代詞和數(shù)詞
【考點(diǎn)分析】
代詞
1.人稱代詞主格與賓格的用法;
2.名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞的用法;
3.反身代詞的用法;
4.指示代詞this, that, these, those的用法;
5.表示兩者和多者的不定代詞的比較;
6.some,any的用法辨析;
7.each, every的用法辨析;
8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析;
9.替代詞it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析;
10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析;
11.every-,some-,any-,no-與thing,-one,-body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的用法。
數(shù)詞
1.基數(shù)詞的確指和不確指;
2.數(shù)詞與主謂一致關(guān)系;
3.dozen和score的用法;
4.序數(shù)詞與冠詞的連用。
【知識點(diǎn)歸納】
(一)代詞
代詞是高考考查的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目之一，也是考生容易出錯(cuò)的項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)榇~具有較大靈活性?？忌谧龃~選擇填空時(shí)最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是1)機(jī)械地套用語法規(guī)則;2)用漢語思維去分析題意。從高考考查情況看，高考考查最多的是不定代詞，因?yàn)椴欢ù~是整個(gè)代詞中最為活躍的部分，其次是名詞性物主代詞和反身代詞。
I.代詞的分類
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
第一
人稱
第二
人稱
第三
人稱
第一
人稱
第二
人稱
第三
人稱
人稱代詞
主格
I
you
he she it
we
you
they
賓格
me
you
him her it
us
You
them
物主代詞
形容
詞性
my
your
his her its
our
your
their
名詞性
mine
yours
his hers its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代詞
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指示代詞
this that such
these those such
相互代詞
賓格
each other one another
所有格
each other’s one another’s
不定代詞
可數(shù)
one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither
不可數(shù)
much, (a) little
可數(shù)不可數(shù)
any other all some
復(fù)合
不定代詞
anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing
疑問代詞
who whom whose which what
連接代詞
who whom whose which what（參見專題八）
關(guān)系代詞
who whom whose which that（參見專題八）
II.代詞的用法
1.人稱代詞
①在句中作主語,用主格，在句中作賓語,則用賓格;
She teaches them physics.
②在句中作表語,常用賓格;
Who is it? It’s me.
但有時(shí)要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.
在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語,故I用主格。
③兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí),其順序是：
單數(shù)按2,3,1人稱排列，復(fù)數(shù)按1,2,3人稱順序排列。
you, she and I ; we, you and they
2.物主代詞
①形容詞性物主代詞只能作賓語
We love our motherland.
②名詞性物主代詞可用作主語,表語和賓語
Your coat is black while mine is red.
3.反身代詞
①用作賓語、表語，或主語、賓語的同位語
He teaches himself Japanese every evening.(賓語)
She is not quite herself today.她今天身體不太舒服。(表語)
I myself can repair the bike.(主語的同位語)
②常用含有反身代詞的慣用語歸納
by oneself= alone 獨(dú)自 for oneself獨(dú)立、為自己
be oneself處于正常狀態(tài),顯得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快
seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 給自己穿
devote oneself to專心于、獻(xiàn)身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客氣
come to oneself蘇醒 make oneself at home 不要客氣
4.指示代詞
①this和that是近指, that和those 是遠(yuǎn)指
I don’t want this book. I want that one.
②有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),常用that/ those 來代表前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞
At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.
③this和that都可代表前面提到過的事情,若出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞,指代前面的用that指代較后面的用this;但若指下文將要敘述事情,則只能用this，不能用that。此外，還可用于代替上文中出現(xiàn)過個(gè)單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，且后面帶有of短語修飾。
Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康勝于財(cái)富;財(cái)富不會(huì)像健康那樣帶來那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)
They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.
What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替換)
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.
④such的用法
such 一般在句中作定語和主語.用作定語時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在之后。
Such is my answer.
Such are the results of the exams.
I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
用作定語時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在such之后such a good book。
5.相互代詞
①在句中可作賓語
They help each other and learn from each other.
②加’s后成為所有格,作定語
They asked about one another’s life and work.
6.不定代詞
不定代詞種類較多,在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意其用法與區(qū)別。為了便于記憶我們擇其重點(diǎn)以表格的形式列出。
不定代詞
區(qū) 別
例 句
one, some，
any和it
one可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復(fù)數(shù)為ones。
①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet.
A.one B.ones C.it D.them
②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do.
