call 1 and 2 are precise and call 4 and 5 are quite difficult. Call 3 is intended to be in-between.
Call 3
Call 3 is relatively concise. However, it is difficult for the use of socializing added in before Sue gets down to the message (How are you? I hope you’re not too busy…). They may also find her use of phrasal verbs difficult (work out, put back). Sue also uses a rather British way of asking for postponement (I don’t suppose…, could we?). It may be helpful for her to say when exactly she called and to give her number．
Call 4
Call 4 is longer and it is therefore difficult to retain the message. One reason is that Colin includes unnecessary information (e.g. I’m traveling to a meeting with a client). The purpose of the call comes rather late and the sentences are very long, with more than one idea in each. It may be more helpful to leave his number at the end rather than near the beginning of the message. Once again, it may be helpful to say exactly when he rang.
Call 5
Once again, Call 5 is quite long. Steve uses many of the features of British English mentioned in the article: understanding (e.g. a little bit on the optimistic side), get used with different meanings (e.g. which I’ll get off to you today), and a generally idiomatic approach to language. Again, Colin could say when he called and give a telephone or extension number.
Taking messages
1. trade fair
2. S126 25
3. 3
4. Tuesday 23 / 23 November
5. (Kati) Gersel
聽(tīng)力基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)講評(píng)：
Names
在我們對(duì)姓名做講解之前，我們先來(lái)熟悉一下有關(guān)姓名的幾組詞匯。
Ø 姓名，全名 （full）name
Ø 姓 family name/ surname/last name
Ø 名 given name/ first name
6. the/ your message
7. cancelled
8. not available
9. 27 November
10. confirm
get back to somebody phrasal verb事后告知某人
to talk to someone or telephone them later in order to answer a question or give them information
I'll find out the prices and get back to you. 我會(huì)找到價(jià)格并馬上告知你。
available adjective
1 something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found 可以用的，可以得到的
Tickets are available from the box office. 你可以從票房買(mǎi)到票。
No figures are available for the number of goods sold. 沒(méi)有已銷(xiāo)售商品數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)。
There are plenty of jobs available in the area. 這個(gè)地方有很多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
2 [not before noun] someone who is available is not busy and has enough time to talk to you 有時(shí)間
Collins was not available for comment on Thursday night. 克林斯不能在周四晚上發(fā)表評(píng)論。
ￚavailability noun [uncountable]
姓名前的稱(chēng)呼 Title
在與人初次見(jiàn)面時(shí)，如果在非常正式的場(chǎng)合下是不應(yīng)該直接稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方姓名的，而應(yīng)該稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方為某某先生、某某女士等等。所以這里就需要給大家介紹有關(guān)在姓名前如何稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方。稱(chēng)呼一般有以下幾種：
Mr. 這是專(zhuān)門(mén)稱(chēng)呼男士的，無(wú)論對(duì)方是已婚還是未婚。意思是XX先生。
Mrs是稱(chēng)呼已婚女士的，意思是XX太太。
Miss是稱(chēng)呼那些未婚女士的，意思是XX小姐。有時(shí)我們并不方便先去了解一下對(duì)方的婚姻狀況，所以我們就可以采用Ms這種稱(chēng)呼，意思是XX女士。
Dr.是對(duì)某人學(xué)歷上的認(rèn)可，意思是某某博士。
Dates
British English英國(guó)英語(yǔ) US English美國(guó)英語(yǔ)
Spoken表達(dá) the twenty-sixth of OctoberOctober the twenty-sixth twenty-sixth OctoberOctober twenty-sixth
Written書(shū)寫(xiě) 文字形式：26(th) October October 26(th)數(shù)字形式：26/10/01 文字形式：26(th) October 數(shù)字形式：10/26/01
