*在TOEFL中:
____n.(pl.)+v.(sing),一般空格內(nèi)優(yōu)先選doing (講義 31)
n)make結(jié)構(gòu):(講義31 32)
make+obj+賓補 obj:n/代詞 賓補:n./adj.
1) make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班長)
2) make+n./代詞+a. (新題 P78 11)
make it unique it:真賓語
3)make it possible to do it:形式賓語?。ㄖv義 33)
that +句子
4)make sth possible sht:短賓語 possible賓補
make possible sth sth長賓語 possible賓補 (新題 32)
o)the more…the more結(jié)構(gòu)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)句式:the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
?。ΨQ性:結(jié)構(gòu)中的n.前必須有限定詞
the more the +n1 the more the +n2
2)省略性:結(jié)構(gòu)中相同的謂語可省,尤其是be動詞可省
3)倒裝性:The more svo , the more svo .是一個復(fù)合句。
條件狀從 主句
因此從句不能倒裝,而主句(第二個the more)可倒裝。
p)表結(jié)果的伴隨狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 36 37)
svo,doing….伴隨狀語
表結(jié)果:thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
*as f ar / long / early as 出現(xiàn)即為答案/
many / much
q)adj短語做后置定語結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 38 39) *==等價于定從的省略
a door (close to the window) 省略which be
a distance (equal to twice)
n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短語
foods (high in fat) √
leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be(比較級+than+n2) 相當(dāng)于從句的省略
a temperature (highter than 50C)
r)adj級的省略結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 40 41)
the most improtant of all books
the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.級+單數(shù)n. X +of 復(fù)數(shù)n. 一樣錯
*單數(shù)n.必須省略,則the+a.級+of+n.(pl.)
n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.過去時X
a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原級 of+ the restfulof X
the poor of √
s)不規(guī)則動詞的過去式作謂語結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 42 43)
She set set-set-set
It cost cost-cost-cost
It spread spread-spread-spread
t)規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞作后置定語結(jié)構(gòu) (講義 44-46)
46條:Automatons programmed… 非謂語,整個句子少謂語
lack a. be lack of
vi. be lack in
vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判斷n+v-ed是謂語還是非謂語?eg:n+called call-called-called
We called him Bush. 主動,過去式,謂語
He was called Bush. 被動,過去分詞,謂語
…a boy called Bush? 被動,過去分詞,后置定語
根據(jù)主/被動確定,主動語態(tài)為過去式,被動語態(tài)為過去分詞,被動式中有be即
是非謂語。
*n+v-ed,先從邏輯上判斷名詞與動詞過去式的關(guān)系,主動為過去式,是謂語,
考試時留下,被動是過去分詞,沒有be,則是后置定語,考試時劃掉不看。
u)邏輯主語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 47-50)
1) Doing…,svo.
Done…,svo.
動作的發(fā)出者/承受者為邏輯主語,*位于句首做狀語的分詞短語的邏輯主語,也
就是句子的主語。(47)
2) n1+doing…,n2vo.
n1+doing…,n2vo.
分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致,即為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在n1前可加with /
without
3)(n2)prep+n1,svo. (講義 49 / 新題 P104 10)
前后主謂要一致
4)Alough +doing…,svo.
If+done…,svo.
位于句首,做狀語的分詞短語顯然可以加狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞alough though
even though if as when while
eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
5)To do…,svo. Inf的邏輯主語與句子主語可一致也可不一致:
eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some
performances.
6)Alough to do…,svo. X
If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做狀語的inf前不可加狀語引導(dǎo)詞。
*when to do,句子。X
句子,when to do. X
在TOEFL中,when to do一般不選。
v)賓補法則:(講義 51-54)
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:賓補)
主 謂 賓 賓補 (主動)
He was appointed +CES.
主 謂 主補 (被動)
主動為賓補,被動為主補。
補語:使句子完整。
賓補:某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必須加一個n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,
即為賓補,分詞也可以。這些vt為:appoint, elect, consider, name, call,
make.
1) elect:主動:sb/sth elect sb sth.
被動:sb be elect a)+職位
b)+to+機構(gòu)
c)+to+the office of+職務(wù)
2) consider:在TOEFL中,從不說consider as
主動:sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.賓補
被動:n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主補
*consider+n1+n2在考試中優(yōu)先選擇。
3)name 主動:sb/sth name sb sth
被動:sb be named sth
4)賓語后置:(賓語太長)
make sth possible = make possible sth
bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…,發(fā)現(xiàn)… = bring to light sth
w)it結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄖv義55-57)
*___ n. (新題P183 15 / 講義 57)
答案一般選sub+謂語,優(yōu)先選擇there be,一定不選it is /they’re,it is不
位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考:
1) 強調(diào)句型
It’s / was +被強調(diào)部分+that / who +其余部分
被強調(diào)部分+其余部分=句子。
a) 可強調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語,但是不可鄙強調(diào)定語、謂語。
b) 強調(diào)人時,that / who均可,其余均用that
c) 后面句子為過去時態(tài),用was,其余用is
*___ who…,___that… (講義 55)
優(yōu)先選擇it is / was +ڤ
2) 形式主/賓語
it+be+adj/分詞+ to do it:形式主語
that clause
eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL.
