2013年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題第一套仔細(xì)閱讀第一篇答案+解析Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage
is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.
For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
You should decide on the best choice and mark
the corresponding letter on Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it.
Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:
Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies
and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
"Many policy measures to control obesity （肥胖癥）assume that people consciously
and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on
providing information and more access to healthier foods,"
note the two researchers.
"In contrast," the researchers continue,
"many regulations that don’t assume people make rational
choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol,
a substance -- like food -- of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems."
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food
and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions,
and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might
be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t
handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted （分配）
based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy
to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it.
So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly
ones that sell food rich in empty calories?
And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash
registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities.
At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.
One could remove junk food to the back of the store
and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.
The other measures include restricting portion sizes,
taxing and
prohibiting special price deals for junk foods,
and placing warning labels on the products.
注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
【總評(píng)】這是一篇討論控制垃圾食品消費(fèi)的議論文。文章介紹了Rand公司兩位研究人員的建議：即借鑒控酒措施的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，
對(duì)售賣此類食品的地點(diǎn)和方式進(jìn)行控制。文中具體介紹了這么做的原因以及一些具體條例。
57. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
答案：C . Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞Junk food定位至文章第一段。由“Junk food is everywhere.
We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
（垃圾食品無(wú)處不在，這樣的食品我們吃得實(shí)在是太多了，我們大多數(shù)人都知道我們?cè)谧鍪裁矗俏覀冞€是在這么做）”
可知，垃圾食品對(duì)人們的誘惑實(shí)在是太強(qiáng)了，以至于人們無(wú)法抵擋。選項(xiàng)B中的“ill reputation”在文中沒有提到，所以，正確答案為C。
58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A) They should be implemented effectively.
B) They provide misleading information.
C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
D) They help people make rational choices.
答案：C. They are based on wrong assumptions.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞policy measures, obesity定位至文章第三段。
文中提到“Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖癥）assume
that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat
(很多控制肥胖癥的政策都是假定人們能夠有意識(shí)、理智地選擇吃什么、吃多少)”，
而第四段中進(jìn)一步提到“In contrast… many regulations that don’t assume people
make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol
（那些沒有假定人們會(huì)作出理智選擇的規(guī)章條例在控酒方面取得了成功）”。
由此可以推知，很多控制肥胖癥的政策措施都是基于錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)前提的，所以，正確答案為C。
59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
答案：D. Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞density restrictions，obesity定位至文章倒數(shù)第三段。
由“These（即density restrictions） make alcohol less easy to get and
reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.”可知，因?yàn)橘?gòu)買的途徑很簡(jiǎn)單的話會(huì)導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者過度消費(fèi)。
所以要頒布這樣一項(xiàng)限制措施，就是為了減少人們購(gòu)買酒類飲品的數(shù)量。所以，正確答案為D。
60. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
答案：D. To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞California定位至文章最后一段。Display and sales restrictions:
California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations,
and in most places you can’t buy alcohol
at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay
to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.
One could remove junk food to the back of the store
and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.
關(guān)鍵詞display，由此可知主要強(qiáng)調(diào)要把垃圾食品淡出人們的視線。所以，正確答案為D
61. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D. Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means
答案：C. Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。由關(guān)鍵詞Rand researchers定位到第二段。文中提到“So here’s
a suggestion offered by two researchers at
the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply
them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed? take a lesson即borrow ideas，
由此可知，Rand公司的研究人員建議借鑒控酒措施的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，所以，正確答案為C。
Section B Passage 2
【總評(píng)】本文為我們分析了柯達(dá)公司雖然看到了市場(chǎng)前景，但是并沒有在戰(zhàn)略上把握機(jī)會(huì)，等意識(shí)到錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，已經(jīng)為時(shí)已晚，并最終走向衰敗。對(duì)于一出生就接觸各種數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的考生來(lái)說，柯達(dá)也許是個(gè)并不熟悉的企業(yè)，這或許會(huì)對(duì)閱讀帶來(lái)一定影響。而且本文也有不少商務(wù)用語(yǔ)，如strategy（戰(zhàn)略，策略）、sponsorship（贊助），及一些關(guān)鍵詞如anticipate（預(yù)期、預(yù)計(jì)）等，難度并不算小。所以平時(shí)對(duì)于詞匯的積累是快速理解閱讀內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵。
62. B. It’s approaching its downfall.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從全文第一句中的bankruptcy (破產(chǎn)) 以及第二段第一句Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to "complacency"... 可知柯達(dá)已經(jīng)衰落了。所以正確答案為B。
根據(jù)第全文第一句…a sad, though not unexpected turning point… 可知柯達(dá)的衰敗，是早有預(yù)期的，而不是突然的，排除答案A. It went bankrupt all of a sudden；
根據(jù)第一段最后一句... but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution可知柯達(dá)最終沒有適應(yīng)數(shù)字革命，排除答案C.
