1. 題庫64
The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the executive officers of Company X.
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made.
人力資源經(jīng)理給X公司的經(jīng)營主管的備忘錄：
去年，我們向員工調(diào)查他們認為X公司應(yīng)該進行的改進，讓他們把改進按重要性排列。結(jié)果列印為一張可能的改進的表格。根據(jù)調(diào)查中員工的反應(yīng)，“加強員工和管理層的溝通”具重要性，穩(wěn)居調(diào)查表之首。如你所知，那以后我們建立了由高層管理人員組織，雇員可以自愿參加的常規(guī)交流會。因此，看來X的多數(shù)員工認為應(yīng)該進行的改進已經(jīng)完成了。
A. First of all, the arguer needs to provide more information to validate the survey.
B. In addition, the list used in the survey may not have included all the important issues with which the employees are concerned.
C. Finally, the assumption that the employeed are satisfied with the regular communications sessions lacks credibility because no evidence is given in this respect.
2. 題庫14
The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial.
“Two years ago Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last year’s graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.”
報紙社論(editoral)：
兩年前Nova高中開始在3個科學(xué)科目中使用互動計算機指導(dǎo)。學(xué)校的退學(xué)率立刻下降，而且去年的畢業(yè)生在大學(xué)取得了一些很不錯的成績。在未來的預(yù)算中，校董事會應(yīng)該在能得到的資金中撥出更大的一塊用來購買更多的計算機。而且這一區(qū)的所有學(xué)校都應(yīng)該在課程中采用互動計算機指導(dǎo)。
OverSimplification--the decline in the school dropout rate and the use of interactive computer instruction do not necessarily imply causality
All Thing Equal--just because the computers worked in one subject does not mean that they will work in all subjects, so they might not want to implement it "throughout the curriculum"
InsufficientSample--the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. The fact that some graduates reported some impressive achievements in college does not necessarily allow us to establish the general conclusion that the computer instruction is helping students to achieve success. Unless it can be shown that the school does not usually produce graduates who report impressive achievments, and it can also be shown that the computer instruction influenced the students to make those achievements the conclusion drawn is unwarranted.
A. First of all, this argument commits a fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
B. Second, the conclusion is based on the gratuitous assumption that Nova High School’s “success” in using interactive computer instruction in only three subjects would ensure a similar sweeping success in adopting computer instruction throughout the curriculum of all schools in the district.
3.題庫124
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo’s Clothing to the staff.
“Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the Disc Depot’s owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits at Carlo’s Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc Depot.”
The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the executive officers of Company X.
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made.
人力資源經(jīng)理給X公司的經(jīng)營主管的備忘錄：
去年，我們向員工調(diào)查他們認為X公司應(yīng)該進行的改進，讓他們把改進按重要性排列。結(jié)果列印為一張可能的改進的表格。根據(jù)調(diào)查中員工的反應(yīng)，“加強員工和管理層的溝通”具重要性，穩(wěn)居調(diào)查表之首。如你所知，那以后我們建立了由高層管理人員組織，雇員可以自愿參加的常規(guī)交流會。因此，看來X的多數(shù)員工認為應(yīng)該進行的改進已經(jīng)完成了。
A. First of all, the arguer needs to provide more information to validate the survey.
B. In addition, the list used in the survey may not have included all the important issues with which the employees are concerned.
C. Finally, the assumption that the employeed are satisfied with the regular communications sessions lacks credibility because no evidence is given in this respect.
2. 題庫14
The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial.
“Two years ago Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last year’s graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.”
報紙社論(editoral)：
兩年前Nova高中開始在3個科學(xué)科目中使用互動計算機指導(dǎo)。學(xué)校的退學(xué)率立刻下降，而且去年的畢業(yè)生在大學(xué)取得了一些很不錯的成績。在未來的預(yù)算中，校董事會應(yīng)該在能得到的資金中撥出更大的一塊用來購買更多的計算機。而且這一區(qū)的所有學(xué)校都應(yīng)該在課程中采用互動計算機指導(dǎo)。
OverSimplification--the decline in the school dropout rate and the use of interactive computer instruction do not necessarily imply causality
All Thing Equal--just because the computers worked in one subject does not mean that they will work in all subjects, so they might not want to implement it "throughout the curriculum"
InsufficientSample--the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. The fact that some graduates reported some impressive achievements in college does not necessarily allow us to establish the general conclusion that the computer instruction is helping students to achieve success. Unless it can be shown that the school does not usually produce graduates who report impressive achievments, and it can also be shown that the computer instruction influenced the students to make those achievements the conclusion drawn is unwarranted.
A. First of all, this argument commits a fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
B. Second, the conclusion is based on the gratuitous assumption that Nova High School’s “success” in using interactive computer instruction in only three subjects would ensure a similar sweeping success in adopting computer instruction throughout the curriculum of all schools in the district.
3.題庫124
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo’s Clothing to the staff.
“Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the Disc Depot’s owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits at Carlo’s Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc Depot.”