高中生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)

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★以下是英語(yǔ)資源頻道為大家整理的《高中生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)》,供大家參考。
    動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)-- 一般時(shí) 第一章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)(一) 在英語(yǔ)中,不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示,這就叫做動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。 一、一般時(shí) 一般時(shí)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)和一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。 the trouble now. 很高興你來(lái)了。我正準(zhǔn)備給你打電話,現(xiàn)在你省去我這個(gè)麻煩了。 提示: “be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅恕?進(jìn)行時(shí) 二、進(jìn)行時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這個(gè)動(dòng)作是暫時(shí)的,也是未完成的。進(jìn)行時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。 A.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“am, is, are +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。 I'm reading the evening newspaper. 我正在看晚報(bào)。 Now it isn't snowing outside. 現(xiàn)在外面不在下雪。 Are they playing soccer in the playground? 他們正在操場(chǎng)上踢足球嗎? 2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 a.表示說(shuō)話的此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 通常由表示“此刻”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(now, at this moment),或通過(guò)Look/Listen!這兩個(gè)提示語(yǔ)來(lái)表明此時(shí)此刻動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 She is making a fire now. 她正在生火。 Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom. 聽(tīng)!瑪麗正在教室里唱英文歌。 b.表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段中正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 They are planting trees on the hill these days. 這幾天他們正在山上種樹(shù)。 I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. 我并不在這兒工作,我只是在新秘書(shū)來(lái)之前幫幫忙罷了。 c.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 能這樣用的動(dòng)詞并不多,通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。這種用法比較生動(dòng),給人以一種期待感。 Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days. 幾天后簡(jiǎn)和貝蒂將出去度假。 Where are you staying in Guangzhou? 你到廣州后準(zhǔn)備住在哪里? ②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法 a.表示一種重復(fù)的動(dòng)作,帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往與constantly, always, forever等狀語(yǔ)連用,給現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作披上一層感情色彩。 She's constantly complaining. 她不停地抱怨。 My brother is always leaving things about. 我弟弟總是亂丟東西。 He is forever thinking of doing more for the students. 他總是想著為學(xué)生多做些事情。 b.表示某一具體動(dòng)作或心理狀態(tài)的發(fā)展過(guò)程 The house is falling down. 房子正在倒下。 The weather is changing for the better. 天氣慢慢轉(zhuǎn)好了。 注意: 有時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛開(kāi)始。 I'm forgetting my English. 我的英語(yǔ)開(kāi)始忘了。 Food is costing more. 食品貴了起來(lái)。 c.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù) The train is arriving late almost every day this summer. 這個(gè)夏季火車幾乎天天晚點(diǎn)。 Someone is knocking at the door. 有人不斷地在敲門(mén)。 The boy is jumping with joy. 那男孩高興地跳個(gè)不停。 d.表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是同一動(dòng)作 He who helps others is helping himself. 幫人就是幫自己。 If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing. 如果你堅(jiān)持做這件事,你就是在干傻事。 e.be動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) be動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但有時(shí)可用“am, is, are + being +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示暫時(shí)或故意如此。 The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點(diǎn)兒淘氣。 I don't think you are being fair. 我認(rèn)為你不公平。 He is being modest. 他現(xiàn)在很謙虛。 比較: You are not polite. 你不講禮貌。(一貫如此) You are not being polite. 你可有點(diǎn)兒不禮貌了。(暫時(shí)的現(xiàn)象) F.含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句 帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),通常用it來(lái)作為被動(dòng)句的形式主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)從句保留不變。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他們說(shuō)他出國(guó)學(xué)英語(yǔ)去了。 -- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據(jù)說(shuō)他出國(guó)學(xué)英語(yǔ)去了。 We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我們還未決定什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)。 -- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)尚未決定。 提示: 帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),為了簡(jiǎn)練,還可把從句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ),從句的謂語(yǔ)部分還可以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z(yǔ)。 We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會(huì)成功。 -- He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會(huì)成功。 Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父親希望我成為工程師。 -- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. (父親)希望我成為工程師。 G.祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 肯定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是:Let + 賓語(yǔ) + be + 過(guò)去分詞;否定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是:Don't + let + 賓語(yǔ) + be + 過(guò)去分詞(或Let + 賓語(yǔ) + not + be + 過(guò)去分詞)。 Move the desks into the corridor. -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。 Don't trust her. -- Don't let her be trusted. -- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。 H. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般情況下,只有及物動(dòng)詞才能跟賓語(yǔ),而不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語(yǔ),所以只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后,變成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,因此就可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫(yī)院里被護(hù)士們照料得很周到。 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. -- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 會(huì)議已推遲到下周六了。 注意: 在使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),千萬(wàn)不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了處理。 I. 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)指的是句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和其后的不定式均為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),句子的主語(yǔ)既是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的承受者,同時(shí)又是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once. -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once. -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動(dòng)) She offered to buy a recorder for me. -- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要幫我買(mǎi)一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。(雙重被動(dòng)) The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away. -- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 課桌被要求搬走。(雙重被動(dòng)) J.下列句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要用with,不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會(huì)議室。 The meeting room was filled with smoke. 會(huì)議室里充滿了煙。 A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來(lái)。 The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。 K.不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) 1.受動(dòng)詞的限制 ①表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞,只能用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞,如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語(yǔ)時(shí),不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能容納兩千人。 ②當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時(shí),沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。 Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎? She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒,現(xiàn)在好多了。 ③當(dāng)動(dòng)詞get,take表示“懂得”、“知道”,owe表示“欠”,cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時(shí),動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 Do you get me 你明白我的意思嗎? How do you take this passage 這段話你怎么理解? I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。 His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的駕駛使他喪了命。 2.受賓語(yǔ)的限制 ①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時(shí),動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。 He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席會(huì)議了。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來(lái)兩姐妹互相照顧。 ②當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)前帶有主語(yǔ)的形容詞性物主代詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著,我簡(jiǎn)直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 醫(yī)生搖了搖頭,一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就出去了。 注意: 動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是身體的一部分,一般不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫(huà)。 -- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫(huà)。 ③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)起狀語(yǔ)作用,表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時(shí),不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價(jià)值十美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重二十公斤。 ④當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)時(shí),通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個(gè)美夢(mèng)。 ⑤如果賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不能變換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承認(rèn)做錯(cuò)了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國(guó)留學(xué)。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語(yǔ)是地點(diǎn)、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)等,不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進(jìn)入了大廳。 ⑦另外,不可拆開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等,也不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 The book belongs to me. 這本書(shū)是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背:一些常見(jiàn)的不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)賓詞組 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 喪失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼臉 make up one's mind 決心 make bed 鋪床 make room for 為„„騰出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安靜 speak one's mind 表明見(jiàn)解 take place 發(fā)生 take one's time 從容不迫,別著急 take office 就職 take one's leave 請(qǐng)假 take notes 作筆記 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 ⑧含有would rather或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare的句子,不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 四、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu) 所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu),在此指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣,所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。 A. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通??捎胋y+人或by+抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而后者則一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門(mén)被那個(gè)女孩鎖上了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)) The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門(mén)鎖了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹(shù)被大風(fēng)吹倒了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)) The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹(shù)時(shí),它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 注意: 少數(shù)“連系動(dòng)詞be + 用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”也帶by短語(yǔ)。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹(shù)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)等少數(shù)幾種時(shí)態(tài);而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用多種時(shí)態(tài)。 The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫(xiě)得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫(xiě)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))