形容詞和副詞
【考點分析】
1.形容詞、副詞的作用與位置;
①多個形容詞作定語排列的順序
②enough作修飾成分時的位置問題及形容詞作后置定語
③形容詞作伴隨狀語和原因狀語
2.表語形容詞的特點及連系動詞+形容詞作表語;
3.形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法;
①原級的用法
②比較級的用法
③高級的用法
④形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況
⑤由as/so組成的形容詞或副詞短語
⑥more /less than及其相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)
4.容易混淆的形容詞、副詞的區(qū)別。
【知識點歸納】
形容詞和副詞是歷年英語高考的重點。要復(fù)習(xí)好這一塊知識點，考生不僅要掌握其基礎(chǔ)知識，同時要牢記其中的重點和難點，也是高考的熱點。
I.形容詞、副詞的作用與位置
1.形容詞是用來修飾名詞的，常被放在名詞前作定語，或放在系動詞后面作表語。而副詞則用來修飾形容詞、動詞，其他副詞或者句子，一般位于形容詞之前，動詞之后或句子之首。以下屬幾種情況，須牢記：
①幾個并列的形容詞作定語，其語序通常為：
限定語(The、A)+ 描繪性形容詞 + size(大小)+ shape(形狀)+ age(年齡、時間)+ color(顏色)+origin(國籍、來源)+material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+名詞;
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
熟記口訣就可以順利解題：限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。
②形容詞短語作定語，定語后置;
a language difficult to master,
a leaning tower about 180 feet high
This is a student worth of praise.
They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.
③表語形容詞(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定語，定語后置;
a man alive：活著的人
有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞如well、faint、ill只作表語。sick既可作表語又可作定語，ill如作定語意為“bad”;
④形容詞作定語修飾由不定代詞one、no、any、some和every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如anything、something等時，通常后置;
I have something important to tell you.
⑤enough、nearby修飾名詞前置或后置，程度副詞一般位于形容詞、副詞前面，enough修飾形容詞、副詞時，必須后置;
⑥else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語;
⑦幾個副詞并列作狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式→地點→時間;
⑧頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be動詞后，行為動詞前;
⑨副詞作定語，定語后置;
The person there is waiting for you.
⑩復(fù)合形容詞常用作定語，個別也可以作表語。
He was a 12-year-old boy.
He is good-natured.
復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：
▲形容詞+名詞-ed：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白發(fā)的
▲形容詞+形容詞：red-hot熾熱的，dark-blue深藍的
▲形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：good-looking好看的，easy-going隨和的
▲副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：hard-working勤勞的，fast-moving快速轉(zhuǎn)動的
▲副詞+過去分詞：hard-won得來不易的，newly-made新建的
▲名詞+形容詞：life-long終生的，world-famous世界聞名的
▲名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：peace-loving愛好和平的，fun-loving愛開玩笑的
▲名詞+過去分詞：snow-covered白雪覆蓋的，hand-made手工的
▲數(shù)詞+名詞 + ed：four-storeyed 4層樓的，three-legged 3條腿的
▲數(shù)詞+名詞(名詞用單數(shù))：ten-year 10年的, two-man兩人的
2.形容詞作伴隨狀語和原因狀語
He spent 7days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.
他在風雪中度過了7天，又冷又餓。
She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.
她盯著遠處看，好長時間不講話。
Afraid of being caught，the thief hid himself under a bed.
因為害怕被抓，這個小偷藏在床下面。
II.連系動詞與形容詞
象get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove ,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,go,turn,remain等這些動詞既可以用作為實義動詞又可以用作連系動詞，因而要根據(jù)上下文語境判斷究竟是什么性質(zhì)的動動詞才能正確解題。
請看下面這道選擇題：
▲We don't care if a hunting dog smells_____,but we really don't want him to smell_____.