It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry；
根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容，dominate用的是過去分詞形式，即柯達(dá)在膠卷市場(chǎng)占主導(dǎo)地位是過去的事實(shí)，而非現(xiàn)今，排除答案D.
It is playing the dominant role in the film market.
63. A. To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
【解析】推理題?？逻_(dá)發(fā)明第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)的例子出現(xiàn)在第二段，該段一開始指出很多人將柯達(dá)的衰敗歸結(jié)于柯達(dá)的自滿，但是這個(gè)解釋并沒有承認(rèn)柯達(dá)在自我改造上做出的努力。接下來(lái)作者用柯達(dá)發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)來(lái)例證柯達(dá)在reinvent上的嘗試。所以正確答案為A。
答案C. To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.與第一段最后一句
ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
相沖突，且發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)并不足以說明其順應(yīng)了數(shù)碼革命。
64. D. They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞large companies和switch定位到第四段最后一句Large companies have a difficult time switching
to new markets because there is a temptation to put
existing assets into the new businesses. 根據(jù)此句可知，大公司不能進(jìn)入新市場(chǎng)的原因是他們?cè)陂_創(chuàng)新業(yè)務(wù)的過程中，依然不愿放棄現(xiàn)有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。接來(lái)下第五段用柯達(dá)的事例繼續(xù)闡釋了這句話的含義，即 too rooted in the successes of the past for it to
make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future，沉溺于過去的輝煌，而不能完全擁抱未來(lái)。
所以正確答案為D. They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
65. A. A burden.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句話Their history was so important
to them. Now their history has become a liability.可知柯達(dá)的歷史已成自身發(fā)展的負(fù)擔(dān)。burden是對(duì)liability的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。所以正確答案為A。
66. C. Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。最后一段第一句說柯達(dá)在過去幾十年間的衰敗是戲劇性的。之后通過一個(gè)個(gè)例子來(lái)舉例說明。
從文中Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for
the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation.可知柯達(dá)犯的主要錯(cuò)誤是沒有贊助1984年的奧林匹克。而對(duì)手富士拿到了競(jìng)標(biāo)，并由此贏得了市場(chǎng)上的永久立足點(diǎn)。所以正確答案為C。
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage
is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.
For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
You should decide on the best choice and mark
the corresponding letter on Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it.
Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:
Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies
and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
"Many policy measures to control obesity （肥胖癥）assume that people consciously
and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on
providing information and more access to healthier foods,"
note the two researchers.
"In contrast," the researchers continue,
"many regulations that don’t assume people make rational
choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol,
a substance -- like food -- of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems."
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food
and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions,
and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might
be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t
handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted （分配）
based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy
to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it.
So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly
ones that sell food rich in empty calories?
And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash
registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities.
At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.
One could remove junk food to the back of the store
and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.
The other measures include restricting portion sizes,
taxing and
prohibiting special price deals for junk foods,
and placing warning labels on the products.
注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
【總評(píng)】這是一篇討論控制垃圾食品消費(fèi)的議論文。文章介紹了Rand公司兩位研究人員的建議：即借鑒控酒措施的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，
對(duì)售賣此類食品的地點(diǎn)和方式進(jìn)行控制。文中具體介紹了這么做的原因以及一些具體條例。
57. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
答案：C . Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞Junk food定位至文章第一段。由“Junk food is everywhere.
We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
（垃圾食品無(wú)處不在，這樣的食品我們吃得實(shí)在是太多了，我們大多數(shù)人都知道我們?cè)谧鍪裁矗俏覀冞€是在這么做）”
可知，垃圾食品對(duì)人們的誘惑實(shí)在是太強(qiáng)了，以至于人們無(wú)法抵擋。選項(xiàng)B中的“ill reputation”在文中沒有提到，所以，正確答案為C。
58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A) They should be implemented effectively.
B) They provide misleading information.
C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
D) They help people make rational choices.
答案：C. They are based on wrong assumptions.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞policy measures, obesity定位至文章第三段。
文中提到“Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖癥）assume
that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat
(很多控制肥胖癥的政策都是假定人們能夠有意識(shí)、理智地選擇吃什么、吃多少)”，
而第四段中進(jìn)一步提到“In contrast… many regulations that don’t assume people
make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol
（那些沒有假定人們會(huì)作出理智選擇的規(guī)章條例在控酒方面取得了成功）”。
由此可以推知，很多控制肥胖癥的政策措施都是基于錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)前提的，所以，正確答案為C。
59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
答案：D. Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞density restrictions，obesity定位至文章倒數(shù)第三段。
由“These（即density restrictions） make alcohol less easy to get and
reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.”可知，因?yàn)橘?gòu)買的途徑很簡(jiǎn)單的話會(huì)導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者過度消費(fèi)。
所以要頒布這樣一項(xiàng)限制措施，就是為了減少人們購(gòu)買酒類飲品的數(shù)量。所以，正確答案為D。
60. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
答案：D. To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
【解析】推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞California定位至文章最后一段。Display and sales restrictions:
California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations,
and in most places you can’t buy alcohol
at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay
to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.
