這篇關(guān)于2014年考研《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中英文對(duì)照：停止資助的陣痛，是特地為大家整理的，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助！
Aid to Rwanda
援助盧旺達(dá)
The pain of suspension
停止資助的陣痛
Will Rwanda’s widely praised development plans now be stymied?
廣泛稱(chēng)贊的盧旺達(dá)發(fā)展計(jì)劃是否就此受阻?
Jan 12th 2013| KIGALI |From the print edition
A NEWCOMER has arrived on Lake Kivu, the deep and dangerous body of water that divides Rwanda on the east from the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west. A high-tech barge weighed down with gleaming steel tanks sits in the bay at Kibuye, on the Rwandan shore. Nearby, a corridor of red buoys marking the path of a new pipeline stretches into a waterway criss-crossed by fishermen in wooden boats.
基伍湖來(lái)了個(gè)新朋友，這片深邃危險(xiǎn)的水域,把湖東部的盧旺達(dá)和湖西邊的剛果民主共和國(guó)分隔開(kāi)。一艘高科技的船駁，閃閃發(fā)光的鋼制鋼坦克，停在盧旺達(dá)海岸的Kibuye海灣上。附近,一條用紅色浮標(biāo)標(biāo)志著的通道里，一根新管道一路延伸到一個(gè)被漁民的木船所縱橫交錯(cuò)的航道。
Soaked in carbon dioxide and methane from surrounding volcanoes, Kivu is one of the world’s most explosive lakes. If its gases were suddenly released, the explosion (a “turnover”, in geology-speak) could be “the biggest catastrophe humankind has experienced,” perhaps suffocating or incinerating the 2m people who live on the shore, says Jarmo Gummerus, a Finnish engineer. He is working on the barge, built by ContourGlobal, an American energy company, which is seeking to extract the methane and convert it into electricity.
因?yàn)榛楹車(chē)鷱浡鴱沫h(huán)繞的火山中噴發(fā)出的二氧化碳和沼氣，所以是世界上最爆炸性的湖泊。如果它的氣體被突然釋放所引起的爆炸(“反牽引”,地質(zhì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ))可能會(huì)是人類(lèi)迄今經(jīng)歷過(guò)的的災(zāi)難。,來(lái)自芬蘭的工程師Gummerus Jarmo認(rèn)為，如此之大的爆炸也許會(huì)讓住在岸邊的2千萬(wàn)人窒息而死或燒成灰燼。Gummerus Jarmo就在那艘駁船上工作。那艘船舶由ContourGlobal公司建造即一個(gè)美國(guó)的能源公司，他們正在尋求提取甲烷并把它轉(zhuǎn)變成電的方法。
This KivuWatt project, costing $140m in its first phase, may be the most ambitious of many in Rwanda. Once up and running early this year, it is expected to increase the mountainous country’s power generation by a third. For Rwanda’s government, which still harks back to the genocide of 1994, when some 800,000 of its people were murdered in the course of three months, it is a symbol of revival, turning a potential disaster into an engine of growth and reinvigoration.
KivuWatt項(xiàng)目的第一階段耗資140千萬(wàn)美元，可能是許多在盧旺達(dá)的項(xiàng)目中野心的一個(gè)。一旦在今年早些時(shí)候建成運(yùn)營(yíng)，它預(yù)計(jì)將使這個(gè)多山國(guó)家的發(fā)電量增加三分之一。盧旺政府，追溯到1994年的*,大約80萬(wàn)人在三個(gè)月的過(guò)程中慘遭殺害。因此，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目象征著復(fù)興,把基伍湖這個(gè)潛在的災(zāi)難變成驅(qū)動(dòng)這個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)步發(fā)展，重整旗鼓的動(dòng)力引擎。
Yet such progress is being threatened by the chaos a short swim away in eastern Congo, where Western governments have put much of the blame for a spreading rebellion on Rwanda’s government and its dynamic, authoritarian leader, Paul Kagame. Several of them have withheld aid, on which much of the country’s development depends, accounting for more than 40% of Rwanda’s budget.
