2010年高分職稱英語備考輔導(dǎo)—語法(一)

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詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格
    一、詞類:
    英語中主要有:名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連接詞、冠詞等。對于初學(xué)者,必須搞清。
    1、名詞(包括代詞和數(shù)詞):在句子中作主語、賓語、表語和另一名詞的形容詞。
    2、動詞:見第二講3、形容詞:可在句子中作表語、名詞的定語注意: 以下-ly結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞,是形容詞: friendly (友好的) lovely(可愛的) deadly(致命的) costly(昂貴的) likely(可能的) lonely(孤獨(dú)的) alone (單獨(dú)的) lively(活潑的) ugly(丑陋的) kindly(和藹的) manly(男子氣的)等4、副詞:主要用來說明動詞、形容詞和副詞本身。
    注意:除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副詞外,副詞不能作表語。
    例如:Please help me water these flowers when I am out. (我不在時請幫我澆澆花。)5、介詞:又稱前置詞,即放在名詞前面的"小詞".
    注意:
    1)介詞后面一定是個名詞(除習(xí)慣外),例如不能說:because of ill,而應(yīng)該為:because of illness;2)介詞后面不能跟that從句,即只能跟名詞或帶-wh開頭的從句,這是英語語法的一條重要規(guī)則,如不能說:He did not come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是:She got angry because of what he said. (她因他的話而生氣了。)6、連接詞:用來連接兩個或兩個以上詞或句子的詞。
    注意:英語中一般不能同時使用兩個連接詞,如不能說:Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. (只要將although 或but去掉一個即可)關(guān)于連接詞的使用,詳見"第三講:句子的連接"一節(jié)。
    7、冠詞:用來限定名詞的詞,分不定冠詞a (an) 和定冠詞 the, 英語中的冠詞使用十分復(fù)雜,簡單地說:
    1) 不可數(shù)名詞前不能用a (an)2) 第提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用a (n)3) 能用what, who, which回答的名詞用the,即3W原則the teacher and the student / the patient and the doctor結(jié)構(gòu)中的the可以表示泛指詞性不是一成不變的,是由其在句子中的位子和功能決定的。
    如:She has gone home. (home為副詞)Is she at home? (home 為名詞)She looked at me patiently. (look為行為動詞) She looked pale. (look為連系動詞)
    二、名詞的數(shù):
    重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:
    1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):
    與漢語不同,英語中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。
    籠統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。
    不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對此類題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。
    2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:
    news(消息) information(信息)furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)advice (勸告) weather(天氣)work*(工作) clothing(衣服)baggage(行李)work作 "工作" 解釋時為不可數(shù)名詞,"找工作"不能說to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作"著作"、"作品"解時是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 "工廠" 解釋時,單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個鋼鐵廠) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠)實(shí)例:
    We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.
    A. haven't many furnituresB. aren't many furnituresC. hasn't much furnitureD. isn't enough furniture解題思路:根據(jù)名詞數(shù)的概念A(yù)、B肯定錯,不必考慮;C、D的主要差異是"hasn't"與 "isn't", 句子中有there,說明該句是there be句型,故正確答案為D.題中staff, office 等詞與解題無關(guān)。
    注意辨別句子中斜體詞的數(shù)及其意義:
    There is still much room for improvement. (仍有許多改進(jìn)的余地)He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在這個課題上已發(fā)表了兩篇重要論文。)3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:
    means(手段) headquarters(司令部)works(工廠) species(物種)aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國人)sheep(羊) fish(魚)中國的計量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等實(shí)例:
    Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results. (每個方法都試過了,但結(jié)果不令人滿意。)4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語:
    一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。
    注意:
    (1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語時要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sport → a sportsman (運(yùn)動員)/ sale → a sales department(銷售部) / savings → a savings account (儲蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰問電)(2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個女醫(yī)生) → two women doctors (兩個女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中國女排) / a children hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示,例如:
    The whole box of matches _____ wet; I couldn't light a simple oneA. wasB. isC. wereD. are解題思路:這道題如果沒有后半句I couldn't light a simple one,是沒辦法解答的。這句話提示了兩點(diǎn):
    (1)時態(tài)為"過去時",故B、D已不可能了;(2)"a simple one"說明是指盒子內(nèi)的一根根火柴,故答案為C.試想,如果我們把后半句改為 "I had to throw it away", 那么正確答案應(yīng)是A.
