2016年研究生英語語法大全:虛擬語氣
語氣及其種類
1)語氣(mood)語氣是一種動詞形式,表示講話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2)語氣的種類語氣可分為下列三種:
a)直陳語氣(indicative mood)表示講話人認為他所說的話是一個事實。如:
There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
Jinzhou is famous for its apples.錦州以產蘋果聞名。
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.張思德同志對黨懷有深厚的愛。
b)祈使語氣(imperative mood)表示講話人對對方的請求或命令。如:
Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把練習本帶來。
Make yourself at home.請隨便,不要客氣。
Don't move!不許動!
Don't be late.不要遲到。
Be quiet!請安靜!
c)虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)。
虛擬語氣A
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實,而只是一種愿望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。如:
If I were not so busy,I would go with you.假如我不太忙,我會和你一起去。(表示假設)
I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在這兒就好了,他會知道怎樣把機器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建議我們都去看電影。(表示建議)
虛擬語氣的動詞形式
比較特殊,共有下列七種:
1)動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
2)動詞的過去式(用于一切人稱和數(shù),be的過去式用were)
3) had +過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
4) should +動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
5) should have +過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
6) should (第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱) +動詞原形
7) should(第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱) + have +過去分詞
注:上述某些動詞形式和直陳語氣的某些動詞形式相同,但它們的用法及其所表示的時間概念則完全兩樣,二者切不可混淆。
虛擬語氣常用在表示條件的從句和表示結果的主句中。
虛擬語氣在條件從句和結果主句中的用法
1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件和結果,:如:
If I Were you,I should go and see the dentist at once.假如我是你的話,我會馬上去看牙科醫(yī)生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力,我們就不能行走。
If they had time,they would study Italian too.假如他們有時間的話,他們也會學意大利語的。
If She knew German,She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德語,她就會讀馬克思和恩格斯的原著了。
He would tell me if he knew,but he does not,know anything about it.假如他知道的話,他會告訴我的,但是他一點也不知道。
2)表示與過去事實相反的條件和結果。如:
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要來,我會去車站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.要是你早來幾分鐘的話,你就見到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.她要是對自己要求不嚴格,她就不會有這樣大的進步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned.假如這孩子掉到冰窯里,他定會淹死了。
3)表示與將來事實可能相反的條件和結果。其用法和表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件和結果相同。如:
If it Were Sunday tomorrow,my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天,我弟弟會去北海公園滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass,it would break.你如將杯子掉下來,它就會打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -It Would bum.我若把紙放在火上會怎么樣?——紙就會燒著。
注:在表示與將來事實可能相反的條件從句中,亦可用were to +動詞原形(比較正式,常用于書面體中)和should +動詞原形。如:
If you were to come tomorrow,I might have time to see you.你如果明天來的話,我或許會有時間見你。
If I were to see her tomorrow,I would tell her about your decisions.我明天如見到她,就把你的決定告訴她。
If it should rain tomorrow,what would we do?明天萬一下雨,我們怎么辦?