One could remove junk food to the back of the store
and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.
關(guān)鍵詞display，由此可知主要強(qiáng)調(diào)要把垃圾食品淡出人們的視線。所以，正確答案為D
61. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D. Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means
答案：C. Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。由關(guān)鍵詞Rand researchers定位到第二段。文中提到“So here’s
a suggestion offered by two researchers at
the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply
them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed? take a lesson即borrow ideas，
由此可知，Rand公司的研究人員建議借鑒控酒措施的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，所以，正確答案為C。
Section B Passage 2
【總評(píng)】本文為我們分析了柯達(dá)公司雖然看到了市場(chǎng)前景，但是并沒有在戰(zhàn)略上把握機(jī)會(huì)，等意識(shí)到錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，已經(jīng)為時(shí)已晚，并最終走向衰敗。對(duì)于一出生就接觸各種數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的考生來(lái)說，柯達(dá)也許是個(gè)并不熟悉的企業(yè)，這或許會(huì)對(duì)閱讀帶來(lái)一定影響。而且本文也有不少商務(wù)用語(yǔ)，如strategy（戰(zhàn)略，策略）、sponsorship（贊助），及一些關(guān)鍵詞如anticipate（預(yù)期、預(yù)計(jì)）等，難度并不算小。所以平時(shí)對(duì)于詞匯的積累是快速理解閱讀內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵。
62. B. It’s approaching its downfall.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從全文第一句中的bankruptcy (破產(chǎn)) 以及第二段第一句Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to "complacency"... 可知柯達(dá)已經(jīng)衰落了。所以正確答案為B。
根據(jù)第全文第一句…a sad, though not unexpected turning point… 可知柯達(dá)的衰敗，是早有預(yù)期的，而不是突然的，排除答案A. It went bankrupt all of a sudden；
根據(jù)第一段最后一句... but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution可知柯達(dá)最終沒有適應(yīng)數(shù)字革命，排除答案C.
It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry；
根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容，dominate用的是過去分詞形式，即柯達(dá)在膠卷市場(chǎng)占主導(dǎo)地位是過去的事實(shí)，而非現(xiàn)今，排除答案D.
It is playing the dominant role in the film market.
63. A. To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
【解析】推理題?？逻_(dá)發(fā)明第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)的例子出現(xiàn)在第二段，該段一開始指出很多人將柯達(dá)的衰敗歸結(jié)于柯達(dá)的自滿，但是這個(gè)解釋并沒有承認(rèn)柯達(dá)在自我改造上做出的努力。接下來(lái)作者用柯達(dá)發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)來(lái)例證柯達(dá)在reinvent上的嘗試。所以正確答案為A。
答案C. To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.與第一段最后一句
ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
相沖突，且發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)數(shù)碼相機(jī)并不足以說明其順應(yīng)了數(shù)碼革命。
64. D. They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞large companies和switch定位到第四段最后一句Large companies have a difficult time switching
to new markets because there is a temptation to put
existing assets into the new businesses. 根據(jù)此句可知，大公司不能進(jìn)入新市場(chǎng)的原因是他們?cè)陂_創(chuàng)新業(yè)務(wù)的過程中，依然不愿放棄現(xiàn)有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。接來(lái)下第五段用柯達(dá)的事例繼續(xù)闡釋了這句話的含義，即 too rooted in the successes of the past for it to
make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future，沉溺于過去的輝煌，而不能完全擁抱未來(lái)。
所以正確答案為D. They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
65. A. A burden.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句話Their history was so important
to them. Now their history has become a liability.可知柯達(dá)的歷史已成自身發(fā)展的負(fù)擔(dān)。burden是對(duì)liability的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。所以正確答案為A。
66. C. Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。最后一段第一句說柯達(dá)在過去幾十年間的衰敗是戲劇性的。之后通過一個(gè)個(gè)例子來(lái)舉例說明。
從文中Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for
the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation.可知柯達(dá)犯的主要錯(cuò)誤是沒有贊助1984年的奧林匹克。而對(duì)手富士拿到了競(jìng)標(biāo)，并由此贏得了市場(chǎng)上的永久立足點(diǎn)。所以正確答案為C。