A. well; well B. bad; badly C. well; badly D. badly; bad
第一個“smell”是“聞起來”的意思，是連系動詞，用形容詞。第二個“smell”是實義動詞，用副詞來修飾;此外well作形容詞是表示人身體好、氣色好，用在此句中不行，只能作副詞用。答案是B。句意是：“我們不在乎獵狗聞起來難聞，但是我們確實不希望它的嗅覺力差。
III.形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法
形容詞、副詞有三個等級：原級、比較級和高級，其構(gòu)成形式如下：
規(guī)則變化：單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構(gòu)成比較級和高級
構(gòu)成法
原級
比較級
高級
一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構(gòu)成比較級和高級
important
easily
more important
more easily
most important
most easily
不規(guī)則變化
原級
比較級
高級
good/well
better
best
bad/ill
worse
worst
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
注意：many,old和far比較級及高級用法的區(qū)別
①如果后接名詞時，much more +不可數(shù)名詞，many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
②old有兩種比較級和高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
③far有兩種比較級，farther，further..在英語中兩者都可指距離。
在美語中，father表示距離，further表示進一步
I have nothing further to say.
1.原級的用法
表示雙方在程度、性質(zhì)、特征等某方面相等時，用“as+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示雙方不相等時，用“not so(as)+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示一方是另一方的若干倍時，用“倍數(shù)+ as+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
2.比較級的用法
①雙方比較，表示一方超過另一方時，用“比較級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示;
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
注意：
▲比較對象的一致性
請看下面這道選擇題：
The weather in China is different from__ __.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。
▲要避免將主語包含在比較對象中
(錯)China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
▲注意比較對象的省略或隱藏：有時省略或不點明被比較的對象，而是通過語境來暗示被比較的對象。
請看下面這兩道選擇題：
If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
本題將比較的對象隱藏在虛擬條件句中，即：與沒有考試的時候相比。本題答案選D。
I don’t think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen____________.
A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst
由前文“我認為這部電影不是沒趣的”可知，“我看過(比這部)更差的電影”，省略了than this one。本題答案是B。
It takes a long time to go there by train; it's ________by road.
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
由語境可知，句末省略了than by train，用比較級。本題答案是D。
②表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess+原級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示;
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時，可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修飾;
He works even harder than before.
注意：by far通常用于強調(diào)高級。用于比較級時，一般放在比較級的后面，如在前面，應(yīng)在二者中
間加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方隨另一方的程度而變化時，用“the +比較級(主語+謂語)，the +比較級(主語+謂語)”
的結(jié)構(gòu)(意為“越……越……”);
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不與其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時，用“比較級+ and+比較級”的結(jié)構(gòu);
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞進行比較時，用to代替than。這些詞有inferior(劣等的，次的)、superior(較
好的，優(yōu)于……)、junior(資歷較淺的)、senior(資格較老的)、prior(在……之前)等;
He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑦在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)，我們通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞;
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧否定詞+比較級
該結(jié)構(gòu)用否定形式表示肯定意義。要掌握該結(jié)構(gòu)的用法，須注意以下幾點：
▲該結(jié)構(gòu)多為“can't /couldn't +比較級”的形式
I can't agree with you more.我再同意你的意見不過了。(或：我完全同意你的意見。)
The weather couldn't be worse.天氣再糟糕不過了。
He couldn't have done better.他做得再好不過了。
▲用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的否定詞除了not之外，還有no，never，nothing等
This could give her no greater pleasure.這使她再高興不過了。
There's nothing cheaper.這東西再便宜不過了。
There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends.
為朋友而放棄生命的愛是偉大的愛。
▲當該結(jié)構(gòu)中的比較級為less時，其意義為“一點也不”
試比較：He couldn't care more.他非常介意。(或：他關(guān)心不過了。)
He couldn't care less.他毫不介意。(或：他漠不關(guān)心了。)
注意：反過來用肯定形式表示否定意義。這種用法主要見于：
▲know better than+不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“不至于”
You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes.
你的法語較好，不至于犯這樣的錯誤。
He is more experienced than to do such a thing.
他比較有經(jīng)驗，不至于做這樣的事。
▲more than…can。這種句型形式上是肯定，實際上有否定含義
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.
街上的男孩變得非常無禮,到了人所不能忍受的地步。
The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.
那地方美得無法形容。
⑨倍數(shù)表達法
▲A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(高)/這座新樓比那座舊樓大(高)三倍。
▲A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。
▲A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。
用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.
