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Lesson 15Secrecy in industry工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertakin【參考譯文】
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴(lài)這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。1.secrecy n.秘密
例句：His report was treated with extraordinary secrecy.
他的報(bào)告被嚴(yán)格保密。
2.effectiveness n.成效，效力
例句：Outcomes can provide rapid feedback on the effectiveness of tactics.
這些結(jié)果能對(duì)戰(zhàn)術(shù)的有效性給予快速反饋。
3.inquiry n.調(diào)查研究
例句：She made warmhearted inquiries about my health.
她對(duì)我的健康狀況親熱地問(wèn)長(zhǎng)問(wèn)短。
4.positive adj.確實(shí)的
例句：I made a detailed inquiry about the facts.
我追問(wèn)事實(shí)真相。
5.process n.過(guò)程
例句：They try hard to shorten the process of manufacture.
他們盡量縮短制作過(guò)程。
6.patent n.專(zhuān)利；
v. 得到專(zhuān)利權(quán)
例句：The transfer of the patent is back-numbered.
這個(gè)專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)讓證書(shū)過(guò)期了。
7.agent n.情報(bào)人員
例句：While being debriefed the defector named two double agents.
在詢(xún)問(wèn)過(guò)程中叛變者供出了兩名雙重間諜。1.Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
weigh against對(duì)…不利,將（某事物）與（其他事物）做對(duì)比
例句：At least there are benefits to be weighed against the costs!
和費(fèi)用相比，至少利潤(rùn)還是有的。
2.One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
in which在用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能破壞原來(lái)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，通常由介詞和疑問(wèn)副詞組合在一起構(gòu)成定語(yǔ)從句。典型的一句就是新概念第三冊(cè)，世界上長(zhǎng)的吊橋中的一句：
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'
3.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
either...or...意為"或者……或者……；不是……就是……"之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個(gè)并列的成分。例如：
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個(gè)女孩高興時(shí)，不是唱就是跳。(此句中either...or...連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用其相應(yīng)的形式。)
either...or...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與近的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說(shuō)的"就近原則"。例如：
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
注意：如果把上句變成一般疑問(wèn)句，助動(dòng)詞形式與主語(yǔ)you保持一致，所以要用are提問(wèn)，而不是am。例如：
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你還是我去那里？
4.Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
depend on依賴(lài),依靠;取決于,隨…而定
例句：He is kind of person you can safely depend on .
他是你保險(xiǎn)可以信賴(lài)的一種人。
a great many許許多多,非常多
例句：Large cities are powerful magnets attracting a great many people.
大城市像巨大的磁鐵一樣吸引著無(wú)數(shù)人。
5.This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
apply to將...應(yīng)用于
例句：He applied his mind to the difficulty.
他用心解決這個(gè)難題。
play a part扮演一個(gè)角色,參與,裝腔騙人
例句：He played a leading part in solving the problem.
他在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題方面起了主要作用。
6. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說(shuō)
例句：Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
For instance, you don't often see stray cattle roaming the countryside.
例如，你不會(huì)經(jīng)常看見(jiàn)走失的牛群在村里閑逛。
have difficulty in doing
have difficulty /trouble/problem (in) doing
have作有解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。
for fear起連詞作用，fear后省略了that，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。這從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
又如：
He handled the instrument with care for fear（that）it should be damaged.
他小心翼翼地處置這儀器，生怕給弄壞了。
Lesson 15Secrecy in industry工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertakin【參考譯文】
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴(lài)這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。1.secrecy n.秘密
例句：His report was treated with extraordinary secrecy.
他的報(bào)告被嚴(yán)格保密。
2.effectiveness n.成效，效力
例句：Outcomes can provide rapid feedback on the effectiveness of tactics.
這些結(jié)果能對(duì)戰(zhàn)術(shù)的有效性給予快速反饋。
3.inquiry n.調(diào)查研究
例句：She made warmhearted inquiries about my health.
她對(duì)我的健康狀況親熱地問(wèn)長(zhǎng)問(wèn)短。
4.positive adj.確實(shí)的
例句：I made a detailed inquiry about the facts.
我追問(wèn)事實(shí)真相。
5.process n.過(guò)程
例句：They try hard to shorten the process of manufacture.
他們盡量縮短制作過(guò)程。
6.patent n.專(zhuān)利；
v. 得到專(zhuān)利權(quán)
例句：The transfer of the patent is back-numbered.
這個(gè)專(zhuān)利轉(zhuǎn)讓證書(shū)過(guò)期了。
7.agent n.情報(bào)人員
例句：While being debriefed the defector named two double agents.
在詢(xún)問(wèn)過(guò)程中叛變者供出了兩名雙重間諜。1.Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
weigh against對(duì)…不利,將（某事物）與（其他事物）做對(duì)比
例句：At least there are benefits to be weighed against the costs!
和費(fèi)用相比，至少利潤(rùn)還是有的。
2.One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
in which在用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能破壞原來(lái)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，通常由介詞和疑問(wèn)副詞組合在一起構(gòu)成定語(yǔ)從句。典型的一句就是新概念第三冊(cè)，世界上長(zhǎng)的吊橋中的一句：
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'
3.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
either...or...意為"或者……或者……；不是……就是……"之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個(gè)并列的成分。例如：
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個(gè)女孩高興時(shí)，不是唱就是跳。(此句中either...or...連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用其相應(yīng)的形式。)
either...or...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與近的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說(shuō)的"就近原則"。例如：
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
注意：如果把上句變成一般疑問(wèn)句，助動(dòng)詞形式與主語(yǔ)you保持一致，所以要用are提問(wèn)，而不是am。例如：
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你還是我去那里？
4.Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
depend on依賴(lài),依靠;取決于,隨…而定
例句：He is kind of person you can safely depend on .
他是你保險(xiǎn)可以信賴(lài)的一種人。
a great many許許多多,非常多
例句：Large cities are powerful magnets attracting a great many people.
大城市像巨大的磁鐵一樣吸引著無(wú)數(shù)人。
5.This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
apply to將...應(yīng)用于
例句：He applied his mind to the difficulty.
他用心解決這個(gè)難題。
play a part扮演一個(gè)角色,參與,裝腔騙人
例句：He played a leading part in solving the problem.
他在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題方面起了主要作用。
6. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說(shuō)
例句：Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
For instance, you don't often see stray cattle roaming the countryside.
例如，你不會(huì)經(jīng)常看見(jiàn)走失的牛群在村里閑逛。
have difficulty in doing
have difficulty /trouble/problem (in) doing
have作有解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。
for fear起連詞作用，fear后省略了that，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。這從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
又如：
He handled the instrument with care for fear（that）it should be damaged.
他小心翼翼地處置這儀器，生怕給弄壞了。