2015年職稱英語綜合類B級模擬題：閱讀理解
Nanotechnology
Many of the grand challenges of today and the future are found in the question: "How are we going to solve the problems and make serious improvements in industrial manufacturing, disease control, environmental pollution control, global climate change, food production, transportation, communication, and others?"
Nanotechnology ( 納米技術 ) promises to make revolutionary contributions.Within the next few years we can expect to see major improvements. Here are some possibilities the things to come.Nanotechnology is fundamentally changing the way materials and devices will be produced in the future.
Nanostructures, ceramics, polymers, metals, and other materials will have greatly improved mechanical properties.In fact, with the ability to build things atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule there will be new classes of structural materials.Nanotechnology will enable products to be lighter, stronger, smarter, cheaper,cleaner, and more precise.
The ability to synthesize nanoscale budding blocks with precisely controlled size and composition and then to assemble them into larger structures with unique properties and functions will revolutionize segments of the materials manufacturing industry. Nanotechnology is expected to bring about lighter, stronger, and programmable materials ; reductions in life-cycle costs through lower failure rates; innovative devices based on new principles and architectures ; and use of molecular cluster manufacturing.
Nanotechnology will provide new tools for medicine.It could radically change the way surgery is done.It will make it possible to do molecular scale surgery to repair and rearrange cells.Since disease is the result of physical disorder, misarranged molecules and cells, medicine at this level should be able to cure most diseases.
Mutations in DNA could be repaired and cancer cells, toxic chemicals, and viruses could be destroyed through use of medical Nan devices.
Nanotechnology enabled increases in computational power will permit the characterization of macromolecular networks in realistic environments.Such simulations will be essential elements in the development of biocompatible implants and in the drug discovery process. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact energy efficiency, storage, and production, Nanotechnology can change the economics of energy production.
The passage deals mainly with__________.
A．grand challenge in manufacturing, medicine and computer industry
B．possibilities of nanotechnology's contributions in the future
C．great changes caused by nanotechnology
D．practical application of nanotechnology
32、 According to the passage, which of the following is not fight? A．Nanotechnology will be used to change the structures of materials. B．Nanotechnology will make an operation more precisely. C．Nanotechnology will change the properties of materials. D．Nanotechnology will cure diseases that can't be solved at present.
33、With nanotechnology, the future products will not be probably__________. A．tiny B．lighter C．costly D．diversified
34、In medicine, all will change except that__________. A．doctors will be able to repair the destroyed cells of human bodies B．cancer and other infected diseases will be cured C．there will be more accurate diagnoses of diseases D．the medical devices will become smaller and devices with single function are produced
35、We can infer from the passage that__________. A．nanotechnology will be the most promising technology B．nanotechnology is an inevitable outcome of the development of technology C．nanotechnology will bring revolutions in many aspects of life D．nanotechnology will bring the greatest changes in economy
36、閱讀材料，回答36-50題。 Alpha Particle From decaying radon ( 氡) atoms can destroy the living cells they strike and increase the likelihood that those cells will later become cancerous.Researchers have now directly demonstrated that neighboring cells not suffering direct hits can be harmed, too. They've also taken a step toward showing how this type of radiation,called alpha particles, indirectly hurts those bystanders. Radon derives from the decay of uranium ( 鈾) and seeps naturally into the air from the ground.lt's the primary environmental source of alpha particles, which contribute to cancer risk by causing aberrations (失常)in DNA.Alpha particles from inhaled radon are second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer. Because a person's exposure to alpha particles typically is low, researchers have had to estimate public health threats from radon by guess from the effects of higher doses of alpha radiation.Such data comes primarily from studies of survivors of the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. The customary extrapolation ( 推測 ) assumes that cancer risk is proportional to the dose of radiation even at low doses. Radiation's effects in cell structure don't necessarily reflect what happens in "a whole organism, with its full range of defense repair mechanisms, " says Duport.Processes such as DNA repair and cell death triggered by radiation damage could cancel the effect on by stander cells observed in the lab, he suggests. Furthermore, while a bystander effect can contribute to cancer, other cell-to-cell interactions in living tissue "may relieve increased risk." says Barry Michael, a radiation biophysicist at the Gray Cancer Institute in Northwood, England.One of these interactions halts cell division and hence cancer. "The jury is still out on whether cell-to-cell effects lead to a greater or lower risk, " Michael says. The passage's main topic is__________. A．The experiment done by researchers B．Uranium is the key killer of neighboring cells C．Cell-to-cell interaction can make up for the hurt cells D．Bystander cells can be indirectly damaged by alpha particles
37、Alpha particles directly come from__________. A．decaying uranium B．decaying radon atoms C．air from the ground D．radiation particles
38、Which of the following is right for alpha particles? A．They are the second killers to smoking as cause of lung cancer. B．They can compensate for the abnormal DNA. C．High dosage and low dosage of them have the same effect on people's health. D．Their effect can't be found immediately.