It was once believed that+句子
形式賓語:s+vi+it+adj. / 分詞+ to do / that clause. It:形式主語
sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
x)which引導(dǎo)定從的三種形式:
1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j講義 P9 58)
2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (講義 59)
*prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
3)SVO, 數(shù)/n. +of which + VO
主語 謂語
對部分進行解釋
* all
both
SVO, each _____ VO.
either
five
five persent
three quater 這類題一定選of which.
y)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):一般考1~2條,在第13~15之間 (講義 62-67)
原則:只有主句才可以倒裝,答案的首字母一定為系動詞。
1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒裝:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 時間 + 主謂倒裝,not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2) only+狀語位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語 eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個詞本身不倒裝
3) 形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首,引起倒裝
adj+prep+n.+系動詞+n.
表語 系 主
*typical of characteristic of
分詞短語+prep+n.+系動詞+n.
表語 系 主
*coinciding with + n
4) so位于句首?。╯o…that…)
sub+be+so+a.+that clause
so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5) 表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首,謂語動詞為系動詞,一定引起倒裝
In…(表語)+系動詞+主,主同?!?(新題 P144 14)
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
*??冀樵~要倒裝:among between in at beneath
常考的系動詞:be lie exist remain rest
6) 在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,than后面可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝。
7) as位于句中:
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中
Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
z)雙謂語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 72-76)
___ v1(從句謂) + …… + v2(主句謂)
結(jié)構(gòu)特征:兩個謂語直接在一起,第一反應(yīng)應(yīng)為主語從句。
即:主從引導(dǎo)詞+sv1o+v2o
1. 主語從句引導(dǎo)詞+主語從句 V1+…+V2 (90%)
2. Doing+賓從引導(dǎo)詞+賓從主語+v1+…+v2
3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
二十七、雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 77 新題 P196 13)
1. gain win earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
2. tell persudade
sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3.give grant (新題 P130 12)
sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4.Appoint hame call elect consider make
*v2+n1+n2 優(yōu)先選擇
二十八、講義 68-71
1. Like / unlike + n , svo.
2. Pioneer in 只考被動
3. What to do what不要obj
How +句子 how要有obj
What one says.
How one says it.
What to do. (what is pron)
How to do it (how is ad)
注:在講義上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
*在空格前為完整句,空格后為名詞,95%以上的空格是定語從句
S+Vt+n.+定語從句(95%)
____n.(pl.)+v.(sing),一般空格內(nèi)優(yōu)先選doing (講義 31)
n)make結(jié)構(gòu):(講義31 32)
make+obj+賓補 obj:n/代詞 賓補:n./adj.
1) make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班長)
2) make+n./代詞+a. (新題 P78 11)
make it unique it:真賓語
3)make it possible to do it:形式賓語?。ㄖv義 33)
that +句子
4)make sth possible sht:短賓語 possible賓補
make possible sth sth長賓語 possible賓補 (新題 32)
o)the more…the more結(jié)構(gòu)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)句式:the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
?。ΨQ性:結(jié)構(gòu)中的n.前必須有限定詞
the more the +n1 the more the +n2
2)省略性:結(jié)構(gòu)中相同的謂語可省,尤其是be動詞可省
3)倒裝性:The more svo , the more svo .是一個復(fù)合句。
條件狀從 主句
因此從句不能倒裝,而主句(第二個the more)可倒裝。
p)表結(jié)果的伴隨狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 36 37)
svo,doing….伴隨狀語
表結(jié)果:thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
*as f ar / long / early as 出現(xiàn)即為答案/
many / much
q)adj短語做后置定語結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 38 39) *==等價于定從的省略
a door (close to the window) 省略which be
a distance (equal to twice)
n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短語
foods (high in fat) √
leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be(比較級+than+n2) 相當(dāng)于從句的省略
a temperature (highter than 50C)
r)adj級的省略結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 40 41)
the most improtant of all books
the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.級+單數(shù)n. X +of 復(fù)數(shù)n. 一樣錯
*單數(shù)n.必須省略,則the+a.級+of+n.(pl.)
n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.過去時X
a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原級 of+ the restfulof X
the poor of √
s)不規(guī)則動詞的過去式作謂語結(jié)構(gòu):(講義 42 43)
She set set-set-set
It cost cost-cost-cost
It spread spread-spread-spread
t)規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞作后置定語結(jié)構(gòu) (講義 44-46)
46條:Automatons programmed… 非謂語,整個句子少謂語
lack a. be lack of
vi. be lack in
vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判斷n+v-ed是謂語還是非謂語?eg:n+called call-called-called
We called him Bush. 主動,過去式,謂語
He was called Bush. 被動,過去分詞,謂語
…a boy called Bush? 被動,過去分詞,后置定語
根據(jù)主/被動確定,主動語態(tài)為過去式,被動語態(tài)為過去分詞,被動式中有be即
是非謂語。
*n+v-ed,先從邏輯上判斷名詞與動詞過去式的關(guān)系,主動為過去式,是謂語,
考試時留下,被動是過去分詞,沒有be,則是后置定語,考試時劃掉不看。
u)邏輯主語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 47-50)
1) Doing…,svo.