3.高級的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示高程度時，用“the +高級”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比
較范圍的介詞短語;
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②高級可被序數(shù)詞以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like
等詞語所修飾;
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
③表示“高程度”的形容詞，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，沒有高級，也沒有比較級。
④形容詞高級修飾作表語或介詞賓語的名詞、代詞時，被修飾的詞往往省略;
He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
⑤作狀語的副詞高級前可以不加定冠詞。
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
4.形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況
①形容詞高級前一般要加定冠詞，副詞高級前可不加冠詞;
②形容詞高級前有時加不定冠詞，或不加冠詞，不表比較，表示“非常”;
He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③as+形容詞+a+單數(shù)名詞;
This is as good an example as the other is.
④表示兩者間“較……的一個”比較級前加the;
who is the older of the tow boys?
⑤在“the + 比較級…，the + 比較級…”結(jié)構(gòu)中;
⑥在same前一般要加the;
⑦What +a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞=How+形容詞+ a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
What an interesting film it is!=How interesting a film it is!
⑧so和such的用法
so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that …
so + 形容詞 + a(n)+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名詞 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that …
下列詞組中為什么只能用so不可用such?
so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。
因為名詞受many、much、little、few等表示“多或少”意義的詞修飾。
下列這句中such用得對不對?(對)。為什么?
These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
因為little在這兒表示“小”，而不是表示“少”的意思。
下列so的用法是錯誤的：so difficult problems, so hot weather
為什么?因為problems是復(fù)數(shù)，weather是不可數(shù)名詞。
⑧有些形容詞前加the 成為名詞。如the poor、the rich 等。
5.由as/so組成的形容詞或副詞短語
①as much as + 不可數(shù)名詞：多達
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
②as many as + 可數(shù)名詞：多達
I have as a many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as：早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as：遠到;就……而知(論)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be：到了……的程度，極其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他們極其不可信。
⑦as … as one can：盡其所能
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible：盡可能
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
6.more /less than及其相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)
第一類
①more than+具體數(shù)字=over：多于、超過……
He spoke English more than two years.(兩年多)
more than+名詞/動詞/形容詞/副詞：不僅僅
China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English.
②not more than：不超過……，頂多……=at most
There were not more than 70 women in the store then.(不足70個女性)
③no more than：僅僅，只不過
The theater was no more than a painted barn.
這戲院只不過是漆了油漆的庫房而已(沒什么大不了的)。
④less than：少于、不足……
Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.(不到五英里)
less than+名詞/形容詞：僅僅
He is less than pleased to have visitors.
⑤not less than：……以上，至少……=at least
He has not less than 2oo dollars.(至少200美元)
⑥no less than：不會少于……，與……一樣，簡直就……
It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much.
要我這么多錢，簡直跟搶劫沒有兩樣。
第二類
①more+形容詞/副詞/名詞+than：比……更……
I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one.
②more…than…：與其……不如……
He is not more an artist than a philosopher.
與其說他是位藝術(shù)家，不如說他是位哲學(xué)家。
③not more…than…：不如……，不及……
You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔細。
She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我開心。
④no+比較級+than：僅僅…..，多……，只不過……，和……一樣不
This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch.
這種植物多長到一英寸。
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。
He is no more a good player than I am.
他和我一樣都不是好球員(他也好不到哪里去)。
⑤less+形容詞/副詞/名than：比……更少，不如……
Jane is less beautiful than Suan.
He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work.
⑥not less…than：不比……少，不亞于……
She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女兒一樣有魅力。
⑦no less…than：不會比……差，正如……一樣”
A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不會比狗笨吧!
IV.容易混淆的形容詞、副詞的辨析
1.下列單詞雖以-ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞而非副詞
deadly,friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,silly,lively,brotherly,weekly等。
2.有無ly的副詞意義、用法有別
①意義用法不同
Someone followed me close behind me.有人緊跟著我。
Everyone felt that his remarks hit close to home.他的話擊中了要害。
Come close to me and you’ll listen to me clearly.靠近我，你就會聽清楚的。
These two topics are closely related.這兩個課題緊密相連。
(close修飾介詞短語、closely修飾動詞和過去分詞)
He hardly worked hard at maths so he could not pass the maths examination.