A.one B.ones C.it D.those
some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。
—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________?
A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle
some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。
①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?
—________way as you please.
A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either
one指同類中的一個(gè)，it指代同一種類的東西。記住下列三點(diǎn)區(qū)別：
①it =the /this/ my…+單數(shù)名詞
one =a/an+單數(shù)名詞
②it代替特定的單數(shù)名詞
one代替不特定的單數(shù)名詞
③one之前加上定冠詞the可以表示特指,one前如有形容詞修飾,之前還可以加上不定冠詞,但是it之前既不能加冠詞也不能加形容詞修飾。
①—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?
—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore.
A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
②This film is an interesting one.
③Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best.
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。
①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________.
A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any
C.a little,some D.a little,any
②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.
A.none B.either C.any D.each
③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.
A. any B. many C. some D. much
each和every
each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。
①Each student has a pocket dictionary.
Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary.
②Every student has strong and weak points.
Every one of us has strong and weak points.
all和both
both指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主語，賓語,表語,同位語和定語
①— Which of the two books will you take?
— I’ll take ____and I think ____of them is very important to me.
A. either; neither B. neither; both
C. both; either D. either; both
②—Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most?
—____.They are both cheap and of great importance.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
注意：both, all, each, every以及由every構(gòu)成的不定代詞出現(xiàn)在否定句中，不管否定詞在前還是在后，都是部分否定：All of them don’t like music=Not all of them like music.他們并不都喜歡音樂。
要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。
Neither of them doesn’t like music.他們倆都不喜歡音樂。
None of them don’t like the music.他們都不喜歡音樂。
none和no
no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
①There is no water in the bottle.
②How much water is there in the bottle? None.
③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another
other泛指“另外的，別的”常與
其他詞連用，④the other day,
every other week,
some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。
①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.
A.another B. the other C. neither D. each
②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無
所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指
“別的人或事”。
①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month．
A.the other B．some C．a(chǎn)nother D．other
②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair
/some others.
③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither
前者意思為：兩者中任何一方都；
后者意思為：兩者都不。
①—Do you want tea or coffee?
—______,I really don't mind.
A. none B. neither C. either D. all
②It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.
A. none B. neither C. both D. each
few和little;a few和a little
few 和little 表示沒有多少,含否
定意義,而a few 和a little表示一
些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義.另外, few
與a few修飾可數(shù)名詞, little與 a
little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
此外quite a few , quitea little意思
是“不少,相當(dāng)多的”。
①The old man knows a little English.
②Few of them can speak Russian.
7.it的用法
①用作人稱代詞,代替前文提到的事情。
This bike is not mine. It’s Peter’s.
②用以代替提示代詞this, that
—What is this? —It’s a pen.
—Whose book is that? —It’s Mike’s.
③起指示代詞的作用,指一個(gè)人或事物
—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me.
—Who is making such a noise. —It must be the children.
④指環(huán)境情況等。
It was very quiet at the moment.
⑤指時(shí)間，季節(jié)，天氣，氣候等
—What time is it? —It is eight o’clock.
It often rains in summer.
⑥指距離
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
⑦作形式主語和形式賓語
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語時(shí),通常把它們放在謂語之后,而用it作句子的形式主語
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over split milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book..
當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式,動(dòng)名詞,賓語從句時(shí),往往把賓語放在它的補(bǔ)足語后面,而用it作形式賓語,放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之前
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
注意：see to it that…(務(wù)必)和take it for granted that…(想當(dāng)然)句型中的it，以及詞組make it
中的it(做事成功，搞定)。
⑧用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)(詳見專題九)
要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(通常是主語,狀語,賓語), 可以把it 當(dāng)作先行詞.這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是 “It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that
I met an old friend in the park yesterday.
此句各部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)后句型如下：
It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.
It was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.
It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park.
