1. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. （劍4, test4 passage 1）
分析：本句的主句為“These methods include strength training”；“that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”為定語從句，做“strength training”的定語，關系詞為that；“what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”為賓語從句，由what引導；“a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union”為plyometrics的同位語。
2. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. （劍4, test4 passage 1）
分析：本句的主句為“A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance”；“recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做狀語。
3. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. （劍4, test4 passage 1）
分析：本句較長，主句為“That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists”；“who put their minds to comprehending something”為定語從句，做biomechanics specialists 的定語，關系詞為who；“that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations”也是定語從句，做something的定語，關系詞為that。
4. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation”；“so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story”為so that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句；“what these things mean for the human story”為what引導的賓語從句，做understand的賓語。
5. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense”，“when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society”為when引導的時間狀語從句；“meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語；“which distinguish it from other societies”為非限制性定語從句，關系詞為which。
6. Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved”；“as it is also called”定語從句，做biological anthropology的定語，關系詞為as；“how they evolved”為how引導的賓語從句，做concern的賓語。
7. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句主句為“archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains”；“Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities”為whereas引導的讓步狀語從句；“that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”為定語從句，做the buildings, tools, and other artifacts的定語，關系詞為that；“what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”為what引導的賓語從句，做constitute的賓語。
8. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology', where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture—how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句主句為“Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology'”；“where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture”為定語從句，做‘ethnoarchaeology'的定語，關系詞為where；“how such societies use material culture”為how引導的賓語從句，做learn的賓語；“how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do”位于破折號后面，解釋前文中的“how such societies use material culture”, 也是how和why引導的賓語從句；“where they do”為where引導的地點狀語從句。
9. Heritage studies constitute a developing field, where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Heritage studies constitute a developing field”；“where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”為定語從句，做a developing field的定語，關系詞為where；“that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”為that引導的主語從句，it為形式主語；“which holds different meanings for different people.”為定語從句，做a diminishing resource的定語，關系詞為which。
10. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句較長，主句為“the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line”；“which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing”為定語從句，做archaeology的定語，關系詞為which；“that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information”也是定語從句，做dividing line的定語，關系詞為that；“contained in oral histories”為過去分詞短語作定語，限定useful information。
11. Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句為并列句，由and連接，句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”和句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.”并列；句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”中主句為“it is a humanistic study”, “Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind”為since引導的原因狀語從句；句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline”中主句為“it is a historical discipline”, “since it deals with the human past”為since引導的原因狀語從句。
分析：本句的主句為“These methods include strength training”；“that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”為定語從句，做“strength training”的定語，關系詞為that；“what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”為賓語從句，由what引導；“a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union”為plyometrics的同位語。
2. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. （劍4, test4 passage 1）
分析：本句的主句為“A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance”；“recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做狀語。
3. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. （劍4, test4 passage 1）
分析：本句較長，主句為“That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists”；“who put their minds to comprehending something”為定語從句，做biomechanics specialists 的定語，關系詞為who；“that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations”也是定語從句，做something的定語，關系詞為that。
4. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation”；“so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story”為so that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句；“what these things mean for the human story”為what引導的賓語從句，做understand的賓語。
5. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense”，“when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society”為when引導的時間狀語從句；“meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語；“which distinguish it from other societies”為非限制性定語從句，關系詞為which。
6. Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved”；“as it is also called”定語從句，做biological anthropology的定語，關系詞為as；“how they evolved”為how引導的賓語從句，做concern的賓語。
7. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句主句為“archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains”；“Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities”為whereas引導的讓步狀語從句；“that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”為定語從句，做the buildings, tools, and other artifacts的定語，關系詞為that；“what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”為what引導的賓語從句，做constitute的賓語。
8. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology', where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture—how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句主句為“Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology'”；“where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture”為定語從句，做‘ethnoarchaeology'的定語，關系詞為where；“how such societies use material culture”為how引導的賓語從句，做learn的賓語；“how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do”位于破折號后面，解釋前文中的“how such societies use material culture”, 也是how和why引導的賓語從句；“where they do”為where引導的地點狀語從句。
9. Heritage studies constitute a developing field, where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句的主句為“Heritage studies constitute a developing field”；“where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”為定語從句，做a developing field的定語，關系詞為where；“that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”為that引導的主語從句，it為形式主語；“which holds different meanings for different people.”為定語從句，做a diminishing resource的定語，關系詞為which。
10. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句較長，主句為“the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line”；“which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing”為定語從句，做archaeology的定語，關系詞為which；“that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information”也是定語從句，做dividing line的定語，關系詞為that；“contained in oral histories”為過去分詞短語作定語，限定useful information。
11. Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline. （劍4, test4 passage 2）
分析：本句為并列句，由and連接，句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”和句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.”并列；句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”中主句為“it is a humanistic study”, “Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind”為since引導的原因狀語從句；句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline”中主句為“it is a historical discipline”, “since it deals with the human past”為since引導的原因狀語從句。