他幾乎沒有 努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)，結(jié)果沒有通過這次數(shù)學(xué)考試。
He always works late into the night.他總是工作到深夜。
Have you been to the cinema lately?你近有沒有看電影?
The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.會見在極其友好的氣氛中進行。
The present world situation is most favorable for the people.當前世界形勢對人民非常有利。
They are mostly visiting scientists.= Most of them are visiting scientists.
②具體和抽象的關(guān)系
They buried the body very deep. 他們把尸體埋得很深。(具體)
His words deeply moved me. 他的話深深地打動了我。(抽象)
類似的詞：high/highly,wide/widely
3.形容詞和副詞相同形式
①意義不一
She said with a half smile to me.她微笑著對我說。
Well begun is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。
This kind of material feels very hard.這種材料摸上去很硬。
He found modern art very hard to understand.他覺得現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)很難理解。
He is working hard at maths.他在努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。
The door was fast shut.門緊閉著。
His father was fast asleep.他父親睡得很香。
②意義基本相同
He got up so early that he caught the early bus.他起得早趕上了早班車。
What you need is a sound sleep.你所需要的是好好睡一覺。
His father was sound asleep. 他父親睡得很香。
If he were well,he would do the work well.
如果他身體好的話，他會把這項工作干好的。
4.搭配特別的形容詞和副詞
英語中有些形容詞和副詞與名詞、動詞、或另一形容詞等的搭配與漢語不完全一樣，在平時學(xué)習(xí)中通過運用要把它們掌握好。
特別要記住下列與漢語不同的表達方法：
well worth很值得 wide awake很清醒
fast/sound asleep睡得很香 largely due to…主要因為
greatlyrespected/honoured很受尊敬 badly/seriously hurt/injured傷得很嚴重
rain/snow hard/heavily下大雨(大雪) large/small population人口多(少)
heavy traffic交通堵塞
5.體現(xiàn)兩句間邏輯關(guān)系的連接性副詞
解決這類問題，首先要弄清形容詞和副詞真正含義，在解題時要弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
常用的此類詞有：besides而且、再說,instead而是，反而,though不過，可是，然而,however不過，仍然，然而,thus/therefore因此，所以,furthermore/moreover此外，而且，再者,otherwise/or否則，不然,anyhow/anyway反正，不管怎樣,even so即便如此，即使這樣,or rather更確切地說等等。
請看下列選擇題：
①Progress so far has been very good. _______, we are sure that the project will be completed on time.
A. Howeve B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Besides
“一直進展良好”與“按時完工”是因果關(guān)系，用therefore。本題答案是C。
②The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings;_____ , it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides
由前后語境不難確定，是要表示“此外，還有，而且”，用besides。其它選項不合語境：or so大約;therefore因此;after all畢竟。本題答案是D。
③Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost. _ , their political influence should be very great. (2006廣東)
A. As a result B. As usual C. Even so D. So far
由前后的語意邏輯可知，所填之詞應(yīng)是表示“即使如此”之意，用even so。句意：工會已經(jīng)失去很多權(quán)力了;即使這樣，他們的政治影響還應(yīng)當還是很大的。本題答案是C。
6.too much和much too的區(qū)別
①too much有下列用法
too much的含義是“太多”，充當形容詞用時，too是副詞，用來修飾much，后接不可數(shù)名詞。
I have too much homework to do.我有太多的家庭作業(yè)要做。
too much充當副詞用時，可用來修飾動詞
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看電視看得太多對你的健康有害。
too much充當代詞用時，后面不接名詞，代替上下文提到的事物。
You gave me too much.你給我的太多了。
②much too意為“太”，much(副詞)用來修飾too(副詞)，以加強語氣，只可起副詞作用，在句中修
飾形容詞或副詞。
It’s much too expensive.太貴了。
You walk(much)too far yesterday.昨天你散步走得太遠了。
It’s much too cold.
