第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)(第1～15題，每題1分，共15分)
下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或者短語有下劃線，請(qǐng)為每處下劃線部分確定l個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。
1、It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt,is merely your brain's interpretation of incoming stimuli.
A．explanation
B．evaluation
C．recognition
D．interruption
2、Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, often with a happy ending. A．in contrast to B．in regard to C．in terms of D．in light of
3、When taken in large quantities some drugs can cause permanent brain damage. A．lasting B．serious C．terrible D．temporary
4、When a man knows that he will be put into prison if he uses a potentially deadly object to rob or do harm to another person, he will think twice about it. A．passive B．lifelong C．unhappy D．fatal
5、Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.. A．local B．unfamiliar C．good D．unfavorable
6、There are some things in the class the teachers will not put up with. A．tolerate B．contribute C．resist D．prohibit
7、They believe that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation's economic independence. A．uphold B．minimize C．weaken D．postpone
8、Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation. A．complaint B．consideration C．delay D．a(chǎn)nxiety
9、A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity. A．freedom B．a(chǎn)ssistance C．clues D．funds
10、Practically all animals communicate either through sounds or through soundless codes. A．Certainly B．Probably C．Absolutely D．Almost
11、Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake. A．shaken B．damaged C．fallen D．jumped
12、Academic records cannot be duplicated. A．borrowed B．purchased C．rewritten D．copied
13、We have ample money for the journey. A．some B．little C．extra D．enough
14、The failure is not horrible because it helps to accumulate useful experiences. A．increase B．spread C．collect D．grow
15、The government warned the people of being careful about this kind of contagious disease. A．infectious B．serious C．dirty D．worrying
第2部分：閱讀判斷(第16—22題，每題1分，共7分) 。 下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子作出判斷；如果該句提供的是正確信息，請(qǐng)選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。 16、根據(jù)材料，完成16-23題。 The Workers' Role in Management Traditionally, it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor -- they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management? Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions ( A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and. permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days' notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating. It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy making groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
Traditional workers showed no interest in management. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17、In reCent years many management specialists have been arguing for the workers' role in management with two major reasons. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18、Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19、Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20、The workers' participation in management might save a plant from closing down. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21、One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relationship between workers and managers can be improved. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22、An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of a plant. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意與完成句子(第23～30題，每題1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：(1)第23—26題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為指定段落每段選擇1個(gè)小標(biāo)題；(2)第27—30題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定 一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 23、根據(jù)材料，完成23-31題。 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language. 2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 3. However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. 4. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. 5. Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
Paragraph 1_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
24、Paragraph 2_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
25、Paragraph 3_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
26、Paragraph 4______ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
27、Washoe could make signs to communicate______ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
28、Some scientists doubted_____ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
29、Washoe taught younger chimps sign language_____ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
30、The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent______ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language 第4部分：閱讀理解(第31—45題，每題3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定l個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 31、根據(jù)材料，完成31-36題。 Find Yourself Packing It on? Blame Friends Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today. When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too. Their study, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who were been closely followed for 32 from 1971 to 2003. The investigators knew who were friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling neighbor, and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades.That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also become obese? Did family members? Or neighbors? The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a person's chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight, however, and family members had less influence than friends. It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining, not losing, over the 32 years, the result was, on average, that people grew fatter. Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study, said one explanation was that friends affected each others' perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad. "You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you" , Dr. Christakis said. The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years -- each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends. Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once, looking at how a person's friend's friends, or a spouse's sibling's friends, could have an influence on a person's weight. The effects; he said, "highlight the importance of a spreading process, a kind of social contagion, that spreads through the network. " Of course, the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight. There is a strong genetic component at work, too. Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person's weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter, it appears that many are edging toward the top of their ranges. The question has been why. If the new research is correct, it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic, making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese? A．Their friends. B．Their neighbors C．Their family members. D．Their colleagues.
32、Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is FALSE according to the report? A．Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese. B．Even if the friend lives far away, the influence still remained. C．People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends. D．The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.
33、According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence? A．Friends usually spend a lot of time together. B．Friends share similar eating habits. C．Friends are more important than family members. D．Friends affected each others' feelings of fatness.
34、Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report? A．Social contact. B．Genetic information. C．Life style. D．Environmental influences.
35、In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic? A．Social networks let the obesity spread rapidly. B．Individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights. C．Obesity can easily spread from one to another without any physical contact. D．Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time. 36、根據(jù)材料，完成36-41題。 Good Modern Newspaper A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sport to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features (特寫) as well,from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre and music. A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it: never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping : from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece,reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality ( 時(shí)事性),its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient (短暫的) value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day's paper, his own selection and sequence, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
A modern newspaper is remarkable for all the following EXCEPT its_____ A．wide coverage. B．uniform style. C．speed in reporting news. D．popularity.