然而,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展受到了僅一個(gè)短泳距離的，剛果東部混亂問(wèn)題的威脅。剛果西部的政府把大部分責(zé)任歸結(jié)到盧旺達(dá)政府的叛亂和叛亂的核心人物，*領(lǐng)袖,保羅·卡加梅身上。他們?cè)诤脦讉€(gè)方面對(duì)占超過(guò)盧旺達(dá)預(yù)算40%的援助進(jìn)行保留。而這對(duì)大部分國(guó)家的發(fā)展都至關(guān)重要。
Landlocked, tiny in area, and more densely populated than any other country in sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda has achieved what a leading British development expert, Paul Collier, calls the “hat-trick” of rapid growth, sharp poverty reduction and reduced inequality. Many donors have been deeply reluctant to stop or reduce aid, whatever the arguments over eastern Congo.
地處內(nèi)陸,面積狹小,比其他任何撒哈拉以南的非洲國(guó)家的人口更稠密。盧旺達(dá)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了這樣一種狀況，正如來(lái)自英國(guó)，研究發(fā)展的權(quán)威專(zhuān)家,Paul Collier所謂的“帽子戲法”。即人口快速增長(zhǎng),貧困大幅降低，減少貧富差距。無(wú)論有關(guān)剛果東部的爭(zhēng)論多么激烈，很多捐助者都深深的不愿停止或減少對(duì)盧旺達(dá)的援助。
Britain, the second-largest bilateral contributor after the United States, has frozen, unfrozen and then refrozen its aid, worth £75m ($120m) a year. Other European governments have stopped or reduced their contributions. The Americans have suspended military aid, albeit worth a mere $200,000, and may cut development projects, depending on the views of Barack Obama’s new aid team. The World Bank, the IMF and the African Development Bank are shilly-shallying over the matter. “Rwanda’s relationship with the rest of the world has changed,” says a senior Western diplomat in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital.
英國(guó)，作為僅次于美國(guó)的第二大雙邊捐助者，已經(jīng)先后凍結(jié)、解凍,再凍結(jié)其價(jià)值£75 m($ 120 m)一年的援助款。其他歐洲國(guó)家政府也已經(jīng)停止或減少他們的捐助。美國(guó)人已經(jīng)暫停了軍事援助(雖然僅為20萬(wàn)美元)同時(shí)也可能縮減開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目,這取決于巴拉克•奧巴馬的新一任輔助團(tuán)隊(duì)的看法。世界銀行、國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和非洲發(fā)展銀行正在對(duì)此事猶豫不決。“盧旺達(dá)與世界其他國(guó)家的關(guān)系已經(jīng)改變”一位在盧旺達(dá)首都基加利的西方高級(jí)外交官如是說(shuō)道。
As a result, Rwanda’s finance ministry expects GDP to grow by 6.3% this year rather than the 7.8% previously predicted. Inflation, which had crept up to nearly 7%, is expected to pick up. A shortage of foreign currency in Kigali has created a black market for the first time since 1994. Rwanda’s free health-care system, which is said to cover 90% of its citizens, is creaking. Bonuses to doctors and nurses that topped up their salaries by as much as 40% have already been cut. The dream of transforming a subsistence-farming economy into a middle-income services hub by 2020, based on annual growth of 11%, is fading.
因此,盧旺達(dá)的財(cái)政部預(yù)計(jì)今年的GDP將增長(zhǎng)6.3%,而不是先前預(yù)測(cè)的7.8%。通貨膨脹已經(jīng)攀升至近7%,而且預(yù)計(jì)還會(huì)加速。外匯的短缺造成了在基加利催生了自1994年以來(lái)的第一個(gè)黑市。盧旺達(dá)的免費(fèi)醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng),曾說(shuō)是要覆蓋90%的公民,現(xiàn)已岌岌可危。醫(yī)生和護(hù)士曾經(jīng)高達(dá)他們薪水40%的獎(jiǎng)金也已被取消?；诿磕杲?jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)11%，在2020年前，完成從保障最低生活的農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)到中等收入服務(wù)中心的轉(zhuǎn)變這一夢(mèng)想也在漸漸隕落。
Many of Rwanda’s leading lights, such as the Central Bank governor, Claver Gatete, say that the suspension of funds already promised is a gross betrayal. Rwanda’s model of development, elaborated closely with Britain, involving direct support for the budget, was widely hailed as an example for other poor countries to follow. Now that “aid is no longer a guarantee”, says Mr Gatete bitterly, the ability to make the best use of it has been lost. The Rwandan government, fretful over the aid suspension, is pondering how to use its recently acquired two-year seat on the UN Security Council as a lever for getting Western governments to relent.