【考點分析】
1.形容詞、副詞的作用與位置;
①多個形容詞作定語排列的順序
②enough作修飾成分時的位置問題及形容詞作后置定語
③形容詞作伴隨狀語和原因狀語
2.表語形容詞的特點及連系動詞+形容詞作表語;
3.形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法;
①原級的用法
②比較級的用法
③高級的用法
④形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況
⑤由as/so組成的形容詞或副詞短語
⑥more /less than及其相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)
4.容易混淆的形容詞、副詞的區(qū)別。
【知識點歸納】
形容詞和副詞是歷年英語高考的重點。要復(fù)習(xí)好這一塊知識點，考生不僅要掌握其基礎(chǔ)知識，同時要牢記其中的重點和難點，也是高考的熱點。
I.形容詞、副詞的作用與位置
1.形容詞是用來修飾名詞的，常被放在名詞前作定語，或放在系動詞后面作表語。而副詞則用來修飾形容詞、動詞，其他副詞或者句子，一般位于形容詞之前，動詞之后或句子之首。以下屬幾種情況，須牢記：
①幾個并列的形容詞作定語，其語序通常為：
限定語(The、A)+ 描繪性形容詞 + size(大小)+ shape(形狀)+ age(年齡、時間)+ color(顏色)+origin(國籍、來源)+material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+名詞;
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
熟記口訣就可以順利解題：限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。
②形容詞短語作定語，定語后置;
a language difficult to master,
a leaning tower about 180 feet high
This is a student worth of praise.
They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.
③表語形容詞(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定語，定語后置;
a man alive：活著的人
有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞如well、faint、ill只作表語。sick既可作表語又可作定語，ill如作定語意為“bad”;
④形容詞作定語修飾由不定代詞one、no、any、some和every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如anything、something等時，通常后置;
I have something important to tell you.
⑤enough、nearby修飾名詞前置或后置，程度副詞一般位于形容詞、副詞前面，enough修飾形容詞、副詞時，必須后置;
⑥else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語;
⑦幾個副詞并列作狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式→地點→時間;
⑧頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be動詞后，行為動詞前;
⑨副詞作定語，定語后置;
The person there is waiting for you.
⑩復(fù)合形容詞常用作定語，個別也可以作表語。
He was a 12-year-old boy.
He is good-natured.
復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：
▲形容詞+名詞-ed：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白發(fā)的
▲形容詞+形容詞：red-hot熾熱的，dark-blue深藍的
▲形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：good-looking好看的，easy-going隨和的
▲副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：hard-working勤勞的，fast-moving快速轉(zhuǎn)動的
▲副詞+過去分詞：hard-won得來不易的，newly-made新建的
▲名詞+形容詞：life-long終生的，world-famous世界聞名的
▲名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：peace-loving愛好和平的，fun-loving愛開玩笑的
▲名詞+過去分詞：snow-covered白雪覆蓋的，hand-made手工的
▲數(shù)詞+名詞 + ed：four-storeyed 4層樓的，three-legged 3條腿的
▲數(shù)詞+名詞(名詞用單數(shù))：ten-year 10年的, two-man兩人的
2.形容詞作伴隨狀語和原因狀語
He spent 7days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.
他在風雪中度過了7天，又冷又餓。
She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.
她盯著遠處看，好長時間不講話。
Afraid of being caught，the thief hid himself under a bed.
因為害怕被抓，這個小偷藏在床下面。
II.連系動詞與形容詞
象get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove ,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,go,turn,remain等這些動詞既可以用作為實義動詞又可以用作連系動詞，因而要根據(jù)上下文語境判斷究竟是什么性質(zhì)的動動詞才能正確解題。
請看下面這道選擇題：
▲We don't care if a hunting dog smells_____,but we really don't want him to smell_____.