39、 How do the researchers conduct the study? A．By studying the data got from the survivors who had experienced atomic radiation. B．By carrying out the experiments in the lab. C．By studying the features of the experiments. D．By studying the features of the erperiments.
40、From the passage, We can know the tone of the author is A．argumentative B．factual C．conjectural ( 推測的 ) D．authoritative
41、閱讀材料，回答41-55題。 The Diminishing Scientific Leadership of the U, S. With the rapid globalization of science itself ( more than 40 percent of scientific Ph.D. students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals, roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin ) , the once undisputed U.S.scientific lead, whether relevant to product lead or not, is diminishing. The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S.graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S.students, because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path. For the best and brightest from low-income countries, a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive, whereas the best and brightest U.S.students might now see better options in other fields. Science and engineering careers, to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition ( whether imported or available through better communication ) , also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S. students. With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process the speculative boom of the 1990s( which, among other things, made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly ) was largely unexpected.The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible. For a while,the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened. But during the next few decades, this path will likely revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish in a healthy way, the more traditional ( and more independent ) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services. In the intervening years, another new force also greatly facilitated globalization: the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication. Today, complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturing, other business functions and the consumer. Indeed, there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations. For example, software are development, with all its changes and complications, can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S.customer.Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away.The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into even more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U.S. labor: unskilled in the case of call centers; more highly skilled in the case of programmers. The rapid globalization of science__________. A．has led to the rapid growth of the Internet B．has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careers" C．has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training the U. S. D．has contributed to the diminish of U. S. scientific leadership
42、According to this text__________. A．the careers unattractive to U. S. students may not be so to foreign students B．science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U．S．students C．U．S．students age not courageous enough to face foreign competition D．U．S．students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students
43、It call be inferred from the text that__________． A．scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic science B．it will be much easier to conveg scientific findings into cash in the near future C．the boom of the l990s could be considered somewhat unhealthy D．the boom of the l990s willlast at least for several decades
44、All of the following might have contributed to globalization except__________． A．the unprecedented development of Intemet B．the closer contact of universities with private markets C．real time communication between business functions D．the prevalence of wide bandwidth international communication
45、This text is mainly about__________． A．the scientific leadership of the U．S． B．the shortage of scientists in the U．S． C．the rapid globalization of science D．better communication and globalization
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32、 According to the passage, which of the following is not fight? A．Nanotechnology will be used to change the structures of materials. B．Nanotechnology will make an operation more precisely. C．Nanotechnology will change the properties of materials. D．Nanotechnology will cure diseases that can't be solved at present.