從上面可以看出，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)間通常是日、月、年的結(jié)構(gòu)，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)是先說(shuō)月份，然后是日期，后是年份。這點(diǎn)請(qǐng)大家注意。
說(shuō)明：
1．在書(shū)寫(xiě)日期時(shí)，可以將表示序數(shù)詞標(biāo)志的st, nd, rd 或者th省略掉。這里也建議大家不要寫(xiě)出來(lái)，因?yàn)橛泻芏嗳嗽跁?shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)會(huì)將它們混淆。比如正確的寫(xiě)法是：
1號(hào) 1st
21號(hào) 21st
31號(hào) 31st
2號(hào) 2nd
22號(hào) 22nd
3號(hào) 3rd
那么，11號(hào)、12號(hào)和13號(hào)怎么寫(xiě)呢？有很多人自認(rèn)為已經(jīng)搞明白了，就自作主張，大筆一揮寫(xiě)成是11st、12nd和13rd了。其實(shí)
11號(hào) 11 th （eleventh）
12號(hào) 12th （twelfth）
13號(hào) 13th （thirteenth）
2．在閱讀日期時(shí)，如果寫(xiě)成日月的順序，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的讀法是讀出定冠詞the和介詞of來(lái)。但是在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)一定要注意不要寫(xiě)出來(lái)。同樣道理，如果寫(xiě)成是月日的順序的話(huà)，在口語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，要讀出定冠詞the來(lái)，但是書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)就沒(méi)有了。
IV. Vocabulary Consolidation on Unit 1b (page 163)
V. Self-study 1b
4. Prepositions.
(1) at the moment
(2) in +地點(diǎn)
(3) on the phone
(4) at +時(shí)間
(5) on +具體日期
(6) at +宗教節(jié)日
(7) on +電話(huà)號(hào)碼
(8) in + 月份
(9) at + 時(shí)間
(10) on + 具體日期
小結(jié)：
介詞用法簡(jiǎn)介Saying when things happened
在表示時(shí)間時(shí)，我們有三個(gè)介詞可以選擇：in，at和on。
介詞in的用法：
介詞in 用在年、月份、季節(jié)、一天中某個(gè)部分以及年代的前面。
比如，
in 1999 在1999年
in August 在八月份
in winter 在冬季
in the afternoon, in the evening, in the morning 在下午/在晚上/在早上
in the 1950s 在50年代
in the 21st century 在21世紀(jì)
介詞on的用法：
介詞on用在星期幾、幾號(hào)等具體的日期前。比如：
on Thursday 在星期四
on 19 January 在1月19日
on Monday morning (請(qǐng)比較：in the morning)
on a cold night (請(qǐng)比較：at night)
但是當(dāng)星期幾的前面有指示性的詞比如：this，next和last來(lái)修飾時(shí)，就不用介詞on。
介詞at的用法：
介詞at 用在點(diǎn)鐘、宗教節(jié)日和一些固定的詞組中。比如：
at 5.30 p.m. 在下午5.30分
at Easter 在復(fù)活節(jié)
at the end of the war 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的末期
at the beginning of the term 在這學(xué)期開(kāi)始
但是當(dāng)宗教節(jié)日中帶有day這個(gè)詞時(shí)，前面的介詞用on 。
at Christmas on Christmas Day
at/on the weekend 在周末
VI. Memo Writing
參考答案：
To: Alice Hu, Secretary
From: David Guan, Manager
Date: 29 June 2001
Subject: Arrangement for my holiday
I’m going on my annual holiday next Monday 2nd July for three weeks. Please keep my mail until I return. If something urgent occurs, please report it directly to our Deputy Manager or contact me on 12345678903.
mail noun [uncountable]
1 the letters and packages that are delivered to you
2 especially American English the system of collecting and delivering letters and packages
British equivalent: post
3 messages that are sent and received on a computer
ￚsynonym email
VII. Oral Practice
Career goals
l What are your career ambitions?
參考答案：
l I would like to become a HR manager. Then I can help the company I work for to seek best candidate and make them fulfill their ambitions.
l I intend to be a receptionist to meet people and show the best side of our business.
l I aim to be self-employed.
l My career ambition is to set up my own company which can offer high quality products or services.
l Do you think people should take professional advice when planning their careers?
參考答案：
Yes. Sometimes people cannot really identify where their strength and weakness lie. Therefore, it’s better to get professional advice to map out career development plans.
l Do you think business people need to be flexible when planning their careers?