許多盧旺達(dá)的領(lǐng)袖，如，中央銀行行長(zhǎng),Claver Gatete說(shuō)道，停止償付已經(jīng)承諾的資助很顯然是種背叛。盧旺達(dá)的發(fā)展模式,保持與英國(guó)周密的合作，包括預(yù)算上的直接支持,被廣泛譽(yù)為其他貧窮國(guó)家應(yīng)效仿的例子。現(xiàn)在，“援助也不再是一個(gè)完全保證”Gatete先生苦澀地說(shuō)道。能夠充分利用援助的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。盧旺達(dá)政府,正在為停止償付的援助而煎熬,正在考慮如何利用它最近取得的為期兩年的聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)席位來(lái)作為撬動(dòng)西方政府，使其緩和停止償付資助的一種杠桿手段。
It is not certain that a second phase of the KivuWatt project, which would have added another three barges and almost doubled the country’s output of electricity at an estimated cost of $250m, will now go ahead. “In future it’s going to be much harder to get a deal like this done,” says a senior Western aid man.
曾經(jīng)懸而未決的KivuWatt項(xiàng)目的第二階段,將估計(jì)花費(fèi)250m美元，增加另外三艘駁船并且?guī)缀跄苁乖搰?guó)產(chǎn)電量翻番，現(xiàn)已繼續(xù)動(dòng)工。“未來(lái)，像這樣的交易將變得更難達(dá)成”，一位西方的高級(jí)援助員如是說(shuō)道。
Aid to Rwanda
援助盧旺達(dá)
The pain of suspension
停止資助的陣痛
Will Rwanda’s widely praised development plans now be stymied?
廣泛稱(chēng)贊的盧旺達(dá)發(fā)展計(jì)劃是否就此受阻?
Jan 12th 2013| KIGALI |From the print edition
A NEWCOMER has arrived on Lake Kivu, the deep and dangerous body of water that divides Rwanda on the east from the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west. A high-tech barge weighed down with gleaming steel tanks sits in the bay at Kibuye, on the Rwandan shore. Nearby, a corridor of red buoys marking the path of a new pipeline stretches into a waterway criss-crossed by fishermen in wooden boats.
基伍湖來(lái)了個(gè)新朋友，這片深邃危險(xiǎn)的水域,把湖東部的盧旺達(dá)和湖西邊的剛果民主共和國(guó)分隔開(kāi)。一艘高科技的船駁，閃閃發(fā)光的鋼制鋼坦克，停在盧旺達(dá)海岸的Kibuye海灣上。附近,一條用紅色浮標(biāo)標(biāo)志著的通道里，一根新管道一路延伸到一個(gè)被漁民的木船所縱橫交錯(cuò)的航道。
Soaked in carbon dioxide and methane from surrounding volcanoes, Kivu is one of the world’s most explosive lakes. If its gases were suddenly released, the explosion (a “turnover”, in geology-speak) could be “the biggest catastrophe humankind has experienced,” perhaps suffocating or incinerating the 2m people who live on the shore, says Jarmo Gummerus, a Finnish engineer. He is working on the barge, built by ContourGlobal, an American energy company, which is seeking to extract the methane and convert it into electricity.