If you should meet George,tell him I want to see him.你如見到喬治,告訴他我要見他。
虛擬語氣B
不用if的條件從句結構
在筆語中,條件從句有時可以不用連詞小而把were,had或should移至主語之前。但如從句沒有were,had或should,則一般不能這樣做。如:
Should he come,tell him to ring me up.他要是來了,讓他給我打個電話。
Were I in your position,I would go.如果我處于你的地位,我就去。
Had they not helped us,our experiment would have failed.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們的試驗是會失敗的。
注:有時虛擬條件不用條件從句而用介詞短語、動詞不定式等來表示。如:
without contradiction nothing would exist.沒有矛盾就沒有世界。
We could not have done the work well without your help.要是沒有你的幫助,我們不可能做好這工作。
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到頤和園去游泳,倒是個好主意。
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.這一切在十年前是不可能有的。
虛擬語氣C
虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞
虛擬結構(不論從句或主句)??捎们閼B(tài)動詞的過去式,即could,might,wou1d等加不帶to的動詞不定式或不帶to的動詞不定式完成式,來作謂語動詞。這些情態(tài)動詞除表示虛擬結構外,本身還有獨立的意思。如:
If I were you,I Would go.我如果是你,我就愿意去。
If he were here,he might agree with you.假如他在這里,他可能會同意你。
I Would help you if I could.假如我能夠的話,我一定幫助你。
If it had not been for their help,we could not have succeeded.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們是不可能成功的。
虛擬語氣D
有時條件從句中的動作和結果主句中的動作所發(fā)生的時間不一致
這時,動詞的形式應根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調整。如:
If he had followed the doctor's advice,he Would be quite all right now.他當時若是聽醫(yī)生的話,現(xiàn)在就會痊愈了。(從句說明過去,主句說明現(xiàn)在)
If I were you,I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我會去看話劇了。(從句的時間包括現(xiàn)在,主句說明過去)
If you hadn't helped me,I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若你沒有幫助我,我不可能按時完成工作,很可能現(xiàn)在還在干哩。(從句說明過去,主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在)
用直陳語氣表示條件和結果
在現(xiàn)代英語里,多用直陳語氣表示條件和結果。直陳語氣的條件和結果所表示的往往是事實。如不是事實,其可能性也較虛擬語氣要大。如:
If it rains tomorrow,we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的話,我們就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安靜地坐著,狗是不會咬你的。
If the train leaves at eight thirty,there is no time to lose.火車如果是八點半開,我們得抓緊時間了。
If the rain stops,I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了,我就去游泳。
虛擬語氣E
省去從句或主句的虛擬結構
虛擬結構中的從句或主句有時形式上可以省略,但意義上卻仍存在。
1)省去了條件從句的虛擬結構。如:
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或類似條件)
You might stay here forever.你可以永遠呆在這里。(省去了if you wanted協(xié)或類似條件)
I would not have done it.我是不會做那件事的。(省去了if were you或類似條件)
注:虛擬結構中省去的從句有時并不容易找出。如:
Who would have thought of it ?誰會想到是這樣的呢?
2)省去了結果主句的虛擬結構(常用以表示愿望)。如:
If he were here!假如他在這里該多好?。?BR> If I had never married.如果我從未結婚就好了。
這種結構也常用if only開頭。如:
If only I could help you!假如我能幫助你,那該是多好啊!
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年輕十歲該多好?。?BR> If you would only try harder!你如再努力一試就好了。(only亦可置于would等助動詞之后)
注:有時if only只表條件,不表愿望。如:
If only I had known earlier,I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一點,就會拍電報給你了。
虛擬語氣F
虛擬語氣的其他用法
虛擬語氣用在主語從句中
在It is natural(necessary,strange,important) that……這類句型里,that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用should加動詞原形。如:
It is quite natural that he should think so.他這樣想是很自然的事。
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us.真奇怪,他沒有通知我們就走掉了。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必須馬上解決這個問題。
It is important that we should speak politely.我們說話要有禮貌,這是很重要的。
It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism.應當進行批評與自我批評。
虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中
下列兩種賓語從句須用虛擬語氣:
1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句(常常省去連詞that),表示不可實現(xiàn)的愿望。從句中的動詞如用過去式,則表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反(如下面第一、二例句);如用過去完成式,則表示與過去事實相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如:
I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是個飛行員。
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是會操作這架機器該有多好??! (= I'm sorry I don't know.)