參考答案：
Yes. The business environment changes very rapidly. The chances are that your original career plan may not be reasonable at times and you cannot stick to your targets. Then in this case, people have to be flexible to make better achievements.
l Do you think it is necessary to have long-term goals in your careers?
參考答案：
Yes. I think long-term goals can ensure that you will always have a long way away from it. It will encourage you to be tenacious and resilient to realize the goals in the end.
tenacious adjective
determined to do something and unwilling to stop trying even when the situation becomes difficult 固執(zhí)的，百折不撓的
a tenacious negotiator 一位百折不撓的談判者
resilient adjective
able to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event
Children are often very resilient. 孩子們經(jīng)常是在遇到困難后仍能保持開(kāi)心樂(lè)觀。
Work and holidays
u Would you be influenced by the amount of paid holiday when applying for a job?
參考答案：
No. I don’t mind the length of paid holiday provided that I can get my teeth into the job and feel challenged.
get your teeth into something
informal to start to do something with a lot of energy and determination 專(zhuān)注于某事
I can't wait to get my teeth into the new course. 我簡(jiǎn)直是迫不及待地想要開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)這門(mén)新課。
u Do you think companies should be able to contact staff when they are on holiday?
參考答案：
No. Every employee will arrange his work in advance and another person can take on his responsibility to deal with any emergencies. On the other hand, a telephone may disrupt the whole holiday.
u Should staff be allowed to take holidays whenever they like?
參考答案：
No. If an employee can take holidays whenever they like, then the business will be in trouble and the other staff may feel unfair of always taking on extra responsibility.
u Do you think that people work more effectively after they have had a holiday?
參考答案：
Yes. After holidays, people can feel refreshed and can put more energy into their work.
1. Oral practice.
When you eat out, what are the criteria to choose a suitable restaurant for you?
Location?
Atmosphere?
Cleanliness?
Speed of service? ……
2.
l You are a Project Team Leader. You have had to cancel your next project meeting because some of the member of your team will be abroad.
l Write a memo of 40-50 words to your project team:
Informing them of the cancellation and giving the reason
Stating a new date and time for the meeting
Requesting suggestions for the agenda.
1． Speaking---forms of communication
2． Reading --- Is your English too English
3． Leaving voice mails and Taking messages
4． Vocabulary consolidation
5． Self-study exercises
6． Memo writing
7． Oral Practice
8． Homework
I. Speaking.
Keeping in touch
1. frequency n.頻率
2. formality n.正式程度
Discussion.
l Which methods of communication do you like best? Letters, phone calls or e-mails?
I like sending e-mails. They are quick, inexpensive, easy and efficient. Also, when I write my thoughts on the computer, I can edit and organize them to ensure that I am communicating clearly. However, sometimes it takes a long time to receive the reply, so I have to make a phone call.
Points under consideration for their advantages and disadvantages
l price
l speed of communication
l user-friendliness
l Time-consuming
II. Reading.
Is Your English Too English?