A. well; well B. bad; badly C. well; badly D. badly; bad
第一個“smell”是“聞起來”的意思，是連系動詞，用形容詞。第二個“smell”是實義動詞，用副詞來修飾;此外well作形容詞是表示人身體好、氣色好，用在此句中不行，只能作副詞用。答案是B。句意是：“我們不在乎獵狗聞起來難聞，但是我們確實不希望它的嗅覺力差。
III.形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法
形容詞、副詞有三個等級：原級、比較級和高級，其構(gòu)成形式如下：
規(guī)則變化：單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構(gòu)成比較級和高級
構(gòu)成法
原級
比較級
高級
一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
narrowest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構(gòu)成比較級和高級
important
easily
more important
more easily
most important
most easily
不規(guī)則變化
原級
比較級
高級
good/well
better
best
bad/ill
worse
worst
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
注意：many,old和far比較級及高級用法的區(qū)別
①如果后接名詞時，much more +不可數(shù)名詞，many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
②old有兩種比較級和高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
③far有兩種比較級，farther，further..在英語中兩者都可指距離。
在美語中，father表示距離，further表示進一步
I have nothing further to say.
1.原級的用法
表示雙方在程度、性質(zhì)、特征等某方面相等時，用“as+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示雙方不相等時，用“not so(as)+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示一方是另一方的若干倍時，用“倍數(shù)+ as+原級形容詞/副詞+ as”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
2.比較級的用法
①雙方比較，表示一方超過另一方時，用“比較級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示;
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
注意：
▲比較對象的一致性
請看下面這道選擇題：
The weather in China is different from__ __.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。
▲要避免將主語包含在比較對象中
(錯)China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
▲注意比較對象的省略或隱藏：有時省略或不點明被比較的對象，而是通過語境來暗示被比較的對象。
請看下面這兩道選擇題：
If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
本題將比較的對象隱藏在虛擬條件句中，即：與沒有考試的時候相比。本題答案選D。
I don’t think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen____________.
A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst
由前文“我認為這部電影不是沒趣的”可知，“我看過(比這部)更差的電影”，省略了than this one。本題答案是B。
It takes a long time to go there by train; it's ________by road.
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
由語境可知，句末省略了than by train，用比較級。本題答案是D。
②表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess+原級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示;
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時，可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修飾;
He works even harder than before.
注意：by far通常用于強調(diào)高級。用于比較級時，一般放在比較級的后面，如在前面，應(yīng)在二者中
間加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方隨另一方的程度而變化時，用“the +比較級(主語+謂語)，the +比較級(主語+謂語)”
的結(jié)構(gòu)(意為“越……越……”);
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不與其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時，用“比較級+ and+比較級”的結(jié)構(gòu);
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞進行比較時，用to代替than。這些詞有inferior(劣等的，次的)、superior(較
好的，優(yōu)于……)、junior(資歷較淺的)、senior(資格較老的)、prior(在……之前)等;
He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑦在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)，我們通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞;
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧否定詞+比較級
該結(jié)構(gòu)用否定形式表示肯定意義。要掌握該結(jié)構(gòu)的用法，須注意以下幾點：
▲該結(jié)構(gòu)多為“can't /couldn't +比較級”的形式
I can't agree with you more.我再同意你的意見不過了。(或：我完全同意你的意見。)
The weather couldn't be worse.天氣再糟糕不過了。
He couldn't have done better.他做得再好不過了。
▲用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的否定詞除了not之外，還有no，never，nothing等
This could give her no greater pleasure.這使她再高興不過了。
There's nothing cheaper.這東西再便宜不過了。
There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends.
為朋友而放棄生命的愛是偉大的愛。
▲當該結(jié)構(gòu)中的比較級為less時，其意義為“一點也不”
試比較：He couldn't care more.他非常介意。(或：他關(guān)心不過了。)
He couldn't care less.他毫不介意。(或：他漠不關(guān)心了。)
注意：反過來用肯定形式表示否定意義。這種用法主要見于：
▲know better than+不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“不至于”
You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes.
你的法語較好，不至于犯這樣的錯誤。
He is more experienced than to do such a thing.
他比較有經(jīng)驗，不至于做這樣的事。
▲more than…can。這種句型形式上是肯定，實際上有否定含義
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.
街上的男孩變得非常無禮,到了人所不能忍受的地步。
The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.