(二)數(shù)詞
數(shù)詞分兩類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞
I.基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞為基數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：
1.21-99的兩位數(shù)，在十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符構(gòu)成。如：fifty- three (53)
2.101-999的三位數(shù)由hundred加and再加兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù)。
three hundred and twenty-five (325)
3.基數(shù)詞hundred，thousand，million，billion表示確切數(shù)目時(shí)不能加s
five thousand students (五千個(gè)學(xué)生)
但在表示不確切數(shù)目時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：hundreds of/thousands of students(許多學(xué)生)
4.dozen和score的復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
①dozen表示：一打，十二個(gè)，score表示：二十;
②當(dāng)dozen與數(shù)詞，或many，several等連用時(shí)，不加“s”，所修飾的名詞前常省去“of’;score則不然。
two dozen pencils兩打鉛筆
two score of pencils四十支鉛筆
dozens of people=scores of people許多人
③當(dāng)后面的名詞前有"these"，“those"，“them"，" us"等詞時(shí), dozen后應(yīng)加"of "。
a dozen of these people
two dozen of them
three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)
II.序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞為序數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：
1.序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞后+th構(gòu)成，前面一般加定冠詞the，表示“第幾”
the two hundredth，the eighteenth
加不定冠詞，則意為“又一,再一”.
I like the film very much, so I want to see it a second time.
2.以ty結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞時(shí)，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth，the fiftieth
3.不規(guī)則的序數(shù)詞有以下幾個(gè)：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
4.“二十”以上的多位數(shù)，個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，其余仍用基數(shù)詞。
ninety-third one hundred and forty-ninth
5.基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時(shí)，通常是序數(shù)詞在前
the first two pages of the book(這本書的前兩頁)
III.分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)
1.分?jǐn)?shù)由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)
形式
1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三
特殊的表達(dá)
①1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarter/one(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters
②分子與分母之間加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基數(shù)詞
one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五
one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五
2.百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法
表示百分?jǐn)?shù)直接將數(shù)詞放在單詞percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。
注意：分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面不能直接接名詞或代詞，而用以下形式：
分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +冠詞/限定詞+名詞/代詞，其謂語動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致
Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.
About seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.
3.小數(shù)的表示法
小數(shù)的表示法，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的總值發(fā)同其他數(shù)詞一樣，小數(shù)點(diǎn)用point,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面的數(shù)讀成個(gè)位數(shù)
9.65表示為nine point six five。218.39表示為two hundred and eighteen point three nine。
注意：小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀point，“零”讀字母o的音或zero，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前就按基數(shù)詞去讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)字按個(gè)位基數(shù)詞依次讀出。
62.62讀作sixty-two zero point six two
IV.數(shù)詞的其它表達(dá)式
1.序號的表示法
①單純的序號，可在基數(shù)詞前加number,簡寫為No.。
No.1第一號
②事物名詞的序號表達(dá)法有什所不同：
對于一些小序號可有序數(shù)詞也可用基數(shù)詞表達(dá)，形式分別為：the +序數(shù)詞 + 名詞;名詞 + 基數(shù)詞
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)可以表示為the First World War或World War I。
對于一些大序號我們通常只用一種表達(dá)法，即名詞 + 數(shù)詞
501號房間表示為Room 501
538路公共汽車表示為Bus 538
可用a/the + number + 基數(shù)詞 + 名詞
a No.5 bus一輛五路公共汽車
the No.8 bus那輛8路公共汽車
2.倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式
一般情況下我們用以下三種倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式：
①倍數(shù)用在as+形容詞/副詞(原級)+名詞+ as結(jié)構(gòu)之前
They have three times as many cows as we do.
他們擁有的奶牛是我們的三倍多。
②倍數(shù)放在形容詞或副詞的比較級之前或by + 倍數(shù)用在比較級之后
This rope is four times longer than that one.
They produced more products in 2009 than those in 2008 by twice.
2009年的產(chǎn)品是2008年的兩倍
③倍數(shù)用在表示度量名詞前，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：倍數(shù) + the + size / length / weight …+ of + 表示比較對象的名詞，也可用于倍數(shù) + what引導(dǎo)的從句中
This room is three times the size of that one.
The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.這個(gè)學(xué)院是5年前的兩倍。
You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.
3.大約數(shù)的表示法
①用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)后加of短語來表示幾十、幾百、上千、成千上萬等大約數(shù)概念
The little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.數(shù)打鉛筆
Thousands of people died in the earthquake.數(shù)千人
Every year tens of thousands of people go to work in Guangdong Province.
②用less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to等來表示小于或接近某數(shù)目
He is good at English, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.不到兩個(gè)小時(shí)
③用more than、over、above、beyond、or more等來表示超過或多于某個(gè)數(shù)目
Peking University has a history of more than 100 years.有100多年的歷史
④用or、or so、about、around、some、more or less等表示在某一數(shù)目左右
About 50 people were present at that time.