Done…,svo.
動作的發(fā)出者/承受者為邏輯主語,*位于句首做狀語的分詞短語的邏輯主語,也
就是句子的主語。(47)
2) n1+doing…,n2vo.
n1+doing…,n2vo.
分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致,即為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在n1前可加with /
without
3)(n2)prep+n1,svo. (講義 49 / 新題 P104 10)
前后主謂要一致
4)Alough +doing…,svo.
If+done…,svo.
位于句首,做狀語的分詞短語顯然可以加狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞alough though
even though if as when while
eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
5)To do…,svo. Inf的邏輯主語與句子主語可一致也可不一致:
eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some
performances.
6)Alough to do…,svo. X
If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做狀語的inf前不可加狀語引導(dǎo)詞。
*when to do,句子。X
句子,when to do. X
在TOEFL中,when to do一般不選。
v)賓補法則:(講義 51-54)
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:賓補)
主 謂 賓 賓補 (主動)
He was appointed +CES.
主 謂 主補 (被動)
主動為賓補,被動為主補。
補語:使句子完整。
賓補:某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必須加一個n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,
即為賓補,分詞也可以。這些vt為:appoint, elect, consider, name, call,
make.
1) elect:主動:sb/sth elect sb sth.
被動:sb be elect a)+職位
b)+to+機構(gòu)
c)+to+the office of+職務(wù)
2) consider:在TOEFL中,從不說consider as
主動:sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.賓補
被動:n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主補
*consider+n1+n2在考試中優(yōu)先選擇。
3)name 主動:sb/sth name sb sth
被動:sb be named sth
4)賓語后置:(賓語太長)
make sth possible = make possible sth
bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…,發(fā)現(xiàn)… = bring to light sth
w)it結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄖv義55-57)
*___ n. (新題P183 15 / 講義 57)
答案一般選sub+謂語,優(yōu)先選擇there be,一定不選it is /they’re,it is不
位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考:
1) 強調(diào)句型
It’s / was +被強調(diào)部分+that / who +其余部分
被強調(diào)部分+其余部分=句子。
a) 可強調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語,但是不可鄙強調(diào)定語、謂語。
b) 強調(diào)人時,that / who均可,其余均用that
c) 后面句子為過去時態(tài),用was,其余用is
*___ who…,___that… (講義 55)
優(yōu)先選擇it is / was +ڤ
2) 形式主/賓語
it+be+adj/分詞+ to do it:形式主語
that clause
eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL.
It was once believed that+句子
形式賓語:s+vi+it+adj. / 分詞+ to do / that clause. It:形式主語
sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
x)which引導(dǎo)定從的三種形式:
1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j講義 P9 58)
2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (講義 59)
*prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
3)SVO, 數(shù)/n. +of which + VO
主語 謂語
對部分進行解釋
* all
both
SVO, each _____ VO.
either
five
five persent
three quater 這類題一定選of which.
y)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):一般考1~2條,在第13~15之間 (講義 62-67)
原則:只有主句才可以倒裝,答案的首字母一定為系動詞。
1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒裝:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 時間 + 主謂倒裝,not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2) only+狀語位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語 eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個詞本身不倒裝
3) 形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首,引起倒裝
adj+prep+n.+系動詞+n.
表語 系 主
*typical of characteristic of
分詞短語+prep+n.+系動詞+n.
表語 系 主
*coinciding with + n
4) so位于句首?。╯o…that…)
sub+be+so+a.+that clause
so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5) 表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首,謂語動詞為系動詞,一定引起倒裝
In…(表語)+系動詞+主,主同?!?(新題 P144 14)
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
*??冀樵~要倒裝:among between in at beneath
常考的系動詞:be lie exist remain rest
6) 在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,than后面可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝。
7) as位于句中:
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中
Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
z)雙謂語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 72-76)
___ v1(從句謂) + …… + v2(主句謂)
結(jié)構(gòu)特征:兩個謂語直接在一起,第一反應(yīng)應(yīng)為主語從句。
即:主從引導(dǎo)詞+sv1o+v2o
1. 主語從句引導(dǎo)詞+主語從句 V1+…+V2 (90%)
2. Doing+賓從引導(dǎo)詞+賓從主語+v1+…+v2
3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
二十七、雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu): (講義 77 新題 P196 13)
1. gain win earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
2. tell persudade
sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3.give grant (新題 P130 12)
sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4.Appoint hame call elect consider make
*v2+n1+n2 優(yōu)先選擇
二十八、講義 68-71
1. Like / unlike + n , svo.
2. Pioneer in 只考被動
3. What to do what不要obj
How +句子 how要有obj
What one says.
How one says it.
What to do. (what is pron)
How to do it (how is ad)
注:在講義上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
*在空格前為完整句,空格后為名詞,95%以上的空格是定語從句
S+Vt+n.+定語從句(95%)