I wish he hadn't gone.他要是沒走該多好?。? I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我們真希望你來參加我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。(= but you did not)
動詞wish如果是過去式,后面賓語從句的動詞的虛擬語氣形式不變,仍用過去式或過去完成式。如:
She wished she knew how to play golf.她但愿會打高爾夫球。(和過去事實相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不這樣忘事該多好,那我就不會不去聽音樂會。(和過去的過去的事實相反)
注:有時在賓語從句中可用would或might加動詞原形,表示有可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。如:。
I wish he,might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
2)動詞demand(要求),suggest(建議),order (命令),insist(堅持),propose(建議)等后面的賓語從句,用should(用于所有的人稱)加動詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如:
I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建議今晚開個會。
The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提議我們討論這個問題。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes.多數(shù)同學堅持要多上英語課。
注:這種結構往往可不用should,尤其在美國,只用動詞原形(用于所有的人稱)。如上面三例只用hold,discuss和have,不用should hold,should discuss和should have.又如:
I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建議進行新的試驗。
I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提議把這個問題馬上付表決。
虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中
由as if或as though所引導的狀浯從句表示比較或方式時,從句中的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣。動詞形式用動詞的過去式(be用were)或had +過去分詞。如:
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child.我母親照料這個孤兒像自己孩子一樣。
You speak as if you had really been there.你談得好像你真的到過那里似的。
注意下面句中的as if從句用作表語。如:
It looks as if it might rain,天好像要下雨似的。
注:連詞lest和in case所引導的狀語從句中的謂語動詞亦用虛擬語氣。例見15.33和15.30
虛擬語氣用在定語從句中
It is time (that)…句型中的定語從句里的謂語動詞常用虛擬浯氣表示將來,動詞形式用動詞的過去式:意思是“該干某件事了,時間已經有些晚了”。如:
It is time we left.我們該走了。
It is time we went to bed.我們該睡覺了:
It is time we summed up our results.我們該總結我們的成績了。
虛擬語氣用在簡單句中
下面是虛擬語氣用在簡單句中較常見的兩種情況,皆表祝愿。如:
1)動詞原形1ive用在Long live…中。如:
Long live the Communist Party of China!中國共產黨萬歲!
Long live the people!人民萬歲!
(1ive在此也是虛擬語氣的一種動詞形式,不可改為lives)
2)May用在句子開頭(多用在正式的文體中)。如:
May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
May you be happy.祝你快樂。
May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
語氣及其種類
1)語氣(mood)語氣是一種動詞形式,表示講話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2)語氣的種類語氣可分為下列三種:
a)直陳語氣(indicative mood)表示講話人認為他所說的話是一個事實。如:
There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
Jinzhou is famous for its apples.錦州以產蘋果聞名。
Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party.張思德同志對黨懷有深厚的愛。
b)祈使語氣(imperative mood)表示講話人對對方的請求或命令。如:
Bring along your exercise books tomorrow.明天把練習本帶來。
Make yourself at home.請隨便,不要客氣。
Don't move!不許動!
Don't be late.不要遲到。
Be quiet!請安靜!
c)虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)。
虛擬語氣A
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實,而只是一種愿望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。如:
If I were not so busy,I would go with you.假如我不太忙,我會和你一起去。(表示假設)
I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在這兒就好了,他會知道怎樣把機器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建議我們都去看電影。(表示建議)
虛擬語氣的動詞形式
比較特殊,共有下列七種:
1)動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
2)動詞的過去式(用于一切人稱和數(shù),be的過去式用were)
3) had +過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
4) should +動詞原形(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
5) should have +過去分詞(用于一切人稱和數(shù))
6) should (第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱) +動詞原形
7) should(第一人稱),Would(第二、三人稱) + have +過去分詞
注:上述某些動詞形式和直陳語氣的某些動詞形式相同,但它們的用法及其所表示的時間概念則完全兩樣,二者切不可混淆。
虛擬語氣常用在表示條件的從句和表示結果的主句中。
虛擬語氣在條件從句和結果主句中的用法
1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件和結果,:如:
If I Were you,I should go and see the dentist at once.假如我是你的話,我會馬上去看牙科醫(yī)生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力,我們就不能行走。
If they had time,they would study Italian too.假如他們有時間的話,他們也會學意大利語的。
If She knew German,She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂德語,她就會讀馬克思和恩格斯的原著了。
He would tell me if he knew,but he does not,know anything about it.假如他知道的話,他會告訴我的,但是他一點也不知道。
2)表示與過去事實相反的條件和結果。如:
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早知道你要來,我會去車站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.要是你早來幾分鐘的話,你就見到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great progress.她要是對自己要求不嚴格,她就不會有這樣大的進步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned.假如這孩子掉到冰窯里,他定會淹死了。
3)表示與將來事實可能相反的條件和結果。其用法和表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件和結果相同。如:
If it Were Sunday tomorrow,my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.如果明天是星期天,我弟弟會去北海公園滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass,it would break.你如將杯子掉下來,它就會打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -It Would bum.我若把紙放在火上會怎么樣?——紙就會燒著。
注:在表示與將來事實可能相反的條件從句中,亦可用were to +動詞原形(比較正式,常用于書面體中)和should +動詞原形。如:
If you were to come tomorrow,I might have time to see you.你如果明天來的話,我或許會有時間見你。
If I were to see her tomorrow,I would tell her about your decisions.我明天如見到她,就把你的決定告訴她。
If it should rain tomorrow,what would we do?明天萬一下雨,我們怎么辦?