⑤用to、from … to…、between … and表示介于兩數(shù)詞
His salary rises from 20 dollars a week to 35 dollars a week.從每周20美元漲到每周35美元
注意：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)量時(shí)，不用復(fù)數(shù)
three score, five dozen, seven million等。
4.鐘點(diǎn)、日期、年齡的表達(dá)式
①鐘點(diǎn)
正讀法10：20：ten twenty
倒讀法9：30：half past nine(九點(diǎn)半)
7：05：five past seven(七點(diǎn)過五分)
8：50：ten to nine (八點(diǎn)五十;差十分是九點(diǎn))
表示整點(diǎn)8:00：eight o'clock (sharp)
表示在某個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，用介詞at
They begin to work at half past seven.(他們七點(diǎn)半開始工作。)
②日期
年代用基數(shù)詞，在某年要用介詞in：He was born in l983.他出生于1983年。
月份首字母要大寫，在某月也用介詞in，如果有年代出現(xiàn)，在月份名后加年代，中間用逗號：
It happened in January，2009.這事發(fā)生在2009年1月。
月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)可有兩種表示法：
英國說法：順序?yàn)橄热蘸笤拢?(th)May(五月四日——讀成：the fourth of May)
美國說法：順序?yàn)橄仍潞笕眨篗ay 4(th)(五月四日——讀成：May the fourth)
表示在某月某日，不管用在前還是在后，都用介詞on：
The meeting will be held on March 9(th).
We'll leave for Shanghai on 8th June.
年月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，年代位于最后，其前加逗號：Mary was born on January 1st，1990.
表示“在幾十年代”用in十the十逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)：in the 1990s/1990’s
③年齡
用基數(shù)詞表示年齡。如：The baby is one year old.
表示“在某人的幾十歲”時(shí)，可用介詞in+ one’s+整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
She is still in her twenties.她才二十幾歲。
但表示十多歲時(shí)用：in one’s teens
表示“一個(gè)九歲的男孩”，可以有多種表達(dá)法
a boy of nine，a boy of nine years old，a boy of nine years of age，a nine-year-old boy
注意：與基數(shù)詞合成的定語，其中的名詞用單數(shù)：a three-month-old baby，a five-year plan。
【考點(diǎn)分析】
代詞
1.人稱代詞主格與賓格的用法;
2.名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞的用法;
3.反身代詞的用法;
4.指示代詞this, that, these, those的用法;
5.表示兩者和多者的不定代詞的比較;
6.some,any的用法辨析;
7.each, every的用法辨析;
8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析;
9.替代詞it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析;
10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析;
11.every-,some-,any-,no-與thing,-one,-body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的用法。
數(shù)詞
1.基數(shù)詞的確指和不確指;
2.數(shù)詞與主謂一致關(guān)系;
3.dozen和score的用法;
4.序數(shù)詞與冠詞的連用。
【知識點(diǎn)歸納】
(一)代詞
代詞是高考考查的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目之一，也是考生容易出錯(cuò)的項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)榇~具有較大靈活性?？忌谧龃~選擇填空時(shí)最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是1)機(jī)械地套用語法規(guī)則;2)用漢語思維去分析題意。從高考考查情況看，高考考查最多的是不定代詞，因?yàn)椴欢ù~是整個(gè)代詞中最為活躍的部分，其次是名詞性物主代詞和反身代詞。
I.代詞的分類
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
第一
人稱
第二
人稱
第三
人稱
第一
人稱
第二
人稱
第三
人稱
人稱代詞
主格
I
you
he she it
we
you
they
賓格
me
you
him her it
us
You
them
物主代詞
形容
詞性
my
your
his her its
our
your
their
名詞性
mine
yours
his hers its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代詞
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指示代詞
this that such
these those such
相互代詞
賓格
each other one another
所有格
each other’s one another’s
不定代詞
可數(shù)
one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither
不可數(shù)
much, (a) little
可數(shù)不可數(shù)
any other all some
復(fù)合
不定代詞
anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing
疑問代詞
who whom whose which what
連接代詞
who whom whose which what（參見專題八）
關(guān)系代詞
who whom whose which that（參見專題八）
II.代詞的用法
1.人稱代詞
①在句中作主語,用主格，在句中作賓語,則用賓格;
She teaches them physics.
②在句中作表語,常用賓格;
Who is it? It’s me.
但有時(shí)要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.