那地方美得無法形容。
⑨倍數(shù)表達法
▲A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(高)/這座新樓比那座舊樓大(高)三倍。
▲A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。
▲A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。
用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.
3.高級的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示高程度時，用“the +高級”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比
較范圍的介詞短語;
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②高級可被序數(shù)詞以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like
等詞語所修飾;
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
③表示“高程度”的形容詞，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，沒有高級，也沒有比較級。
④形容詞高級修飾作表語或介詞賓語的名詞、代詞時，被修飾的詞往往省略;
He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
⑤作狀語的副詞高級前可以不加定冠詞。
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
4.形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況
①形容詞高級前一般要加定冠詞，副詞高級前可不加冠詞;
②形容詞高級前有時加不定冠詞，或不加冠詞，不表比較，表示“非常”;
He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③as+形容詞+a+單數(shù)名詞;
This is as good an example as the other is.
④表示兩者間“較……的一個”比較級前加the;
who is the older of the tow boys?
⑤在“the + 比較級…，the + 比較級…”結(jié)構(gòu)中;
⑥在same前一般要加the;
⑦What +a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞=How+形容詞+ a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
What an interesting film it is!=How interesting a film it is!
⑧so和such的用法
so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that …
so + 形容詞 + a(n)+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名詞 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that …
下列詞組中為什么只能用so不可用such?
so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。
因為名詞受many、much、little、few等表示“多或少”意義的詞修飾。
下列這句中such用得對不對?(對)。為什么?
These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
因為little在這兒表示“小”，而不是表示“少”的意思。
下列so的用法是錯誤的：so difficult problems, so hot weather
為什么?因為problems是復(fù)數(shù)，weather是不可數(shù)名詞。
⑧有些形容詞前加the 成為名詞。如the poor、the rich 等。
5.由as/so組成的形容詞或副詞短語
①as much as + 不可數(shù)名詞：多達
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
②as many as + 可數(shù)名詞：多達
I have as a many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as：早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as：遠到;就……而知(論)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be：到了……的程度，極其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他們極其不可信。
⑦as … as one can：盡其所能
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible：盡可能
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
6.more /less than及其相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)
第一類
①more than+具體數(shù)字=over：多于、超過……
He spoke English more than two years.(兩年多)
more than+名詞/動詞/形容詞/副詞：不僅僅
China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English.
②not more than：不超過……，頂多……=at most
There were not more than 70 women in the store then.(不足70個女性)
③no more than：僅僅，只不過
The theater was no more than a painted barn.
這戲院只不過是漆了油漆的庫房而已(沒什么大不了的)。
④less than：少于、不足……
Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.(不到五英里)
less than+名詞/形容詞：僅僅
He is less than pleased to have visitors.
⑤not less than：……以上，至少……=at least
He has not less than 2oo dollars.(至少200美元)
⑥no less than：不會少于……，與……一樣，簡直就……
It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much.
要我這么多錢，簡直跟搶劫沒有兩樣。
第二類
①more+形容詞/副詞/名詞+than：比……更……
I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one.
②more…than…：與其……不如……
He is not more an artist than a philosopher.
與其說他是位藝術(shù)家，不如說他是位哲學(xué)家。
③not more…than…：不如……，不及……
You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔細。
She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我開心。
④no+比較級+than：僅僅…..，多……，只不過……，和……一樣不
This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch.
這種植物多長到一英寸。
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。
He is no more a good player than I am.
他和我一樣都不是好球員(他也好不到哪里去)。
⑤less+形容詞/副詞/名than：比……更少，不如……
Jane is less beautiful than Suan.
He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work.
⑥not less…than：不比……少，不亞于……
She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女兒一樣有魅力。
⑦no less…than：不會比……差，正如……一樣”
A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不會比狗笨吧!
IV.容易混淆的形容詞、副詞的辨析
1.下列單詞雖以-ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞而非副詞
deadly,friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,silly,lively,brotherly,weekly等。
2.有無ly的副詞意義、用法有別
①意義用法不同
Someone followed me close behind me.有人緊跟著我。
Everyone felt that his remarks hit close to home.他的話擊中了要害。
Come close to me and you’ll listen to me clearly.靠近我，你就會聽清楚的。
These two topics are closely related.這兩個課題緊密相連。
(close修飾介詞短語、closely修飾動詞和過去分詞)
He hardly worked hard at maths so he could not pass the maths examination.