因?yàn)榛楹車(chē)鷱浡鴱沫h(huán)繞的火山中噴發(fā)出的二氧化碳和沼氣，所以是世界上最爆炸性的湖泊。如果它的氣體被突然釋放所引起的爆炸(“反牽引”,地質(zhì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ))可能會(huì)是人類(lèi)迄今經(jīng)歷過(guò)的的災(zāi)難。,來(lái)自芬蘭的工程師Gummerus Jarmo認(rèn)為，如此之大的爆炸也許會(huì)讓住在岸邊的2千萬(wàn)人窒息而死或燒成灰燼。Gummerus Jarmo就在那艘駁船上工作。那艘船舶由ContourGlobal公司建造即一個(gè)美國(guó)的能源公司，他們正在尋求提取甲烷并把它轉(zhuǎn)變成電的方法。
This KivuWatt project, costing $140m in its first phase, may be the most ambitious of many in Rwanda. Once up and running early this year, it is expected to increase the mountainous country’s power generation by a third. For Rwanda’s government, which still harks back to the genocide of 1994, when some 800,000 of its people were murdered in the course of three months, it is a symbol of revival, turning a potential disaster into an engine of growth and reinvigoration.
KivuWatt項(xiàng)目的第一階段耗資140千萬(wàn)美元，可能是許多在盧旺達(dá)的項(xiàng)目中野心的一個(gè)。一旦在今年早些時(shí)候建成運(yùn)營(yíng)，它預(yù)計(jì)將使這個(gè)多山國(guó)家的發(fā)電量增加三分之一。盧旺政府，追溯到1994年的*,大約80萬(wàn)人在三個(gè)月的過(guò)程中慘遭殺害。因此，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目象征著復(fù)興,把基伍湖這個(gè)潛在的災(zāi)難變成驅(qū)動(dòng)這個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)步發(fā)展，重整旗鼓的動(dòng)力引擎。
Yet such progress is being threatened by the chaos a short swim away in eastern Congo, where Western governments have put much of the blame for a spreading rebellion on Rwanda’s government and its dynamic, authoritarian leader, Paul Kagame. Several of them have withheld aid, on which much of the country’s development depends, accounting for more than 40% of Rwanda’s budget.
然而,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展受到了僅一個(gè)短泳距離的，剛果東部混亂問(wèn)題的威脅。剛果西部的政府把大部分責(zé)任歸結(jié)到盧旺達(dá)政府的叛亂和叛亂的核心人物，*領(lǐng)袖,保羅·卡加梅身上。他們?cè)诤脦讉€(gè)方面對(duì)占超過(guò)盧旺達(dá)預(yù)算40%的援助進(jìn)行保留。而這對(duì)大部分國(guó)家的發(fā)展都至關(guān)重要。
Landlocked, tiny in area, and more densely populated than any other country in sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda has achieved what a leading British development expert, Paul Collier, calls the “hat-trick” of rapid growth, sharp poverty reduction and reduced inequality. Many donors have been deeply reluctant to stop or reduce aid, whatever the arguments over eastern Congo.
地處內(nèi)陸,面積狹小,比其他任何撒哈拉以南的非洲國(guó)家的人口更稠密。盧旺達(dá)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了這樣一種狀況，正如來(lái)自英國(guó)，研究發(fā)展的權(quán)威專(zhuān)家,Paul Collier所謂的“帽子戲法”。即人口快速增長(zhǎng),貧困大幅降低，減少貧富差距。無(wú)論有關(guān)剛果東部的爭(zhēng)論多么激烈，很多捐助者都深深的不愿停止或減少對(duì)盧旺達(dá)的援助。
Britain, the second-largest bilateral contributor after the United States, has frozen, unfrozen and then refrozen its aid, worth £75m ($120m) a year. Other European governments have stopped or reduced their contributions. The Americans have suspended military aid, albeit worth a mere $200,000, and may cut development projects, depending on the views of Barack Obama’s new aid team. The World Bank, the IMF and the African Development Bank are shilly-shallying over the matter. “Rwanda’s relationship with the rest of the world has changed,” says a senior Western diplomat in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital.
