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Lesson 15Secrecy in industry工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertakin【參考譯文】
有兩個因素嚴重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個人自由。任何一項研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國家、其他大學、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎的研究，因此不保密對他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進行的，直到可以取得專利權的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會取得專利權，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機械工業(yè)相比，化學工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機會要多得多。有時，保密竟達到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個性質(zhì)都不準提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時感到困難，因為它們不愿讓人家記下它們公司的名字和借閱的某一本書。他們生怕別的公司的情報人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項科研項目。1.secrecy n.秘密
例句：His report was treated with extraordinary secrecy.
他的報告被嚴格保密。
2.effectiveness n.成效，效力
例句：Outcomes can provide rapid feedback on the effectiveness of tactics.
這些結果能對戰(zhàn)術的有效性給予快速反饋。
3.inquiry n.調(diào)查研究
例句：She made warmhearted inquiries about my health.
她對我的健康狀況親熱地問長問短。
4.positive adj.確實的
例句：I made a detailed inquiry about the facts.
我追問事實真相。
5.process n.過程
例句：They try hard to shorten the process of manufacture.
他們盡量縮短制作過程。
6.patent n.專利；
v. 得到專利權
例句：The transfer of the patent is back-numbered.
這個專利轉(zhuǎn)讓證書過期了。
7.agent n.情報人員
例句：While being debriefed the defector named two double agents.
在詢問過程中叛變者供出了兩名雙重間諜。1.Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
weigh against對…不利,將（某事物）與（其他事物）做對比
例句：At least there are benefits to be weighed against the costs!
和費用相比，至少利潤還是有的。
2.One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
in which在用定語從句時，不能破壞原來的句子結構，通常由介詞和疑問副詞組合在一起構成定語從句。典型的一句就是新概念第三冊，世界上長的吊橋中的一句：
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'
3.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
either...or...意為"或者……或者……；不是……就是……"之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個并列的成分。例如：
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個女孩高興時，不是唱就是跳。(此句中either...or...連接兩個動詞，因為主語是單數(shù)第三人稱，謂語動詞要用其相應的形式。)
either...or...連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞應與近的一個主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說的"就近原則"。例如：
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
注意：如果把上句變成一般疑問句，助動詞形式與主語you保持一致，所以要用are提問，而不是am。例如：
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你還是我去那里？
4.Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
depend on依賴,依靠;取決于,隨…而定
例句：He is kind of person you can safely depend on .
他是你保險可以信賴的一種人。
a great many許許多多,非常多
例句：Large cities are powerful magnets attracting a great many people.
大城市像巨大的磁鐵一樣吸引著無數(shù)人。
5.This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
apply to將...應用于
例句：He applied his mind to the difficulty.
他用心解決這個難題。
play a part扮演一個角色,參與,裝腔騙人
例句：He played a leading part in solving the problem.
他在解決這個問題方面起了主要作用。
6. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說
例句：Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
For instance, you don't often see stray cattle roaming the countryside.
例如，你不會經(jīng)?？匆娮呤У呐Ｈ涸诖謇镩e逛。
have difficulty in doing
have difficulty /trouble/problem (in) doing
have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難。
for fear起連詞作用，fear后省略了that，引導目的狀語從句。這從句中常用虛擬語氣。
又如：
He handled the instrument with care for fear（that）it should be damaged.
他小心翼翼地處置這儀器，生怕給弄壞了。
Lesson 15Secrecy in industry工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertakin【參考譯文】
有兩個因素嚴重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個人自由。任何一項研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國家、其他大學、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎的研究，因此不保密對他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進行的，直到可以取得專利權的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會取得專利權，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機械工業(yè)相比，化學工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機會要多得多。有時，保密竟達到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個性質(zhì)都不準提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時感到困難，因為它們不愿讓人家記下它們公司的名字和借閱的某一本書。他們生怕別的公司的情報人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項科研項目。1.secrecy n.秘密
例句：His report was treated with extraordinary secrecy.
他的報告被嚴格保密。
2.effectiveness n.成效，效力
例句：Outcomes can provide rapid feedback on the effectiveness of tactics.
這些結果能對戰(zhàn)術的有效性給予快速反饋。
3.inquiry n.調(diào)查研究
例句：She made warmhearted inquiries about my health.
她對我的健康狀況親熱地問長問短。
4.positive adj.確實的
例句：I made a detailed inquiry about the facts.
我追問事實真相。
5.process n.過程
例句：They try hard to shorten the process of manufacture.
他們盡量縮短制作過程。
6.patent n.專利；
v. 得到專利權
例句：The transfer of the patent is back-numbered.
這個專利轉(zhuǎn)讓證書過期了。
7.agent n.情報人員
例句：While being debriefed the defector named two double agents.
在詢問過程中叛變者供出了兩名雙重間諜。1.Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
weigh against對…不利,將（某事物）與（其他事物）做對比
例句：At least there are benefits to be weighed against the costs!
和費用相比，至少利潤還是有的。
2.One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
in which在用定語從句時，不能破壞原來的句子結構，通常由介詞和疑問副詞組合在一起構成定語從句。典型的一句就是新概念第三冊，世界上長的吊橋中的一句：
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'
3.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
either...or...意為"或者……或者……；不是……就是……"之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個并列的成分。例如：
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個女孩高興時，不是唱就是跳。(此句中either...or...連接兩個動詞，因為主語是單數(shù)第三人稱，謂語動詞要用其相應的形式。)
either...or...連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞應與近的一個主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說的"就近原則"。例如：
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
注意：如果把上句變成一般疑問句，助動詞形式與主語you保持一致，所以要用are提問，而不是am。例如：
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你還是我去那里？
4.Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
depend on依賴,依靠;取決于,隨…而定
例句：He is kind of person you can safely depend on .
他是你保險可以信賴的一種人。
a great many許許多多,非常多
例句：Large cities are powerful magnets attracting a great many people.
大城市像巨大的磁鐵一樣吸引著無數(shù)人。
5.This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
apply to將...應用于
例句：He applied his mind to the difficulty.
他用心解決這個難題。
play a part扮演一個角色,參與,裝腔騙人
例句：He played a leading part in solving the problem.
他在解決這個問題方面起了主要作用。
6. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說
例句：Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
For instance, you don't often see stray cattle roaming the countryside.
例如，你不會經(jīng)?？匆娮呤У呐Ｈ涸诖謇镩e逛。
have difficulty in doing
have difficulty /trouble/problem (in) doing
have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難。
for fear起連詞作用，fear后省略了that，引導目的狀語從句。這從句中常用虛擬語氣。
又如：
He handled the instrument with care for fear（that）it should be damaged.
他小心翼翼地處置這儀器，生怕給弄壞了。