37、According to the passage, the reason why no two people really read the "same"newspaper is that______ A．people scan for the news they are interested in. B．different people prefer different newspapers. C．people are rarely interested in the same kind of news. D．people have different views about what a good newspaper is.
38、It can be concluded from the passage that newspaper readers______ A．a(chǎn)pply reading techniques skillfully. B．jump from one newspaper to another. C．a(chǎn)ppreciate the variety of a newspa.per. D．usually read a newspaper selectively.
39、A good newspaper offers "a variety" to readers because______ A．it tries to serve different readers. B．it has to cover things that happen in a certain locality. C．readers are difficult to please. D．readers like to read different newspapers.
40、The best title for this passage would be”_______” A．The Importance of Newspaper Topicality B．The Characteristics of a Good Newspaper C．The Variety of a Good Newspaper D．Some Suggestions on How to Read a Newspaper 41、根據(jù)材料，完成41-46題。 Quality Education A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the wodd's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All. Can education for all be achieved by 20157 The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion. Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty. A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective.
In the first paragraph, the author suggests that a quality education can______ A．free countries from foreign rules. B．speed up social progress. C．give people freedom. D．liberate people from any exploitation.
42、Ideally, the goal of the program of Education for All is to______ by 2015. A．get all the world's children to complete primary school B．enroll all the world's children into primary school C．give quality education to people of 88 countries D．support those committed to transforming their education systems
43、_____ countries are now at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of completion rates. A．32 B．59 C．29 D．88
44、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the right policy? A．Raising the efficiency of education systems. B．Improving the quality of education. C．Using information technologies. D．Building more primary schools.
45、As can be gathered from the last paragraph, foreign aid______ A．may not be highly effective. B．is provided only when some criteria are met. C．a(chǎn)lone makes development possible. D．is most effective for those countries lagging farthest behind.
第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文(第46～50題，每題2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容講其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章面貌。 46、根據(jù)材料，完成46-51題。 "Happy Birthday to You" The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. (46) They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that Americhn popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America. " (47) The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spread, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many .other countries. (48) "Happy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets,and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bring colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion.(49) The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning,when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today,while stills blowing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock "n" roll and its variations, country & westem music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth. " (50) And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U. S.
請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(46)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
47、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(47)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
48、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(48)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
49、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(49)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
50、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(50)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65 ，每題1分，共15分) 下面的短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定1個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 51、根據(jù)材料，完成{TSE}題。 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been (51) recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and (52) development. She warns that many of the world's fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to (53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse (54) . These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "" But too few cities are developing effective strategies to (55) their residents. "" Cities are (56) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao's findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term (57) The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential (58) associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat (59) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local govemments, (62) , should take measures to protect their residents.Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (63) meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, "They don't impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce (64) use. In fact.many local governments are taking a hands off approach. "" Thus, she urges them to change their 65 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(51)__處填上正確答案。 A．carry along B．carried away C．carried out D．carried back
52、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(52)__處填上正確答案。 A．economic B．industrial C．rural D．urban
53、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(53)__處填上正確答案。 A．reduce B．increase C．study D．measure
54、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(54)__處填上正確答案。 A．crops B．gases C．fruits D．plants
55、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(55)__處填上正確答案。 A．educate B．evaluate C．protect D．identify
56、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(56)__處填上正確答案。 A．doubtful B．possible C．repeatable D．major
57、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(57)__處填上正確答案。 A．uses B．chances C．cures D．benefits
58、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(58)__處填上正確答案。 A．threats B．interests C．functions D．differences
59、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(59)__處填上正確答案。 A．locally B．heavily C．suddenly D．mildly
60、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(60)__處填上正確答案。 A．provide B．improve C．lack D．update
61、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(61)__處填上正確答案。 A．without B．with C．in D．on
62、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(62)__處填上正確答案。 A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．though
63、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(63)__處填上正確答案。 A．other than B．more than C．less than D．rather than
64、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(64)__處填上正確答案。 A．train B．a(chǎn)utomobile C．bus D．bike
65、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(65)__處填上正確答案。 A．idle B．smart C．busy D．secure
2、Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, often with a happy ending. A．in contrast to B．in regard to C．in terms of D．in light of
3、When taken in large quantities some drugs can cause permanent brain damage. A．lasting B．serious C．terrible D．temporary
4、When a man knows that he will be put into prison if he uses a potentially deadly object to rob or do harm to another person, he will think twice about it. A．passive B．lifelong C．unhappy D．fatal
5、Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.. A．local B．unfamiliar C．good D．unfavorable
6、There are some things in the class the teachers will not put up with. A．tolerate B．contribute C．resist D．prohibit
7、They believe that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation's economic independence. A．uphold B．minimize C．weaken D．postpone
8、Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation. A．complaint B．consideration C．delay D．a(chǎn)nxiety