英國(guó)，作為僅次于美國(guó)的第二大雙邊捐助者，已經(jīng)先后凍結(jié)、解凍,再凍結(jié)其價(jià)值£75 m($ 120 m)一年的援助款。其他歐洲國(guó)家政府也已經(jīng)停止或減少他們的捐助。美國(guó)人已經(jīng)暫停了軍事援助(雖然僅為20萬(wàn)美元)同時(shí)也可能縮減開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目,這取決于巴拉克•奧巴馬的新一任輔助團(tuán)隊(duì)的看法。世界銀行、國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和非洲發(fā)展銀行正在對(duì)此事猶豫不決。“盧旺達(dá)與世界其他國(guó)家的關(guān)系已經(jīng)改變”一位在盧旺達(dá)首都基加利的西方高級(jí)外交官如是說(shuō)道。
As a result, Rwanda’s finance ministry expects GDP to grow by 6.3% this year rather than the 7.8% previously predicted. Inflation, which had crept up to nearly 7%, is expected to pick up. A shortage of foreign currency in Kigali has created a black market for the first time since 1994. Rwanda’s free health-care system, which is said to cover 90% of its citizens, is creaking. Bonuses to doctors and nurses that topped up their salaries by as much as 40% have already been cut. The dream of transforming a subsistence-farming economy into a middle-income services hub by 2020, based on annual growth of 11%, is fading.
因此,盧旺達(dá)的財(cái)政部預(yù)計(jì)今年的GDP將增長(zhǎng)6.3%,而不是先前預(yù)測(cè)的7.8%。通貨膨脹已經(jīng)攀升至近7%,而且預(yù)計(jì)還會(huì)加速。外匯的短缺造成了在基加利催生了自1994年以來(lái)的第一個(gè)黑市。盧旺達(dá)的免費(fèi)醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng),曾說(shuō)是要覆蓋90%的公民,現(xiàn)已岌岌可危。醫(yī)生和護(hù)士曾經(jīng)高達(dá)他們薪水40%的獎(jiǎng)金也已被取消?；诿磕杲?jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)11%，在2020年前，完成從保障最低生活的農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)到中等收入服務(wù)中心的轉(zhuǎn)變這一夢(mèng)想也在漸漸隕落。
Many of Rwanda’s leading lights, such as the Central Bank governor, Claver Gatete, say that the suspension of funds already promised is a gross betrayal. Rwanda’s model of development, elaborated closely with Britain, involving direct support for the budget, was widely hailed as an example for other poor countries to follow. Now that “aid is no longer a guarantee”, says Mr Gatete bitterly, the ability to make the best use of it has been lost. The Rwandan government, fretful over the aid suspension, is pondering how to use its recently acquired two-year seat on the UN Security Council as a lever for getting Western governments to relent.
許多盧旺達(dá)的領(lǐng)袖，如，中央銀行行長(zhǎng),Claver Gatete說(shuō)道，停止償付已經(jīng)承諾的資助很顯然是種背叛。盧旺達(dá)的發(fā)展模式,保持與英國(guó)周密的合作，包括預(yù)算上的直接支持,被廣泛譽(yù)為其他貧窮國(guó)家應(yīng)效仿的例子。現(xiàn)在，“援助也不再是一個(gè)完全保證”Gatete先生苦澀地說(shuō)道。能夠充分利用援助的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。盧旺達(dá)政府,正在為停止償付的援助而煎熬,正在考慮如何利用它最近取得的為期兩年的聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)席位來(lái)作為撬動(dòng)西方政府，使其緩和停止償付資助的一種杠桿手段。
It is not certain that a second phase of the KivuWatt project, which would have added another three barges and almost doubled the country’s output of electricity at an estimated cost of $250m, will now go ahead. “In future it’s going to be much harder to get a deal like this done,” says a senior Western aid man.
曾經(jīng)懸而未決的KivuWatt項(xiàng)目的第二階段,將估計(jì)花費(fèi)250m美元，增加另外三艘駁船并且?guī)缀跄苁乖搰?guó)產(chǎn)電量翻番，現(xiàn)已繼續(xù)動(dòng)工。“未來(lái)，像這樣的交易將變得更難達(dá)成”，一位西方的高級(jí)援助員如是說(shuō)道。