Lesson 26 The past life of the earth 地球上的昔日生命
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is the main condition for the preservation of the remains of any living creature?
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been continuously deposited, that bodies and alike can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything to cover them over. When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying about, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the remains of fir trees -- the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back. The mammoth has now been restored in a palaeontological musum in St. Petersburg. Other animals were trapped in tar pits while the elepant, sabre-toothed cats and numerous other creatures that were found at Siberian just a suburb of Los Angeles. Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly bogged in the tar. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.【參考譯文】
只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體最有可能被保存下來，因?yàn)楸４娴谋匾獥l件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
即使是在最有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，因此，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。曾在陸地上生活過的動(dòng)植物的遺體被保存下來的更為罕見，因?yàn)殛懙厣蠋缀鯖]有什么東西覆蓋它們。你可以想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
幾乎總是由于某些特殊的條件，陸地動(dòng)物的遺體才被存下來，如掉進(jìn)難以到達(dá)的洞穴，或掉進(jìn)冰河裂縫里，或者像西伯利亞長(zhǎng)毛象那樣掉進(jìn)冰窟中，有時(shí)整個(gè)動(dòng)物像被放在冰箱里一樣被保存下來，的那林索夫卡長(zhǎng)毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里還留著冷杉 -- 它掉進(jìn)冰河裂隙折斷脊椎柱之前的最后一頓飯。這頭長(zhǎng)毛象已被修復(fù)，現(xiàn)存于圣彼得堡古生物學(xué)博物館。有的動(dòng)物掉進(jìn)天然瀝清坑里被保存下來，如在蘭橋.拉.布里 -- 現(xiàn)在是洛杉磯的郊區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的大象、劍齒虎和許多其他動(dòng)物。顯然，事情的經(jīng)過是這樣：瀝青坑里積存了水，大象那樣的大動(dòng)物冒險(xiǎn)到似乎堅(jiān)固的水面上去飲水，立即掉進(jìn)了瀝青坑。大象死后，一些食肉動(dòng)物，如劍齒虎和大灰狼就來吃大象，結(jié)果遭到了同樣的命運(yùn)。瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。1.preservation n.保存
例句：The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.
這幅畫保存得極為完好。
2.silt n.淤泥
3.scavenger n.食腐動(dòng)物
4.vole n.野鼠，鼴鼠
5.decompose v.腐爛
例句：Most animals decompose very quickly after death.
大多數(shù)動(dòng)物死后很快腐爛。
6.inaccessible adj.不能到達(dá)的
例句：The top of Mount Everest is the most inaccessible place in the world.
珠穆朗瑪峰是世界上最難到達(dá)的地方。
7.crevasse n.縫隙
8.Siberian adj.西伯利亞的
9.palaeontological adj.古生物學(xué)的
10.St. Petersburg n.圣彼得堡
11.sabre-toothed adj.長(zhǎng)著銳利的長(zhǎng)牙
12.venture v.冒險(xiǎn)
例句：I won't venture a step farther.
我不敢再往前走一步。
13.bogged adj.陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的
例句：Our discussions got bogged down in irrelevant detail.
我們的討論糾纏在無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)上。1.......and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
參考翻譯：只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
講解：it is that強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，詳細(xì)可見語(yǔ)法部分。 where mud and sit have been continuously deposited是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾seas and rivers。
2.But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them.
參考翻譯：即使是在最有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。
講解：這句話的主干是only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved.其他都是修飾成分。a small fraction of意思是一小部分。后面兩個(gè)before都是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而中間的even more likely是插入語(yǔ)，如果去掉也不影響句子的完整性。in the most favourable circumstances是指在……的情況下。
3.After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.
參考翻譯：因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，因此，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。
講解：after all畢竟,終究,到底
例句：She must have got into his head after after all.
畢竟她得明白這一點(diǎn)。
by chance偶然地，意外地
例句：By chance, he mentioned there was an old cottage up here.
偶然有一次，他提到這里有一間農(nóng)舍。
4.When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads.