    所以,看清題目的提示對于解題是非常重要的。
    7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)to change places with (交換位置)to make preparations for(為…作準(zhǔn)備)to give regards to(向…問好)to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)to hurt feelings(傷害感情)to be all smiles(滿臉堆笑)to take sides (偏袒某方)to have words with(吵架)to burst into tears (突然哭了)8、量詞的使用:
    由于英語中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:
    修飾可數(shù)名詞(a) few / fewer / fewestmany / more / mosta great (good) manymany aa number ofthe number of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞a lot of / lots ofplenty of (time, money, people)修飾不可數(shù)名詞(a) little / less / leastmuch / more / mosta great (good) deal ofan amount of / amounts ofthe amount of量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題:
    1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個表達(dá)形式是對的?
    A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.
    B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.
    C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.
    E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    以上六個表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對的。為什么?
    A. a lot students → a lot of studentsB. a few of the students → a few studentsC. a great many of students → a great many studentsD. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.
    E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.
    A number of 表示"一些","不少",認(rèn)真對比一下,看出問題來了嗎?
    問多少錢、多少重量時用:How much…?問距離時用:How far is it from…to…?
    9、單位詞的使用(1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4…時要用"量詞"表達(dá),常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)。
    (2) 成雙成對的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)(3) a couple of表示一對,或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things(4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:
    a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(兩個)面包)a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)a game of chess (一盤棋)a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old2) five thousand people / several thousand people比較 thousands of people表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時,thousand不加 "s",后面不加 "of "; ten, million, billion情況以此類推。
    3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
    Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
    One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.
    (這個地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線以下。)注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。
    4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語作單數(shù)處理,即my father11、不定代詞的數(shù)英語中要對 "2 "這個數(shù)特別敏感:
    1) 兩個中一個、另一個: one , the other; 三個或三個以上中另一個:another / any one2) 兩個都:both; 兩個都不:neither; 兩個中任一個:either3) 三個或三個以上都:all; 都不:none4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒有余數(shù)了):the others注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)實(shí)例:
    I'm sorry, I'm a stranger, too. You may ask ______ across the street.
    A. another oneB. othersC. the other oneD. someone else解題思路:雖然A、B、C沒有語法錯誤,但D是習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。
    三、名詞的格
    1、人稱代詞英語中,人稱代詞有主格,賓格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容詞和名詞兩種形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 這里就不詳細(xì)講解了。記住一點(diǎn):形容詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用;名詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)是單獨(dú)使用的。
    實(shí)例:
    Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.
    A. your / That'sB. her's / It'sC. hers / That'sD. his / It's解題思路:根據(jù)形式和上述使用原則,B(形式錯誤),C(hers只能單獨(dú)使用),故是錯的。A邏輯不通,且使用不當(dāng),故正確答案只能是D2、名詞的所有格和雙重所有格英語中除了人稱代詞,其他名詞沒有主格和賓格之分。表示一個名詞"…的"時,稱為所有格,即"的格".英語中"的格"一般用介詞"of "或名詞后加"'"來表示,如:"學(xué)校的財產(chǎn)",原則上可以有兩種表達(dá)方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表達(dá)"魯迅的書" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun時,便可能出現(xiàn)意義上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本關(guān)于魯迅的書".因此,若要表示"魯迅(擁有的)書"時,要表達(dá)為a book of Luxun's , 稱為"雙重所有格",即"of "與 "'"同時使用。
    雙重所有格除了以上用途外,還表示親切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更顯親切。
    解題思路:考試時如果你實(shí)在搞不清,應(yīng)傾向選擇有","的選項(xiàng),如:
    My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.
    A. a piece of clothes / tailorsB. a new clothing / tailorC. an article of clothing, tailor'sD. a piece of clothing, tailor's解題思路:這道題考兩個語法點(diǎn):單位詞和所有格。如果考生看不懂這個句子,一般應(yīng)在C、D中選擇,正確答案是C(一件衣服), "一塊布"用a piece of cloth3、反身代詞-self /-selves1) 反身代詞-self /-selves不能脫離其主格或賓格單獨(dú)使用,如不能說: The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想親自和她談?wù)?。)?The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 實(shí)際使用中很少會這樣講話。
    2) 注意以下表達(dá)方式:
    of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一間屬于自己的房間。)on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。)by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已單身生活了三年。)以上講了許多關(guān)于名詞的數(shù)與格問題,內(nèi)容似乎很多。但考試時,此類題目只占1-2題,復(fù)習(xí)時不要花費(fèi)太多的時間。