[導讀]婦女節(jié)的由來（雙語版）
婦女節(jié)的由來（雙語版）
International Women's Day （8 March） is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.
International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.
The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:
1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.
1910
The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time （19 March） in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.
1913-1914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.
1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.
Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.
The Role of the United Nations
Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women..
International Women's Day (IWD)
國際婦女節(jié)是在每年的3月8日為慶祝婦女在經(jīng)濟、政治和社會等領域做出的重要貢獻和取得的巨大成就而設立的節(jié)日。同時，也是為了紀念在1911年美國紐約三角工廠火災中喪生的140多名女工。
設立國際婦女節(jié)的想法是最先產(chǎn)生于20世紀初，當時西方各國正處在快速工業(yè)化和經(jīng)濟擴張階段。惡劣的工作條件和低廉的工資使得各類*和罷工活動此起彼伏。1857年3月8日，美國紐約的制衣和紡織女工走上街頭，*惡劣的工作條件和低薪。盡管后來*出動警察攻擊并驅散了*人群，但這次*活動促成了兩年后的3月第一個工會組織的建立。
接下來的數(shù)年里，幾乎每年的3月8日都有類似的**活動。其中最為引人注目的是在1908年，當時有將近15000名婦女走上紐約街頭，要求縮短工作時間，增加工資和享有選舉權等，并喊出了象征經(jīng)濟保障和生活質量的“面包加玫瑰”的口號。首次慶祝婦女節(jié)是在1909年2月28日，當時美國社會黨發(fā)表了一項宣言，號召在每年2月的最后一個星期日舉行紀念活動。這樣每年的慶?；顒右恢背掷m(xù)到1913年。1910年，社會主義國際在丹麥哥本哈根召開首屆國際婦女會議。會上德國婦女運動領袖克拉拉•蔡特金（Clara Zetkin）倡議設定一天為國際婦女節(jié)，得到與會代表的積極響應。次年3月19日，奧地利、丹麥、德國和瑞士等國總共超過一百萬人舉行各種活動慶祝國際婦女節(jié)。6天之后的3月25日，紐約發(fā)生了的三角工廠火災，火災吞噬了140多名制衣女工的生命，這其中大多數(shù)是意大利和*移民。而惡劣的工作條件被認為是導致如此重大傷亡的主要原因。這場火災后來還對美國的勞工立法產(chǎn)生了重要影響。
而在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕，歐洲的婦女們也于1913年3月8日走上街頭，通過舉行和平集會等形式反對戰(zhàn)爭。
紀念國際婦女節(jié)的活動后來還證明是俄國革命的前奏。1917年3月8日，當時的俄國婦女舉行罷工，要求得到“面包與和平”。4天后，沙皇被迫退位，臨時政府宣布賦予婦女選舉權。十月革命成功之后，布爾什維克的女權活動家科倫泰（Alexandra Kollontai）說服列寧將3月8日設為法定假日。蘇聯(lián)時期，每年都會在這天紀念“英雄的婦女工作者”。不過在民眾中，節(jié)日的政治色彩逐漸減弱而演變成類似西方的母親節(jié)和情人節(jié)之類向女性表達尊敬和愛意的機會。至今，這天仍是俄羅斯的法定假日，男性會贈送禮物給婦女以祝賀她們的節(jié)日。
在西方國家，國際婦女節(jié)的紀念活動在上世紀二三十年代期間正常舉行，但后來一度中斷。直到1960年代，隨著女權運動的興起才又逐漸恢復。
1924年，中國共產(chǎn)黨在廣州首次舉行了婦女節(jié)的紀念活動。1949年，大陸中央政府成立后正式將3月8日定為婦女節(jié)，該日全國婦女放假半天，并舉行各種形式的慶?；顒?。在臺灣、香港和澳門等地，婦女節(jié)也都作為一個節(jié)日予以慶祝。但在1991年，中華民國內(nèi)政部卻取消了原本婦女節(jié)時婦女可以放假的規(guī)定。
聯(lián)合國從1975年國際婦女年開始，每年于3月8日舉辦活動慶祝國際婦女節(jié)。
婦女節(jié)的由來（雙語版）
International Women's Day （8 March） is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.