Para.1
executive n.執(zhí)行者, 經(jīng)理主管人員
corporate adj. 公司的
dominance noun [uncountable]
the fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things優(yōu)勢(shì), 統(tǒng)治
動(dòng)詞 dominate
political/economic/cultural etc dominance 政治/經(jīng)濟(jì)/文化統(tǒng)治
the economic and political dominance of Western countries 西方國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治上的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)
television's dominance over other media 電視在媒體中的統(tǒng)治地位
exceed verb [transitive] formal
1 to be more than a particular number or amount超越, 勝過(guò)
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week. 工作小時(shí)數(shù)不能超過(guò)42小時(shí)。
His performance exceeded our expectations. 他的表現(xiàn)超過(guò)了我們對(duì)他的期待。
2 to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do超過(guò)
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit. 由于超速，他被罰款。
Explanation: communicating internationally
Para. 2
bilingual adj.能說(shuō)兩種語(yǔ)言的
consistent adjectiveￚ反義詞 inconsistent
1 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval 連續(xù)的， 持續(xù)的
consistent in
We need to be consistent in our approach.我們必須在方法上保持連貫。
a consistent improvement in the country's economy 該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)改善
ￚconsistently adverb consistently high performance
overestimate verb [transitive]
1 to think something is better, more important etc than it really is過(guò)高評(píng)價(jià)
ￚ反義詞 underestimate
He tends to overestimate his own abilities. 他總是想過(guò)高地評(píng)價(jià)自己的能力。
2 to guess an amount or value that is too high 過(guò)高地估算
Most patients overestimated how long they had had to wait to see a doctor. 許多病人都過(guò)高地估計(jì)了需要等待看醫(yī)生看病的時(shí)間。
estimate noun [countable]
1 a calculation of the value, size, amount etc of something 計(jì)算
a rough estimate (=not an exact calculation) of how much time we'll need 粗略的估算我們需要的時(shí)間
The figure will only be about two million, less than half the original estimate. 這個(gè)數(shù)值只有2百萬(wàn)左右，比原先的計(jì)算少一半還要多。
2 a statement of how much it will probably cost to build or repair something修理、建設(shè)估價(jià)表
The garage said they'd send me an estimate for the work. 汽車(chē)修理行說(shuō)他們會(huì)給我寄來(lái)一份修車(chē)估價(jià)表。
assume verb [transitive]
1 to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof 估計(jì)
I didn't see your car, so I assumed you'd gone out. 我沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)你的車(chē)，所以我估計(jì)你已經(jīng)走了。
it is/seems reasonable to assume (that)
I think we can safely assume (=it is almost certain) that interest rates will go up again soon. 我認(rèn)為我們可以非常放心地預(yù)計(jì)利率會(huì)很快上調(diào)。
2 assume control/responsibility etc 實(shí)施控制/承擔(dān)責(zé)任
formal to start to have control, responsibility etc or to start in a particular position or job
Whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. 不管他們誰(shuí)被任命，他們都會(huì)繼續(xù)承擔(dān)所有財(cái)政上的責(zé)任。
Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director. …將會(huì)擔(dān)任總經(jīng)理一職。
3 to be based on the idea that something else is correct 假設(shè)
The theory assumes that both labour and capital are mobile. 這個(gè)理論假設(shè)勞動(dòng)力和資金可以移動(dòng)。
Explanation：Assuming too much
Para.3
adapt verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation使適應(yīng)；使適合
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. 孩子們覺(jué)得適應(yīng)新學(xué)校很困難。
adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)
How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments? 這些昆蟲(chóng)是怎樣適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的？
2 [transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose 調(diào)整
adapt something to do something
The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. 這輛車(chē)被改裝成一輛可以加裝無(wú)鉛汽油的車(chē)輛。
adapt something for somebody
These teaching materials can be adapted for older children. 這些教學(xué)資料可以改編后讓大一些的孩子們使用。
3 [transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etc改編
be adapted for something
Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television.這本書(shū)改編成電視劇之后有很多兒童紛紛購(gòu)買(mǎi)此書(shū)。
simplify verb [transitive]
to make something easier or less complicated讓….更簡(jiǎn)單
an attempt to simplify the tax system 針對(duì)簡(jiǎn)化稅收體系而做出的努力
The law needs to be simplified. 法律應(yīng)該更被簡(jiǎn)化。
a simplified version of the game 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化版本的游戲
over-
over-complicate
complicate verb [transitive]
1 to make a problem or situation more difficult 讓問(wèn)題或情況更困難
The situation is complicated by the fact that I've got to work late on Friday. 我周五必須要工作到很晚這一事實(shí)讓情況更為復(fù)雜。
chunk noun [countable]
1 a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape短而厚的一塊（肉、木頭等）
ice chunks 冰塊
a chunk of bread 一塊面包
2 a large part or amount of something 一大部分
The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary. 租金花掉了我月薪中的絕大部分。
A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show. 絕大多數(shù)觀眾都在演出結(jié)束之前起身走了。
Explanation：Keeping it simple
Para. 4
idiomatic adj.慣用的, 合乎語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的
get down to something phrasal verb
to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy 精心做事
It's time we got down to work. 該是我們工作的時(shí)間了。
get down to doing something
I always find it hard to get down to revising. 我總覺(jué)得修改起來(lái)很困難。
understate verb [transitive]
to describe something in a way that makes it seem less important or serious than it really is有意輕描淡寫(xiě)，保守地說(shuō),
ￚ反義詞 overstate
The press have tended to understate the extent of the problem. 平面媒體想輕描淡寫(xiě)地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的波及面。
insist on v.堅(jiān)持, 堅(jiān)決要求
specific adjective
1 [only before noun] a specific thing, person, or group is one particular thing, person, or group 某一具體的事情、人或團(tuán)體
games suitable for specific age-groups 專(zhuān)門(mén)適合某年齡組的游戲
2 detailed and exact具體的
Mr Howarth gave us very specific instructions. …給我們非常具體的指示。
specific about
Could you be more specific about what you're looking for? 你能把你正在找的東西說(shuō)得更具體些嗎？
Explanation: Understanding cultural difference
Para. 5
majority n.多數(shù), 大半ￚ反義詞 minority
great/vast/overwhelming majority of something (=almost all of a group)
be in the majority
a majority of 500
insensitive adjective 不敏感的，不注意的，
insensitive to
She's totally insensitive to Jack's feelings.她一定也不注意捷克的感覺(jué)。
Companies that are insensitive to global changes will lose sales. 那些對(duì)國(guó)際變化不敏感的公司終會(huì)喪失銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)。
The service is insensitive to the needs of local people. 這項(xiàng)服務(wù)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊男枨蠼z毫也不關(guān)注。
insensitive to pain對(duì)疼痛不敏感
rely verb
rely on/upon somebody/something phrasal verb 依賴(lài)，依靠
1 to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do
ￚ reliable, reliance
rely on somebody/something to do something
Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children. 許多工作婦女依賴(lài)她們的親戚幫助她們照看自己的小孩。
rely on/upon somebody/something for
Many people now rely on the Internet for news. 許多人現(xiàn)在借用英特網(wǎng)來(lái)瀏覽新聞。
2 to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist 依賴(lài)借以生存
For its income, the company relies heavily on only a few contracts. 這家公司的收入絕大程度上依賴(lài)僅有的幾個(gè)合同。
cross-cultural adjective [only before noun] belonging to or involving two or more different societies, countries, or cultures 跨文化的
cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流
evaluation noun [uncountable and countable]
a judgment about how good, useful, or successful something is 評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估
ￚ同義詞 assessment
We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system. 我們需要對(duì)這套新體系做出一個(gè)正確的評(píng)價(jià)。
They took some samples of products for evaluation. 他們?nèi)〕鲆恍┊a(chǎn)品的樣本作評(píng)估。
evaluate verb [transitive] to judge how good, useful, or successful something is
ￚ同義詞 assess
You should be able to evaluate your own work. 你應(yīng)該能夠評(píng)價(jià)自己的工作。
Explanation: Raising awareness
III. Leaving voice mails and Taking messages
① Listening.