9、A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity. A．freedom B．a(chǎn)ssistance C．clues D．funds
10、Practically all animals communicate either through sounds or through soundless codes. A．Certainly B．Probably C．Absolutely D．Almost
11、Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake. A．shaken B．damaged C．fallen D．jumped
12、Academic records cannot be duplicated. A．borrowed B．purchased C．rewritten D．copied
13、We have ample money for the journey. A．some B．little C．extra D．enough
14、The failure is not horrible because it helps to accumulate useful experiences. A．increase B．spread C．collect D．grow
15、The government warned the people of being careful about this kind of contagious disease. A．infectious B．serious C．dirty D．worrying
第2部分：閱讀判斷(第16—22題，每題1分，共7分) 。 下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子作出判斷；如果該句提供的是正確信息，請(qǐng)選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。 16、根據(jù)材料，完成16-23題。 The Workers' Role in Management Traditionally, it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor -- they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management? Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions ( A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and. permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days' notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating. It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy making groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
Traditional workers showed no interest in management. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17、In reCent years many management specialists have been arguing for the workers' role in management with two major reasons. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18、Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19、Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20、The workers' participation in management might save a plant from closing down. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21、One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relationship between workers and managers can be improved. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22、An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of a plant. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意與完成句子(第23～30題，每題1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：(1)第23—26題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為指定段落每段選擇1個(gè)小標(biāo)題；(2)第27—30題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定 一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 23、根據(jù)材料，完成23-31題。 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language. 2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 3. However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. 4. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. 5. Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
Paragraph 1_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
24、Paragraph 2_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
25、Paragraph 3_____ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
26、Paragraph 4______ A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research Nowadays B．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about Washoe D．The Gardeners’Contributions Recognized E．Debate on Chimps’Intelligence F．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．
27、Washoe could make signs to communicate______ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
28、Some scientists doubted_____ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
29、Washoe taught younger chimps sign language_____ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language
30、The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent______ A．if the Gardeners’argument was sound B．because she was cleverer than other chimps C．when she wanted to eat D．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language 第4部分：閱讀理解(第31—45題，每題3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定l個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 31、根據(jù)材料，完成31-36題。 Find Yourself Packing It on? Blame Friends Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today. When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too. Their study, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who were been closely followed for 32 from 1971 to 2003. The investigators knew who were friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling neighbor, and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades.That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also become obese? Did family members? Or neighbors? The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a person's chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight, however, and family members had less influence than friends. It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining, not losing, over the 32 years, the result was, on average, that people grew fatter. Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study, said one explanation was that friends affected each others' perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad. "You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you" , Dr. Christakis said. The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years -- each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends. Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once, looking at how a person's friend's friends, or a spouse's sibling's friends, could have an influence on a person's weight. The effects; he said, "highlight the importance of a spreading process, a kind of social contagion, that spreads through the network. " Of course, the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight. There is a strong genetic component at work, too. Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person's weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter, it appears that many are edging toward the top of their ranges. The question has been why. If the new research is correct, it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic, making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese? A．Their friends. B．Their neighbors C．Their family members. D．Their colleagues.
32、Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is FALSE according to the report? A．Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese. B．Even if the friend lives far away, the influence still remained. C．People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends. D．The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.
33、According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence? A．Friends usually spend a lot of time together. B．Friends share similar eating habits. C．Friends are more important than family members. D．Friends affected each others' feelings of fatness.
34、Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report? A．Social contact. B．Genetic information. C．Life style. D．Environmental influences.
35、In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic? A．Social networks let the obesity spread rapidly. B．Individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights. C．Obesity can easily spread from one to another without any physical contact. D．Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time. 36、根據(jù)材料，完成36-41題。 Good Modern Newspaper A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sport to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features (特寫) as well,from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre and music. A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it: never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping : from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece,reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality ( 時(shí)事性),its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient (短暫的) value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day's paper, his own selection and sequence, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
A modern newspaper is remarkable for all the following EXCEPT its_____ A．wide coverage. B．uniform style. C．speed in reporting news. D．popularity.