International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.
The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:
1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.
1910
The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time （19 March） in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.
1913-1914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.
1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.
Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.
The Role of the United Nations
Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women..
International Women's Day (IWD)
國際婦女節(jié)是在每年的3月8日為慶祝婦女在經(jīng)濟、政治和社會等領域做出的重要貢獻和取得的巨大成就而設立的節(jié)日。同時，也是為了紀念在1911年美國紐約三角工廠火災中喪生的140多名女工。
設立國際婦女節(jié)的想法是最先產(chǎn)生于20世紀初，當時西方各國正處在快速工業(yè)化和經(jīng)濟擴張階段。惡劣的工作條件和低廉的工資使得各類*和罷工活動此起彼伏。1857年3月8日，美國紐約的制衣和紡織女工走上街頭，*惡劣的工作條件和低薪。盡管后來*出動警察攻擊并驅散了*人群，但這次*活動促成了兩年后的3月第一個工會組織的建立。
接下來的數(shù)年里，幾乎每年的3月8日都有類似的**活動。其中最為引人注目的是在1908年，當時有將近15000名婦女走上紐約街頭，要求縮短工作時間，增加工資和享有選舉權等，并喊出了象征經(jīng)濟保障和生活質量的“面包加玫瑰”的口號。首次慶祝婦女節(jié)是在1909年2月28日，當時美國社會黨發(fā)表了一項宣言，號召在每年2月的最后一個星期日舉行紀念活動。這樣每年的慶?；顒右恢背掷m(xù)到1913年。1910年，社會主義國際在丹麥哥本哈根召開首屆國際婦女會議。會上德國婦女運動領袖克拉拉•蔡特金（Clara Zetkin）倡議設定一天為國際婦女節(jié)，得到與會代表的積極響應。次年3月19日，奧地利、丹麥、德國和瑞士等國總共超過一百萬人舉行各種活動慶祝國際婦女節(jié)。6天之后的3月25日，紐約發(fā)生了的三角工廠火災，火災吞噬了140多名制衣女工的生命，這其中大多數(shù)是意大利和*移民。而惡劣的工作條件被認為是導致如此重大傷亡的主要原因。這場火災后來還對美國的勞工立法產(chǎn)生了重要影響。
而在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕，歐洲的婦女們也于1913年3月8日走上街頭，通過舉行和平集會等形式反對戰(zhàn)爭。
紀念國際婦女節(jié)的活動后來還證明是俄國革命的前奏。1917年3月8日，當時的俄國婦女舉行罷工，要求得到“面包與和平”。4天后，沙皇被迫退位，臨時政府宣布賦予婦女選舉權。十月革命成功之后，布爾什維克的女權活動家科倫泰（Alexandra Kollontai）說服列寧將3月8日設為法定假日。蘇聯(lián)時期，每年都會在這天紀念“英雄的婦女工作者”。不過在民眾中，節(jié)日的政治色彩逐漸減弱而演變成類似西方的母親節(jié)和情人節(jié)之類向女性表達尊敬和愛意的機會。至今，這天仍是俄羅斯的法定假日，男性會贈送禮物給婦女以祝賀她們的節(jié)日。
在西方國家，國際婦女節(jié)的紀念活動在上世紀二三十年代期間正常舉行，但后來一度中斷。直到1960年代，隨著女權運動的興起才又逐漸恢復。
1924年，中國共產(chǎn)黨在廣州首次舉行了婦女節(jié)的紀念活動。1949年，大陸中央政府成立后正式將3月8日定為婦女節(jié)，該日全國婦女放假半天，并舉行各種形式的慶?；顒?。在臺灣、香港和澳門等地，婦女節(jié)也都作為一個節(jié)日予以慶祝。但在1991年，中華民國內(nèi)政部卻取消了原本婦女節(jié)時婦女可以放假的規(guī)定。
聯(lián)合國從1975年國際婦女年開始，每年于3月8日舉辦活動慶祝國際婦女節(jié)。