1. B
send me a copy of your department’s figures
copy noun
1[countable] something that is made to be exactly like another thing 復(fù)印件
She forwarded them a copy of her British passport. 她將自己的英國(guó)護(hù)照復(fù)印件交給了他們。
2[countable] one of many books, magazines, records etc that are all exactly the same一份，一張，一本
a copy of the local newspaper 一份當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙
The hardback costs £16.99 a copy. 這本精裝書(shū)一本16.99英鎊。
The record sold a million copies. 這盤(pán)磁帶賣(mài)了1百萬(wàn)盤(pán)。
Free copies are available on request. 如果要求就可以得到免費(fèi)的資料。
2. G
trade fair noun [countable]
a large event when several companies show their goods or services in one place, to try to sell them 博覽會(huì)
ￚ同義詞 trade show
booth (telephone booth), stand
complimentary adjective
1 given free to people(免費(fèi))贈(zèng)送的
There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room. 在飯店房間里有一瓶免費(fèi)的香檳酒。
I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight. 我得到了今晚劇院的免費(fèi)票。
2 saying that you admire someone or something 贊揚(yáng)的，夸獎(jiǎng)的
complimentary remarks 奉承話(huà)
3. C
deadline
l by
l before
l until
stress management, time management, prioritise tasks,
put something back phrasal verb
to arrange for an event to start at a later time or date 推遲
ￚ同義詞 postpone
put something ↔ back to
The meeting has been put back to next Thursday. 這次會(huì)議推遲到下周四舉行。
work out phrasal verb
▶GET BETTER◀帶來(lái)好結(jié)果；有預(yù)期的結(jié)果
if a problem or complicated situation works out, it gradually gets better or gets solved
Things will work out, you'll see. 你會(huì)看到一切都會(huì)好的。
▶EXERCISE◀
to make your body fit and strong by doing exercises鍛煉身體
4. H
mobile phone
client
urgently
proposal
get involved
to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way
be/get involved in
More than 30 software firms were involved in the project. 30多家軟件公司參與了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
I don't want to get involved in some lengthy argument about who is to blame. 我不想被牽涉進(jìn)這場(chǎng)曠日持久的關(guān)于到底是誰(shuí)應(yīng)該被指責(zé)的爭(zhēng)論當(dāng)中。
5. E
optimistic (pessimistic)
get off 寄出，發(fā)出 ▶SEND SOMETHING◀
to send a letter or package by post
I'll have to get this letter off by tonight. 我必須要在今晚之前把信寄出去。
I'll get the forms off to you today. 我今天會(huì)把表格寄給你。
Leaving answering machine messages
l Hello, person who is calling, time, day, place, purpose
Analysis:
Call 1 and 2 are precise and call 4 and 5 are quite difficult. Call 3 is intended to be in-between.
Call 3
Call 3 is relatively concise. However, it is difficult for the use of socializing added in before Sue gets down to the message (How are you? I hope you’re not too busy…). They may also find her use of phrasal verbs difficult (work out, put back). Sue also uses a rather British way of asking for postponement (I don’t suppose…, could we?). It may be helpful for her to say when exactly she called and to give her number．
Call 4
Call 4 is longer and it is therefore difficult to retain the message. One reason is that Colin includes unnecessary information (e.g. I’m traveling to a meeting with a client). The purpose of the call comes rather late and the sentences are very long, with more than one idea in each. It may be more helpful to leave his number at the end rather than near the beginning of the message. Once again, it may be helpful to say exactly when he rang.
Call 5
Once again, Call 5 is quite long. Steve uses many of the features of British English mentioned in the article: understanding (e.g. a little bit on the optimistic side), get used with different meanings (e.g. which I’ll get off to you today), and a generally idiomatic approach to language. Again, Colin could say when he called and give a telephone or extension number.