在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語,故I用主格。
③兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí),其順序是：
單數(shù)按2,3,1人稱排列，復(fù)數(shù)按1,2,3人稱順序排列。
you, she and I ; we, you and they
2.物主代詞
①形容詞性物主代詞只能作賓語
We love our motherland.
②名詞性物主代詞可用作主語,表語和賓語
Your coat is black while mine is red.
3.反身代詞
①用作賓語、表語，或主語、賓語的同位語
He teaches himself Japanese every evening.(賓語)
She is not quite herself today.她今天身體不太舒服。(表語)
I myself can repair the bike.(主語的同位語)
②常用含有反身代詞的慣用語歸納
by oneself= alone 獨(dú)自 for oneself獨(dú)立、為自己
be oneself處于正常狀態(tài),顯得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快
seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 給自己穿
devote oneself to專心于、獻(xiàn)身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客氣
come to oneself蘇醒 make oneself at home 不要客氣
4.指示代詞
①this和that是近指, that和those 是遠(yuǎn)指
I don’t want this book. I want that one.
②有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),常用that/ those 來代表前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞
At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.
③this和that都可代表前面提到過的事情,若出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞,指代前面的用that指代較后面的用this;但若指下文將要敘述事情,則只能用this，不能用that。此外，還可用于代替上文中出現(xiàn)過個(gè)單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，且后面帶有of短語修飾。
Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康勝于財(cái)富;財(cái)富不會(huì)像健康那樣帶來那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)
They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.
What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替換)
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.
④such的用法
such 一般在句中作定語和主語.用作定語時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在之后。
Such is my answer.
Such are the results of the exams.
I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
用作定語時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在such之后such a good book。
5.相互代詞
①在句中可作賓語
They help each other and learn from each other.
②加’s后成為所有格,作定語
They asked about one another’s life and work.
6.不定代詞
不定代詞種類較多,在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意其用法與區(qū)別。為了便于記憶我們擇其重點(diǎn)以表格的形式列出。
不定代詞
區(qū) 別
例 句
one, some，
any和it
one可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復(fù)數(shù)為ones。
①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet.
A.one B.ones C.it D.them
②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do.
A.one B.ones C.it D.those
some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。
—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________?
A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle
some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。
①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?
—________way as you please.
A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either
one指同類中的一個(gè)，it指代同一種類的東西。記住下列三點(diǎn)區(qū)別：
①it =the /this/ my…+單數(shù)名詞
one =a/an+單數(shù)名詞
②it代替特定的單數(shù)名詞
one代替不特定的單數(shù)名詞
③one之前加上定冠詞the可以表示特指,one前如有形容詞修飾,之前還可以加上不定冠詞,但是it之前既不能加冠詞也不能加形容詞修飾。
①—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?
—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore.
A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
②This film is an interesting one.
③Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best.
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。
①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________.
A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any
C.a little,some D.a little,any
②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.
A.none B.either C.any D.each
③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.
A. any B. many C. some D. much
each和every
each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。
①Each student has a pocket dictionary.
Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary.
②Every student has strong and weak points.
Every one of us has strong and weak points.
all和both
both指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主語，賓語,表語,同位語和定語
①— Which of the two books will you take?
— I’ll take ____and I think ____of them is very important to me.
A. either; neither B. neither; both
C. both; either D. either; both
②—Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most?
—____.They are both cheap and of great importance.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
注意：both, all, each, every以及由every構(gòu)成的不定代詞出現(xiàn)在否定句中，不管否定詞在前還是在后，都是部分否定：All of them don’t like music=Not all of them like music.他們并不都喜歡音樂。
要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。
Neither of them doesn’t like music.他們倆都不喜歡音樂。
None of them don’t like the music.他們都不喜歡音樂。
none和no
no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
①There is no water in the bottle.
②How much water is there in the bottle? None.
③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another
other泛指“另外的，別的”常與
其他詞連用，④the other day,
every other week,
some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。
①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.
A.another B. the other C. neither D. each
②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無
所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指
“別的人或事”。
①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month．
A.the other B．some C．a(chǎn)nother D．other
②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair
/some others.
③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither
前者意思為：兩者中任何一方都；
后者意思為：兩者都不。
①—Do you want tea or coffee?
—______,I really don't mind.
A. none B. neither C. either D. all
②It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.