參考翻譯：你可以想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
講解：not to mention不必說，更不必說。與let alone的區(qū)別：
much less, still less引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定。less是由little的否定意義而來的，所以這兩個(gè)詞組只能用于否定句中，意為"更不用說、更不必說"。to say nothing of, not to speak of ,not to mention, let alone這四個(gè)詞組意為"更不消說"，也是一種追補(bǔ)的說法。但它們與much less和still less有所不同，這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，則追加的也是肯定意義。如果前一句是否定，則追加的也是否定意義。 (來源：英語(yǔ)麥當(dāng)勞－英語(yǔ)雜志 EnglishCN.com)
例1 I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings. (我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動(dòng)了。)
例2 In old China, there was hardly any machinebuilding industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry. (在舊中國(guó)，幾乎沒有什么機(jī)器制造工業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。)
例3 At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries. (那時(shí)他連普通生活都不能維持，更不要說奢侈品了。)
例4 I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus. (我連代數(shù)幾何都不懂，更不必說微積分了。)
5.This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition.
參考翻譯：的那林索夫卡長(zhǎng)毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。
講解：in good condition狀況良好，身體健康
例句：The kitchen needs to be cleaned, but otherwise the flat is in good condition.
除了廚房需要打掃以外，這個(gè)公寓的狀況還是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的。
6.There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
參考翻譯：瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。
講解：As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．
他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。it 引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，通常形式為：It be 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 that/who 句子其他成分。這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句由普通陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換而來，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如：
It was Tom's mother that / who bought Tom a bicycle on his birthday.
是湯姆的媽媽在湯姆生日那天給他買了輛自行車。
It was yesterday that I met him. 我是昨天見到他的。
在此類強(qiáng)調(diào)句中需要注意的是：
1)不管被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，其前一律用it is / was 而不能用 they are /were
It is the teachers who teach me very well. 這就是教我教得很好的老師。
2)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可用that /who來指代；被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指物時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分后只能用that 指代
It is this house that has a beautiful garden. 就是這個(gè)房子有一個(gè)美麗的花園。
3)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分只能用that 指代，而不能用when, where 等指代
It was yesterday that I entered the school. 我是昨天進(jìn)的學(xué)校。1.And it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes,where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
1.只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
2. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.
2.因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的。
3.They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
3.因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
4.There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
4.瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is the main condition for the preservation of the remains of any living creature?
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been continuously deposited, that bodies and alike can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything to cover them over. When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying about, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the remains of fir trees -- the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back. The mammoth has now been restored in a palaeontological musum in St. Petersburg. Other animals were trapped in tar pits while the elepant, sabre-toothed cats and numerous other creatures that were found at Siberian just a suburb of Los Angeles. Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly bogged in the tar. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.【參考譯文】
只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體最有可能被保存下來，因?yàn)楸４娴谋匾獥l件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
即使是在最有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，因此，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。曾在陸地上生活過的動(dòng)植物的遺體被保存下來的更為罕見，因?yàn)殛懙厣蠋缀鯖]有什么東西覆蓋它們。你可以想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
幾乎總是由于某些特殊的條件，陸地動(dòng)物的遺體才被存下來，如掉進(jìn)難以到達(dá)的洞穴，或掉進(jìn)冰河裂縫里，或者像西伯利亞長(zhǎng)毛象那樣掉進(jìn)冰窟中，有時(shí)整個(gè)動(dòng)物像被放在冰箱里一樣被保存下來，的那林索夫卡長(zhǎng)毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里還留著冷杉 -- 它掉進(jìn)冰河裂隙折斷脊椎柱之前的最后一頓飯。這頭長(zhǎng)毛象已被修復(fù)，現(xiàn)存于圣彼得堡古生物學(xué)博物館。有的動(dòng)物掉進(jìn)天然瀝清坑里被保存下來，如在蘭橋.拉.布里 -- 現(xiàn)在是洛杉磯的郊區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的大象、劍齒虎和許多其他動(dòng)物。顯然，事情的經(jīng)過是這樣：瀝青坑里積存了水，大象那樣的大動(dòng)物冒險(xiǎn)到似乎堅(jiān)固的水面上去飲水，立即掉進(jìn)了瀝青坑。大象死后，一些食肉動(dòng)物，如劍齒虎和大灰狼就來吃大象，結(jié)果遭到了同樣的命運(yùn)。瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。1.preservation n.保存
例句：The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.
這幅畫保存得極為完好。
2.silt n.淤泥
3.scavenger n.食腐動(dòng)物
4.vole n.野鼠，鼴鼠
5.decompose v.腐爛
例句：Most animals decompose very quickly after death.