Taking messages
1. trade fair
2. S126 25
3. 3
4. Tuesday 23 / 23 November
5. (Kati) Gersel
聽(tīng)力基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)講評(píng)：
Names
在我們對(duì)姓名做講解之前，我們先來(lái)熟悉一下有關(guān)姓名的幾組詞匯。
Ø 姓名，全名 （full）name
Ø 姓 family name/ surname/last name
Ø 名 given name/ first name
6. the/ your message
7. cancelled
8. not available
9. 27 November
10. confirm
get back to somebody phrasal verb事后告知某人
to talk to someone or telephone them later in order to answer a question or give them information
I'll find out the prices and get back to you. 我會(huì)找到價(jià)格并馬上告知你。
available adjective
1 something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found 可以用的，可以得到的
Tickets are available from the box office. 你可以從票房買(mǎi)到票。
No figures are available for the number of goods sold. 沒(méi)有已銷(xiāo)售商品數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)。
There are plenty of jobs available in the area. 這個(gè)地方有很多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
2 [not before noun] someone who is available is not busy and has enough time to talk to you 有時(shí)間
Collins was not available for comment on Thursday night. 克林斯不能在周四晚上發(fā)表評(píng)論。
ￚavailability noun [uncountable]
姓名前的稱(chēng)呼 Title
在與人初次見(jiàn)面時(shí)，如果在非常正式的場(chǎng)合下是不應(yīng)該直接稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方姓名的，而應(yīng)該稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方為某某先生、某某女士等等。所以這里就需要給大家介紹有關(guān)在姓名前如何稱(chēng)呼對(duì)方。稱(chēng)呼一般有以下幾種：
Mr. 這是專(zhuān)門(mén)稱(chēng)呼男士的，無(wú)論對(duì)方是已婚還是未婚。意思是XX先生。
Mrs是稱(chēng)呼已婚女士的，意思是XX太太。
Miss是稱(chēng)呼那些未婚女士的，意思是XX小姐。有時(shí)我們并不方便先去了解一下對(duì)方的婚姻狀況，所以我們就可以采用Ms這種稱(chēng)呼，意思是XX女士。
Dr.是對(duì)某人學(xué)歷上的認(rèn)可，意思是某某博士。
Dates
British English英國(guó)英語(yǔ) US English美國(guó)英語(yǔ)
Spoken表達(dá) the twenty-sixth of OctoberOctober the twenty-sixth twenty-sixth OctoberOctober twenty-sixth
Written書(shū)寫(xiě) 文字形式：26(th) October October 26(th)數(shù)字形式：26/10/01 文字形式：26(th) October 數(shù)字形式：10/26/01
從上面可以看出，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)間通常是日、月、年的結(jié)構(gòu)，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)是先說(shuō)月份，然后是日期，后是年份。這點(diǎn)請(qǐng)大家注意。
說(shuō)明：
1．在書(shū)寫(xiě)日期時(shí)，可以將表示序數(shù)詞標(biāo)志的st, nd, rd 或者th省略掉。這里也建議大家不要寫(xiě)出來(lái)，因?yàn)橛泻芏嗳嗽跁?shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)會(huì)將它們混淆。比如正確的寫(xiě)法是：
1號(hào) 1st
21號(hào) 21st
31號(hào) 31st
2號(hào) 2nd
22號(hào) 22nd
3號(hào) 3rd
那么，11號(hào)、12號(hào)和13號(hào)怎么寫(xiě)呢？有很多人自認(rèn)為已經(jīng)搞明白了，就自作主張，大筆一揮寫(xiě)成是11st、12nd和13rd了。其實(shí)
11號(hào) 11 th （eleventh）
12號(hào) 12th （twelfth）
13號(hào) 13th （thirteenth）
2．在閱讀日期時(shí)，如果寫(xiě)成日月的順序，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的讀法是讀出定冠詞the和介詞of來(lái)。但是在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)一定要注意不要寫(xiě)出來(lái)。同樣道理，如果寫(xiě)成是月日的順序的話(huà)，在口語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，要讀出定冠詞the來(lái)，但是書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)就沒(méi)有了。