A. none B. neither C. both D. each
few和little;a few和a little
few 和little 表示沒有多少,含否
定意義,而a few 和a little表示一
些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義.另外, few
與a few修飾可數(shù)名詞, little與 a
little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
此外quite a few , quitea little意思
是“不少,相當(dāng)多的”。
①The old man knows a little English.
②Few of them can speak Russian.
7.it的用法
①用作人稱代詞,代替前文提到的事情。
This bike is not mine. It’s Peter’s.
②用以代替提示代詞this, that
—What is this? —It’s a pen.
—Whose book is that? —It’s Mike’s.
③起指示代詞的作用,指一個(gè)人或事物
—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me.
—Who is making such a noise. —It must be the children.
④指環(huán)境情況等。
It was very quiet at the moment.
⑤指時(shí)間，季節(jié)，天氣，氣候等
—What time is it? —It is eight o’clock.
It often rains in summer.
⑥指距離
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
⑦作形式主語和形式賓語
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語時(shí),通常把它們放在謂語之后,而用it作句子的形式主語
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over split milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book..
當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式,動(dòng)名詞,賓語從句時(shí),往往把賓語放在它的補(bǔ)足語后面,而用it作形式賓語,放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之前
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
注意：see to it that…(務(wù)必)和take it for granted that…(想當(dāng)然)句型中的it，以及詞組make it
中的it(做事成功，搞定)。
⑧用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)(詳見專題九)
要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(通常是主語,狀語,賓語), 可以把it 當(dāng)作先行詞.這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是 “It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that
I met an old friend in the park yesterday.
此句各部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)后句型如下：
It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.
It was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.
It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park.
(二)數(shù)詞
數(shù)詞分兩類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞
I.基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞為基數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：
1.21-99的兩位數(shù)，在十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符構(gòu)成。如：fifty- three (53)
2.101-999的三位數(shù)由hundred加and再加兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù)。
three hundred and twenty-five (325)
3.基數(shù)詞hundred，thousand，million，billion表示確切數(shù)目時(shí)不能加s
five thousand students (五千個(gè)學(xué)生)
但在表示不確切數(shù)目時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：hundreds of/thousands of students(許多學(xué)生)
4.dozen和score的復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
①dozen表示：一打，十二個(gè)，score表示：二十;
②當(dāng)dozen與數(shù)詞，或many，several等連用時(shí)，不加“s”，所修飾的名詞前常省去“of’;score則不然。
two dozen pencils兩打鉛筆
two score of pencils四十支鉛筆
dozens of people=scores of people許多人
③當(dāng)后面的名詞前有"these"，“those"，“them"，" us"等詞時(shí), dozen后應(yīng)加"of "。
a dozen of these people
two dozen of them
three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)
II.序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞為序數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：
1.序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞后+th構(gòu)成，前面一般加定冠詞the，表示“第幾”
the two hundredth，the eighteenth
加不定冠詞，則意為“又一,再一”.
I like the film very much, so I want to see it a second time.
2.以ty結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞時(shí)，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth，the fiftieth
3.不規(guī)則的序數(shù)詞有以下幾個(gè)：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
4.“二十”以上的多位數(shù)，個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，其余仍用基數(shù)詞。
ninety-third one hundred and forty-ninth
5.基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時(shí)，通常是序數(shù)詞在前
the first two pages of the book(這本書的前兩頁)
III.分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)
1.分?jǐn)?shù)由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)
形式
1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三
特殊的表達(dá)
①1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarter/one(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters
②分子與分母之間加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基數(shù)詞
one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五
one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五
2.百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法
表示百分?jǐn)?shù)直接將數(shù)詞放在單詞percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。
注意：分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面不能直接接名詞或代詞，而用以下形式：
分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +冠詞/限定詞+名詞/代詞，其謂語動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致
Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.
About seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.