If you should meet George,tell him I want to see him.你如見到喬治,告訴他我要見他。
虛擬語氣B
不用if的條件從句結構
在筆語中,條件從句有時可以不用連詞小而把were,had或should移至主語之前。但如從句沒有were,had或should,則一般不能這樣做。如:
Should he come,tell him to ring me up.他要是來了,讓他給我打個電話。
Were I in your position,I would go.如果我處于你的地位,我就去。
Had they not helped us,our experiment would have failed.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們的試驗是會失敗的。
注:有時虛擬條件不用條件從句而用介詞短語、動詞不定式等來表示。如:
without contradiction nothing would exist.沒有矛盾就沒有世界。
We could not have done the work well without your help.要是沒有你的幫助,我們不可能做好這工作。
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到頤和園去游泳,倒是個好主意。
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.這一切在十年前是不可能有的。
虛擬語氣C
虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞
虛擬結構(不論從句或主句)??捎们閼B(tài)動詞的過去式,即could,might,wou1d等加不帶to的動詞不定式或不帶to的動詞不定式完成式,來作謂語動詞。這些情態(tài)動詞除表示虛擬結構外,本身還有獨立的意思。如:
If I were you,I Would go.我如果是你,我就愿意去。
If he were here,he might agree with you.假如他在這里,他可能會同意你。
I Would help you if I could.假如我能夠的話,我一定幫助你。
If it had not been for their help,we could not have succeeded.如果沒有他們的幫助,我們是不可能成功的。
虛擬語氣D
有時條件從句中的動作和結果主句中的動作所發(fā)生的時間不一致
這時,動詞的形式應根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調整。如:
If he had followed the doctor's advice,he Would be quite all right now.他當時若是聽醫(yī)生的話,現(xiàn)在就會痊愈了。(從句說明過去,主句說明現(xiàn)在)
If I were you,I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我會去看話劇了。(從句的時間包括現(xiàn)在,主句說明過去)
If you hadn't helped me,I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假若你沒有幫助我,我不可能按時完成工作,很可能現(xiàn)在還在干哩。(從句說明過去,主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在)
用直陳語氣表示條件和結果
在現(xiàn)代英語里,多用直陳語氣表示條件和結果。直陳語氣的條件和結果所表示的往往是事實。如不是事實,其可能性也較虛擬語氣要大。如:
If it rains tomorrow,we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的話,我們就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安靜地坐著,狗是不會咬你的。
If the train leaves at eight thirty,there is no time to lose.火車如果是八點半開,我們得抓緊時間了。
If the rain stops,I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了,我就去游泳。
虛擬語氣E
省去從句或主句的虛擬結構
虛擬結構中的從句或主句有時形式上可以省略,但意義上卻仍存在。
1)省去了條件從句的虛擬結構。如:
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或類似條件)
You might stay here forever.你可以永遠呆在這里。(省去了if you wanted協(xié)或類似條件)
I would not have done it.我是不會做那件事的。(省去了if were you或類似條件)
注:虛擬結構中省去的從句有時并不容易找出。如:
Who would have thought of it ?誰會想到是這樣的呢?