IV. Vocabulary Consolidation on Unit 1b (page 163)
V. Self-study 1b
4. Prepositions.
(1) at the moment
(2) in +地點(diǎn)
(3) on the phone
(4) at +時(shí)間
(5) on +具體日期
(6) at +宗教節(jié)日
(7) on +電話(huà)號(hào)碼
(8) in + 月份
(9) at + 時(shí)間
(10) on + 具體日期
小結(jié)：
介詞用法簡(jiǎn)介Saying when things happened
在表示時(shí)間時(shí)，我們有三個(gè)介詞可以選擇：in，at和on。
介詞in的用法：
介詞in 用在年、月份、季節(jié)、一天中某個(gè)部分以及年代的前面。
比如，
in 1999 在1999年
in August 在八月份
in winter 在冬季
in the afternoon, in the evening, in the morning 在下午/在晚上/在早上
in the 1950s 在50年代
in the 21st century 在21世紀(jì)
介詞on的用法：
介詞on用在星期幾、幾號(hào)等具體的日期前。比如：
on Thursday 在星期四
on 19 January 在1月19日
on Monday morning (請(qǐng)比較：in the morning)
on a cold night (請(qǐng)比較：at night)
但是當(dāng)星期幾的前面有指示性的詞比如：this，next和last來(lái)修飾時(shí)，就不用介詞on。
介詞at的用法：
介詞at 用在點(diǎn)鐘、宗教節(jié)日和一些固定的詞組中。比如：
at 5.30 p.m. 在下午5.30分
at Easter 在復(fù)活節(jié)
at the end of the war 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的末期
at the beginning of the term 在這學(xué)期開(kāi)始
但是當(dāng)宗教節(jié)日中帶有day這個(gè)詞時(shí)，前面的介詞用on 。
at Christmas on Christmas Day
at/on the weekend 在周末
VI. Memo Writing
參考答案：
To: Alice Hu, Secretary
From: David Guan, Manager
Date: 29 June 2001
Subject: Arrangement for my holiday
I’m going on my annual holiday next Monday 2nd July for three weeks. Please keep my mail until I return. If something urgent occurs, please report it directly to our Deputy Manager or contact me on 12345678903.
mail noun [uncountable]
1 the letters and packages that are delivered to you
2 especially American English the system of collecting and delivering letters and packages
British equivalent: post
3 messages that are sent and received on a computer
ￚsynonym email
VII. Oral Practice
Career goals
l What are your career ambitions?
參考答案：
l I would like to become a HR manager. Then I can help the company I work for to seek best candidate and make them fulfill their ambitions.
l I intend to be a receptionist to meet people and show the best side of our business.
l I aim to be self-employed.
l My career ambition is to set up my own company which can offer high quality products or services.
l Do you think people should take professional advice when planning their careers?
參考答案：
Yes. Sometimes people cannot really identify where their strength and weakness lie. Therefore, it’s better to get professional advice to map out career development plans.
l Do you think business people need to be flexible when planning their careers?
參考答案：
Yes. The business environment changes very rapidly. The chances are that your original career plan may not be reasonable at times and you cannot stick to your targets. Then in this case, people have to be flexible to make better achievements.
l Do you think it is necessary to have long-term goals in your careers?
參考答案：
Yes. I think long-term goals can ensure that you will always have a long way away from it. It will encourage you to be tenacious and resilient to realize the goals in the end.
tenacious adjective
determined to do something and unwilling to stop trying even when the situation becomes difficult 固執(zhí)的，百折不撓的
a tenacious negotiator 一位百折不撓的談判者
resilient adjective
able to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event
Children are often very resilient. 孩子們經(jīng)常是在遇到困難后仍能保持開(kāi)心樂(lè)觀。
Work and holidays
u Would you be influenced by the amount of paid holiday when applying for a job?
參考答案：
No. I don’t mind the length of paid holiday provided that I can get my teeth into the job and feel challenged.
get your teeth into something
informal to start to do something with a lot of energy and determination 專(zhuān)注于某事
I can't wait to get my teeth into the new course. 我簡(jiǎn)直是迫不及待地想要開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)這門(mén)新課。
u Do you think companies should be able to contact staff when they are on holiday?
參考答案：
No. Every employee will arrange his work in advance and another person can take on his responsibility to deal with any emergencies. On the other hand, a telephone may disrupt the whole holiday.
u Should staff be allowed to take holidays whenever they like?
參考答案：
No. If an employee can take holidays whenever they like, then the business will be in trouble and the other staff may feel unfair of always taking on extra responsibility.
u Do you think that people work more effectively after they have had a holiday?
參考答案：
Yes. After holidays, people can feel refreshed and can put more energy into their work.
1. Oral practice.
When you eat out, what are the criteria to choose a suitable restaurant for you?
Location?
Atmosphere?
Cleanliness?
Speed of service? ……
2.
l You are a Project Team Leader. You have had to cancel your next project meeting because some of the member of your team will be abroad.
l Write a memo of 40-50 words to your project team:
Informing them of the cancellation and giving the reason
Stating a new date and time for the meeting
Requesting suggestions for the agenda.