他幾乎沒有 努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)，結(jié)果沒有通過這次數(shù)學(xué)考試。
He always works late into the night.他總是工作到深夜。
Have you been to the cinema lately?你近有沒有看電影?
The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.會見在極其友好的氣氛中進行。
The present world situation is most favorable for the people.當前世界形勢對人民非常有利。
They are mostly visiting scientists.= Most of them are visiting scientists.
②具體和抽象的關(guān)系
They buried the body very deep. 他們把尸體埋得很深。(具體)
His words deeply moved me. 他的話深深地打動了我。(抽象)
類似的詞：high/highly,wide/widely
3.形容詞和副詞相同形式
①意義不一
She said with a half smile to me.她微笑著對我說。
Well begun is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。
This kind of material feels very hard.這種材料摸上去很硬。
He found modern art very hard to understand.他覺得現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)很難理解。
He is working hard at maths.他在努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。
The door was fast shut.門緊閉著。
His father was fast asleep.他父親睡得很香。
②意義基本相同
He got up so early that he caught the early bus.他起得早趕上了早班車。
What you need is a sound sleep.你所需要的是好好睡一覺。
His father was sound asleep. 他父親睡得很香。
If he were well,he would do the work well.
如果他身體好的話，他會把這項工作干好的。
4.搭配特別的形容詞和副詞
英語中有些形容詞和副詞與名詞、動詞、或另一形容詞等的搭配與漢語不完全一樣，在平時學(xué)習(xí)中通過運用要把它們掌握好。
特別要記住下列與漢語不同的表達方法：
well worth很值得 wide awake很清醒
fast/sound asleep睡得很香 largely due to…主要因為
greatlyrespected/honoured很受尊敬 badly/seriously hurt/injured傷得很嚴重
rain/snow hard/heavily下大雨(大雪) large/small population人口多(少)
heavy traffic交通堵塞
5.體現(xiàn)兩句間邏輯關(guān)系的連接性副詞
解決這類問題，首先要弄清形容詞和副詞真正含義，在解題時要弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
常用的此類詞有：besides而且、再說,instead而是，反而,though不過，可是，然而,however不過，仍然，然而,thus/therefore因此，所以,furthermore/moreover此外，而且，再者,otherwise/or否則，不然,anyhow/anyway反正，不管怎樣,even so即便如此，即使這樣,or rather更確切地說等等。
請看下列選擇題：
①Progress so far has been very good. _______, we are sure that the project will be completed on time.
A. Howeve B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Besides
“一直進展良好”與“按時完工”是因果關(guān)系，用therefore。本題答案是C。
②The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings;_____ , it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides
由前后語境不難確定，是要表示“此外，還有，而且”，用besides。其它選項不合語境：or so大約;therefore因此;after all畢竟。本題答案是D。
③Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost. _ , their political influence should be very great. (2006廣東)
A. As a result B. As usual C. Even so D. So far
由前后的語意邏輯可知，所填之詞應(yīng)是表示“即使如此”之意，用even so。句意：工會已經(jīng)失去很多權(quán)力了;即使這樣，他們的政治影響還應(yīng)當還是很大的。本題答案是C。
6.too much和much too的區(qū)別
①too much有下列用法
too much的含義是“太多”，充當形容詞用時，too是副詞，用來修飾much，后接不可數(shù)名詞。
I have too much homework to do.我有太多的家庭作業(yè)要做。
too much充當副詞用時，可用來修飾動詞
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看電視看得太多對你的健康有害。
too much充當代詞用時，后面不接名詞，代替上下文提到的事物。
You gave me too much.你給我的太多了。
②much too意為“太”，much(副詞)用來修飾too(副詞)，以加強語氣，只可起副詞作用，在句中修
飾形容詞或副詞。
It’s much too expensive.太貴了。
You walk(much)too far yesterday.昨天你散步走得太遠了。
It’s much too cold.