2)省去了結果主句的虛擬結構(常用以表示愿望)。如:
If he were here!假如他在這里該多好?。?BR> If I had never married.如果我從未結婚就好了。
這種結構也常用if only開頭。如:
If only I could help you!假如我能幫助你,那該是多好啊!
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年輕十歲該多好?。?BR> If you would only try harder!你如再努力一試就好了。(only亦可置于would等助動詞之后)
注:有時if only只表條件,不表愿望。如:
If only I had known earlier,I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一點,就會拍電報給你了。
虛擬語氣F
虛擬語氣的其他用法
虛擬語氣用在主語從句中
在It is natural(necessary,strange,important) that……這類句型里,that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用should加動詞原形。如:
It is quite natural that he should think so.他這樣想是很自然的事。
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us.真奇怪,他沒有通知我們就走掉了。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必須馬上解決這個問題。
It is important that we should speak politely.我們說話要有禮貌,這是很重要的。
It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism.應當進行批評與自我批評。
虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中
下列兩種賓語從句須用虛擬語氣:
1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句(常常省去連詞that),表示不可實現(xiàn)的愿望。從句中的動詞如用過去式,則表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反(如下面第一、二例句);如用過去完成式,則表示與過去事實相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如:
I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是個飛行員。
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是會操作這架機器該有多好??! (= I'm sorry I don't know.)
I wish he hadn't gone.他要是沒走該多好?。? I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我們真希望你來參加我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。(= but you did not)
動詞wish如果是過去式,后面賓語從句的動詞的虛擬語氣形式不變,仍用過去式或過去完成式。如:
She wished she knew how to play golf.她但愿會打高爾夫球。(和過去事實相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不這樣忘事該多好,那我就不會不去聽音樂會。(和過去的過去的事實相反)
注:有時在賓語從句中可用would或might加動詞原形,表示有可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。如:。
I wish he,might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
2)動詞demand(要求),suggest(建議),order (命令),insist(堅持),propose(建議)等后面的賓語從句,用should(用于所有的人稱)加動詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如:
I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建議今晚開個會。
The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提議我們討論這個問題。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes.多數(shù)同學堅持要多上英語課。
注:這種結構往往可不用should,尤其在美國,只用動詞原形(用于所有的人稱)。如上面三例只用hold,discuss和have,不用should hold,should discuss和should have.又如:
I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建議進行新的試驗。
I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提議把這個問題馬上付表決。
虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中
由as if或as though所引導的狀浯從句表示比較或方式時,從句中的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣。動詞形式用動詞的過去式(be用were)或had +過去分詞。如:
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child.我母親照料這個孤兒像自己孩子一樣。
You speak as if you had really been there.你談得好像你真的到過那里似的。
注意下面句中的as if從句用作表語。如:
It looks as if it might rain,天好像要下雨似的。
注:連詞lest和in case所引導的狀語從句中的謂語動詞亦用虛擬語氣。例見15.33和15.30
虛擬語氣用在定語從句中
It is time (that)…句型中的定語從句里的謂語動詞常用虛擬浯氣表示將來,動詞形式用動詞的過去式:意思是“該干某件事了,時間已經有些晚了”。如:
It is time we left.我們該走了。
It is time we went to bed.我們該睡覺了:
It is time we summed up our results.我們該總結我們的成績了。
虛擬語氣用在簡單句中
下面是虛擬語氣用在簡單句中較常見的兩種情況,皆表祝愿。如:
1)動詞原形1ive用在Long live…中。如:
Long live the Communist Party of China!中國共產黨萬歲!
Long live the people!人民萬歲!
(1ive在此也是虛擬語氣的一種動詞形式,不可改為lives)
2)May用在句子開頭(多用在正式的文體中)。如:
May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
May you be happy.祝你快樂。
May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!