33、With nanotechnology, the future products will not be probably__________. A．tiny B．lighter C．costly D．diversified
34、In medicine, all will change except that__________. A．doctors will be able to repair the destroyed cells of human bodies B．cancer and other infected diseases will be cured C．there will be more accurate diagnoses of diseases D．the medical devices will become smaller and devices with single function are produced
35、We can infer from the passage that__________. A．nanotechnology will be the most promising technology B．nanotechnology is an inevitable outcome of the development of technology C．nanotechnology will bring revolutions in many aspects of life D．nanotechnology will bring the greatest changes in economy
36、閱讀材料，回答36-50題。 Alpha Particle From decaying radon ( 氡) atoms can destroy the living cells they strike and increase the likelihood that those cells will later become cancerous.Researchers have now directly demonstrated that neighboring cells not suffering direct hits can be harmed, too. They've also taken a step toward showing how this type of radiation,called alpha particles, indirectly hurts those bystanders. Radon derives from the decay of uranium ( 鈾) and seeps naturally into the air from the ground.lt's the primary environmental source of alpha particles, which contribute to cancer risk by causing aberrations (失常)in DNA.Alpha particles from inhaled radon are second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer. Because a person's exposure to alpha particles typically is low, researchers have had to estimate public health threats from radon by guess from the effects of higher doses of alpha radiation.Such data comes primarily from studies of survivors of the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. The customary extrapolation ( 推測 ) assumes that cancer risk is proportional to the dose of radiation even at low doses. Radiation's effects in cell structure don't necessarily reflect what happens in "a whole organism, with its full range of defense repair mechanisms, " says Duport.Processes such as DNA repair and cell death triggered by radiation damage could cancel the effect on by stander cells observed in the lab, he suggests. Furthermore, while a bystander effect can contribute to cancer, other cell-to-cell interactions in living tissue "may relieve increased risk." says Barry Michael, a radiation biophysicist at the Gray Cancer Institute in Northwood, England.One of these interactions halts cell division and hence cancer. "The jury is still out on whether cell-to-cell effects lead to a greater or lower risk, " Michael says. The passage's main topic is__________. A．The experiment done by researchers B．Uranium is the key killer of neighboring cells C．Cell-to-cell interaction can make up for the hurt cells D．Bystander cells can be indirectly damaged by alpha particles
37、Alpha particles directly come from__________. A．decaying uranium B．decaying radon atoms C．air from the ground D．radiation particles
38、Which of the following is right for alpha particles? A．They are the second killers to smoking as cause of lung cancer. B．They can compensate for the abnormal DNA. C．High dosage and low dosage of them have the same effect on people's health. D．Their effect can't be found immediately.
39、 How do the researchers conduct the study? A．By studying the data got from the survivors who had experienced atomic radiation. B．By carrying out the experiments in the lab. C．By studying the features of the experiments. D．By studying the features of the erperiments.
40、From the passage, We can know the tone of the author is A．argumentative B．factual C．conjectural ( 推測的 ) D．authoritative
41、閱讀材料，回答41-55題。 The Diminishing Scientific Leadership of the U, S. With the rapid globalization of science itself ( more than 40 percent of scientific Ph.D. students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals, roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin ) , the once undisputed U.S.scientific lead, whether relevant to product lead or not, is diminishing. The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S.graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S.students, because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path. For the best and brightest from low-income countries, a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive, whereas the best and brightest U.S.students might now see better options in other fields. Science and engineering careers, to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition ( whether imported or available through better communication ) , also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S. students. With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process the speculative boom of the 1990s( which, among other things, made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly ) was largely unexpected.The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible. For a while,the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened. But during the next few decades, this path will likely revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish in a healthy way, the more traditional ( and more independent ) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services. In the intervening years, another new force also greatly facilitated globalization: the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication. Today, complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturing, other business functions and the consumer. Indeed, there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations. For example, software are development, with all its changes and complications, can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S.customer.Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away.The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into even more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U.S. labor: unskilled in the case of call centers; more highly skilled in the case of programmers. The rapid globalization of science__________. A．has led to the rapid growth of the Internet B．has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careers" C．has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training the U. S. D．has contributed to the diminish of U. S. scientific leadership
42、According to this text__________. A．the careers unattractive to U. S. students may not be so to foreign students B．science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U．S．students C．U．S．students age not courageous enough to face foreign competition D．U．S．students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students
43、It call be inferred from the text that__________． A．scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic science B．it will be much easier to conveg scientific findings into cash in the near future C．the boom of the l990s could be considered somewhat unhealthy D．the boom of the l990s willlast at least for several decades
44、All of the following might have contributed to globalization except__________． A．the unprecedented development of Intemet B．the closer contact of universities with private markets C．real time communication between business functions D．the prevalence of wide bandwidth international communication
45、This text is mainly about__________． A．the scientific leadership of the U．S． B．the shortage of scientists in the U．S． C．the rapid globalization of science D．better communication and globalization
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