大多數(shù)動(dòng)物死后很快腐爛。
6.inaccessible adj.不能到達(dá)的
例句：The top of Mount Everest is the most inaccessible place in the world.
珠穆朗瑪峰是世界上最難到達(dá)的地方。
7.crevasse n.縫隙
8.Siberian adj.西伯利亞的
9.palaeontological adj.古生物學(xué)的
10.St. Petersburg n.圣彼得堡
11.sabre-toothed adj.長(zhǎng)著銳利的長(zhǎng)牙
12.venture v.冒險(xiǎn)
例句：I won't venture a step farther.
我不敢再往前走一步。
13.bogged adj.陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的
例句：Our discussions got bogged down in irrelevant detail.
我們的討論糾纏在無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)上。1.......and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
參考翻譯：只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
講解：it is that強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，詳細(xì)可見語(yǔ)法部分。 where mud and sit have been continuously deposited是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾seas and rivers。
2.But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them.
參考翻譯：即使是在最有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。
講解：這句話的主干是only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved.其他都是修飾成分。a small fraction of意思是一小部分。后面兩個(gè)before都是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而中間的even more likely是插入語(yǔ)，如果去掉也不影響句子的完整性。in the most favourable circumstances是指在……的情況下。
3.After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.
參考翻譯：因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，因此，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。
講解：after all畢竟,終究,到底
例句：She must have got into his head after after all.
畢竟她得明白這一點(diǎn)。
by chance偶然地，意外地
例句：By chance, he mentioned there was an old cottage up here.
偶然有一次，他提到這里有一間農(nóng)舍。
4.When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads.
參考翻譯：你可以想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
講解：not to mention不必說，更不必說。與let alone的區(qū)別：
much less, still less引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定。less是由little的否定意義而來的，所以這兩個(gè)詞組只能用于否定句中，意為"更不用說、更不必說"。to say nothing of, not to speak of ,not to mention, let alone這四個(gè)詞組意為"更不消說"，也是一種追補(bǔ)的說法。但它們與much less和still less有所不同，這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，則追加的也是肯定意義。如果前一句是否定，則追加的也是否定意義。 (來源：英語(yǔ)麥當(dāng)勞－英語(yǔ)雜志 EnglishCN.com)
例1 I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings. (我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動(dòng)了。)
例2 In old China, there was hardly any machinebuilding industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry. (在舊中國(guó)，幾乎沒有什么機(jī)器制造工業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。)
例3 At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries. (那時(shí)他連普通生活都不能維持，更不要說奢侈品了。)
例4 I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus. (我連代數(shù)幾何都不懂，更不必說微積分了。)
5.This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition.
參考翻譯：的那林索夫卡長(zhǎng)毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。
講解：in good condition狀況良好，身體健康
例句：The kitchen needs to be cleaned, but otherwise the flat is in good condition.
除了廚房需要打掃以外，這個(gè)公寓的狀況還是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的。
6.There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
參考翻譯：瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。
講解：As well是副詞短語(yǔ)，其義為“也”，相當(dāng)于too，它一般放在句末，有時(shí)和連詞and或but搭配使用。例：
He is a worker，and a poet as well．
他是工人，但也是詩(shī)人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well．
中國(guó)擁有大量煤炭，其他的礦藏也很豐富。
Mr．Liu can speak English，but he can speak Cantonese as well．
劉先生會(huì)說英語(yǔ)，但他也能講廣東話。it 引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，通常形式為：It be 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 that/who 句子其他成分。這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句由普通陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換而來，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如：
It was Tom's mother that / who bought Tom a bicycle on his birthday.
是湯姆的媽媽在湯姆生日那天給他買了輛自行車。
It was yesterday that I met him. 我是昨天見到他的。
在此類強(qiáng)調(diào)句中需要注意的是：
1)不管被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，其前一律用it is / was 而不能用 they are /were
It is the teachers who teach me very well. 這就是教我教得很好的老師。
2)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可用that /who來指代；被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指物時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分后只能用that 指代
It is this house that has a beautiful garden. 就是這個(gè)房子有一個(gè)美麗的花園。
3)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)時(shí)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分只能用that 指代，而不能用when, where 等指代
It was yesterday that I entered the school. 我是昨天進(jìn)的學(xué)校。1.And it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes,where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
1.只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。
2. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.
2.因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的。
3.They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
3.因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。
4.There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
4.瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。