37、According to the passage, the reason why no two people really read the "same"newspaper is that______ A．people scan for the news they are interested in. B．different people prefer different newspapers. C．people are rarely interested in the same kind of news. D．people have different views about what a good newspaper is.
38、It can be concluded from the passage that newspaper readers______ A．a(chǎn)pply reading techniques skillfully. B．jump from one newspaper to another. C．a(chǎn)ppreciate the variety of a newspa.per. D．usually read a newspaper selectively.
39、A good newspaper offers "a variety" to readers because______ A．it tries to serve different readers. B．it has to cover things that happen in a certain locality. C．readers are difficult to please. D．readers like to read different newspapers.
40、The best title for this passage would be”_______” A．The Importance of Newspaper Topicality B．The Characteristics of a Good Newspaper C．The Variety of a Good Newspaper D．Some Suggestions on How to Read a Newspaper 41、根據(jù)材料，完成41-46題。 Quality Education A quality education is the ultimate liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the wodd's children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All. Can education for all be achieved by 20157 The answer is definitely "yes", although it is a difficult task. If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for classes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult. Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates. The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion. Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community. 59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems. They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress. But this is attainable with creative solution, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty. A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country's capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management. Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign assistance can be highly effective.
In the first paragraph, the author suggests that a quality education can______ A．free countries from foreign rules. B．speed up social progress. C．give people freedom. D．liberate people from any exploitation.
42、Ideally, the goal of the program of Education for All is to______ by 2015. A．get all the world's children to complete primary school B．enroll all the world's children into primary school C．give quality education to people of 88 countries D．support those committed to transforming their education systems
43、_____ countries are now at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of completion rates. A．32 B．59 C．29 D．88
44、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the right policy? A．Raising the efficiency of education systems. B．Improving the quality of education. C．Using information technologies. D．Building more primary schools.
45、As can be gathered from the last paragraph, foreign aid______ A．may not be highly effective. B．is provided only when some criteria are met. C．a(chǎn)lone makes development possible. D．is most effective for those countries lagging farthest behind.
第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文(第46～50題，每題2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容講其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章面貌。 46、根據(jù)材料，完成46-51題。 "Happy Birthday to You" The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. (46) They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that Americhn popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America. " (47) The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spread, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many .other countries. (48) "Happy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets,and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bring colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion.(49) The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning,when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today,while stills blowing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock "n" roll and its variations, country & westem music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth. " (50) And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U. S.
請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(46)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
47、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(47)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
48、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(48)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
49、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(49)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
50、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(50)__處填上正確答案。 A．As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B．But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C．American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D．The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E．American food has become popular around the world too. F．This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,informal and disrespectful.
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65 ，每題1分，共15分) 下面的短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定1個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 51、根據(jù)材料，完成{TSE}題。 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been (51) recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and (52) development. She warns that many of the world's fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to (53) emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse (54) . These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "" But too few cities are developing effective strategies to (55) their residents. "" Cities are (56) sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao's findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term (57) The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential (58) associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat (59) paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may (60) basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing (61) access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local govemments, (62) , should take measures to protect their residents.Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric (63) meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, "They don't impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce (64) use. In fact.many local governments are taking a hands off approach. "" Thus, she urges them to change their 65 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(51)__處填上正確答案。 A．carry along B．carried away C．carried out D．carried back
52、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(52)__處填上正確答案。 A．economic B．industrial C．rural D．urban
53、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(53)__處填上正確答案。 A．reduce B．increase C．study D．measure
54、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(54)__處填上正確答案。 A．crops B．gases C．fruits D．plants
55、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(55)__處填上正確答案。 A．educate B．evaluate C．protect D．identify
56、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(56)__處填上正確答案。 A．doubtful B．possible C．repeatable D．major
57、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(57)__處填上正確答案。 A．uses B．chances C．cures D．benefits
58、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(58)__處填上正確答案。 A．threats B．interests C．functions D．differences
59、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(59)__處填上正確答案。 A．locally B．heavily C．suddenly D．mildly
60、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(60)__處填上正確答案。 A．provide B．improve C．lack D．update
61、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(61)__處填上正確答案。 A．without B．with C．in D．on
62、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(62)__處填上正確答案。 A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．though
63、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(63)__處填上正確答案。 A．other than B．more than C．less than D．rather than
64、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(64)__處填上正確答案。 A．train B．a(chǎn)utomobile C．bus D．bike
65、請(qǐng)?jiān)诘赺_(65)__處填上正確答案。 A．idle B．smart C．busy D．secure