3.小數(shù)的表示法
小數(shù)的表示法，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的總值發(fā)同其他數(shù)詞一樣，小數(shù)點(diǎn)用point,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面的數(shù)讀成個(gè)位數(shù)
9.65表示為nine point six five。218.39表示為two hundred and eighteen point three nine。
注意：小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀point，“零”讀字母o的音或zero，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前就按基數(shù)詞去讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)字按個(gè)位基數(shù)詞依次讀出。
62.62讀作sixty-two zero point six two
IV.數(shù)詞的其它表達(dá)式
1.序號的表示法
①單純的序號，可在基數(shù)詞前加number,簡寫為No.。
No.1第一號
②事物名詞的序號表達(dá)法有什所不同：
對于一些小序號可有序數(shù)詞也可用基數(shù)詞表達(dá)，形式分別為：the +序數(shù)詞 + 名詞;名詞 + 基數(shù)詞
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)可以表示為the First World War或World War I。
對于一些大序號我們通常只用一種表達(dá)法，即名詞 + 數(shù)詞
501號房間表示為Room 501
538路公共汽車表示為Bus 538
可用a/the + number + 基數(shù)詞 + 名詞
a No.5 bus一輛五路公共汽車
the No.8 bus那輛8路公共汽車
2.倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式
一般情況下我們用以下三種倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式：
①倍數(shù)用在as+形容詞/副詞(原級)+名詞+ as結(jié)構(gòu)之前
They have three times as many cows as we do.
他們擁有的奶牛是我們的三倍多。
②倍數(shù)放在形容詞或副詞的比較級之前或by + 倍數(shù)用在比較級之后
This rope is four times longer than that one.
They produced more products in 2009 than those in 2008 by twice.
2009年的產(chǎn)品是2008年的兩倍
③倍數(shù)用在表示度量名詞前，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：倍數(shù) + the + size / length / weight …+ of + 表示比較對象的名詞，也可用于倍數(shù) + what引導(dǎo)的從句中
This room is three times the size of that one.
The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.這個(gè)學(xué)院是5年前的兩倍。
You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.
3.大約數(shù)的表示法
①用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)后加of短語來表示幾十、幾百、上千、成千上萬等大約數(shù)概念
The little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.數(shù)打鉛筆
Thousands of people died in the earthquake.數(shù)千人
Every year tens of thousands of people go to work in Guangdong Province.
②用less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to等來表示小于或接近某數(shù)目
He is good at English, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.不到兩個(gè)小時(shí)
③用more than、over、above、beyond、or more等來表示超過或多于某個(gè)數(shù)目
Peking University has a history of more than 100 years.有100多年的歷史
④用or、or so、about、around、some、more or less等表示在某一數(shù)目左右
About 50 people were present at that time.
⑤用to、from … to…、between … and表示介于兩數(shù)詞
His salary rises from 20 dollars a week to 35 dollars a week.從每周20美元漲到每周35美元
注意：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)量時(shí)，不用復(fù)數(shù)
three score, five dozen, seven million等。
4.鐘點(diǎn)、日期、年齡的表達(dá)式
①鐘點(diǎn)
正讀法10：20：ten twenty
倒讀法9：30：half past nine(九點(diǎn)半)
7：05：five past seven(七點(diǎn)過五分)
8：50：ten to nine (八點(diǎn)五十;差十分是九點(diǎn))
表示整點(diǎn)8:00：eight o'clock (sharp)
表示在某個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，用介詞at
They begin to work at half past seven.(他們七點(diǎn)半開始工作。)
②日期
年代用基數(shù)詞，在某年要用介詞in：He was born in l983.他出生于1983年。
月份首字母要大寫，在某月也用介詞in，如果有年代出現(xiàn)，在月份名后加年代，中間用逗號：
It happened in January，2009.這事發(fā)生在2009年1月。
月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)可有兩種表示法：
英國說法：順序?yàn)橄热蘸笤拢?(th)May(五月四日——讀成：the fourth of May)
美國說法：順序?yàn)橄仍潞笕眨篗ay 4(th)(五月四日——讀成：May the fourth)
表示在某月某日，不管用在前還是在后，都用介詞on：
The meeting will be held on March 9(th).
We'll leave for Shanghai on 8th June.
年月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，年代位于最后，其前加逗號：Mary was born on January 1st，1990.
表示“在幾十年代”用in十the十逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)：in the 1990s/1990’s
③年齡
用基數(shù)詞表示年齡。如：The baby is one year old.
表示“在某人的幾十歲”時(shí)，可用介詞in+ one’s+整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
She is still in her twenties.她才二十幾歲。
但表示十多歲時(shí)用：in one’s teens
表示“一個(gè)九歲的男孩”，可以有多種表達(dá)法
a boy of nine，a boy of nine years old，a boy of nine years of age，a nine-year-old boy
注意：與基數(shù)詞合成的定語，其中的名詞用單數(shù)：a three-month-old baby，a five-year plan。