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Lesson 25 Non-auditory effects of noise噪音的非聽覺效應(yīng)
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What conclusion does the author draw about noise and health in this piece?
Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one can not distinguish cause and affect.Was the noise a cause of illness?Or the complaints of noise were merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is a mental health hazard.【參考譯文】
在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。另一方面，那些討厭噪音的人有時會用不充分的證據(jù)來支持他們希望有一個較為安靜的社會環(huán)境的要求。要求減少噪音是件好事，但是如果與拙劣的科學摻雜在一起的話，就不會被人們所信任，這是很遺憾的。
常見的一種指責是，噪音能引起精神病。例如，近一家周報刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插圖，是一位表情沮喪的女子。圖的文字說明：“她是又一個受害者，成了只會尖叫的可憐蟲?！碑斎藗兗鼻械乜赐暾暮?，便知道這女子是個打字員，辦公室打字機的聲音使她越來越煩，終住進了精神病醫(yī)院。這類奇聞的疑難之處是無法區(qū)別因果關(guān)系。是噪音引起了（精神）病呢，還是（精神）病的癥狀之一是對噪音的抱怨？另有一位病人可能同樣有理由抱怨說，她的鄰居們正在聯(lián)合起來對她進行誹謗和迫害，不過，人們不會輕信她的抱怨。
對于噪音問題，需要對大量生活在噪音中的人進行研究，看一看他們是否比其他人更易患精神病。例如，美國海軍前些時候調(diào)查了許多在航空母航上工作的人，這次調(diào)查被稱之為：“安內(nèi)英工程”。即使住在離機場幾英里以外的地方，機場的噪音也會使人難受。因此，如果你能想像出和幾個中隊的噴氣機同在一個甲板上是什么滋味兒的話，你就會認識到現(xiàn)代海軍是研究噪音的好地方。但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。這個結(jié)果只不過證實了美國和英國早些時候的研究結(jié)論：如果噪音對精神健康有影響的話，那也一定是微乎其微，以致現(xiàn)代的精神病診斷方法還發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。這并不是證實不存在噪音對健康的影響。但它確實說明，噪音的危險性 -- 比如說 -- 比在孤兒院長大所受的危害要小一些，孤兒院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。1.auditory adj. 聽覺的
例句：We are interested in understanding the rules of auditory learning in adults.
我很想明白成年人如何運用聽力學習的。
2.inadequate adj.不適當?shù)?BR> 例句：The clergyman's health is so inadequate to sustain the hardships of a forest life.
這位牧師的健康狀況極不適合忍受森林中的艱苦生活。
3.plea n.要求
4.abatement n.減少
5.discredit v.懷疑
例句：His theories were discredited by scientists.
他的理論科學家很懷疑。
6.allegation n.斷言
7.caption n.插圖說明
8.wreck n.殘廢人
9.snag n.疑難之處，障礙
例句：The attack hit a snag and made no headway.
進攻受阻，攻不進去。
10.anecdote n.軼聞
例句：He introduced his speech with a humorous anecdote.
他以一則幽默軼事開始了他的演講。
11.slander v.誹謗
例句：He slandered his opponent's good name.
他詆毀對手的美名。
12.persecute v.迫害
例句：They persecute those who do not conform to their ideas.
他們迫害那些與他們觀點不一致的人。
13.squadron n.中隊
14.psychiatric adj.精神病學的
15.diagnosis n.診所
16.orphanage n.孤兒院1.May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.
參考翻譯：在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。
講解：regard as認為……
consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“認為是”，兩者常可換用。前者偏重經(jīng)過考慮后的看法，后者則偏重“把...看作”的含義，且必須與介詞as連用。如：
例句：They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.
他們認為沈小姐是一位優(yōu)秀的英語教師。
I regard her as my own sister.
我把她看作自己的親妹妹。
They regarded me as their best friends.
他們把我看作是好的朋友。
2.On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.
參考翻譯：另一方面，那些討厭噪音的人有時會用不充分的證據(jù)來支持他們希望有一個較為安靜的社會環(huán)境的要求。
講解：on the other hand另一方面，通常連接起來用：on one hand,on the other hand
On the one hand I have to work; on the other hand I have many visitors to see.
一方面我必須工作；另一方面我有許多來賓要照看。
3. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.
參考翻譯：常見的一種指責是，噪音能引起精神病。
講解：often made是過去分詞做后置定語，修飾allegation，用過去分詞表示allegation和make之間是被動的關(guān)系。
4.A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'.
參考翻譯：例如，近一家周報刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插圖，是一位表情沮喪的女子。圖的文字說明：“她是又一個受害者，成了只會尖叫的可憐蟲?！?BR> 講解：for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說
Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
was headed with標題是……
5.What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are.
參考翻譯：對于噪音問題，需要對大量生活在噪音中的人進行研究，看一看他們是否比其他人更易患精神病。
講解：what引導主語從句，what引導從句是非常常見的情況，詳細可見語法部分。
6.But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.
參考翻譯：但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。
講解：neither…nor…，其意為“既不…也不…”、“…和…都不”：
I have neither time nor money. 我既無時間又無錢。
I neither smoke nor drink. 我既不抽煙也不喝酒。
He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他對所發(fā)生的事不聞不問。
This is neither my fault nor yours. 這既不怪我，也不怪你。
「注」通常應(yīng)連接兩個相同性質(zhì)的句子成分，但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的詞。若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致：Mary neither likes maths nor （likes） history. 瑪麗既不喜歡數(shù)學也不喜歡歷史。
7.That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard.
參考翻譯：這并不是證實不存在噪音對健康的影響。但它確實說明，噪音的危險性 -- 比如說 -- 比在孤兒院長大所受的危害要小一些，孤兒院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。
講解：bring up教育,培養(yǎng),提出,(軍隊等)調(diào)上來,(船)抵達目的地
例句：There the birds nest and bring up their young.
這些鳥在那里筑巢并哺育幼鳥。
The ship struck a shoal and brought up all standing.
那艘船撞上了淺灘突然停住。
His remark brought me up short/sharp/with a jerk.
他的話我聽后一下子楞住了.what引導從句的情況無處不在。
一.引導主語從句
1)What we need is moretime.(what做need的賓語)我們所需要的是更多的時間.2)Whatreally matters is that shewore a pair of whiteshoes.(what做matters的主語)真正麻煩的是她穿了一雙白鞋.
二.引導賓語從句
1)People were perhaps more honest a long time ago when lifewasvery different from what itistoday.(what做從句中is的表語)很久以前當生活與現(xiàn)在的生活完全不同時，人們或許更誠實.2)People haveheardwhat the President has said;they are waiting to see what hewilldo.(what分別做動詞heard和see的賓語)人們已經(jīng)聽到了總統(tǒng)所說的；他們正等著看總統(tǒng)會做什么.
三.引導表語從句
1)Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is justwhatworries the public.(what做從句中的主語)是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是所令民眾擔心的事兒.2)Thatiswhat I want to tell you.(what做從句中的賓語)那就是我想告訴你的事兒.3)The littlegirlis no longer what she used tobe.(what做從句中的表語)這個小女孩不再是過去的樣子了.
四.引導同位語從句
1)They have no idea at all what he isworkingon.(what做從句的賓語)他們一點兒都不知道他正在做什么.2)You have no idea whatIsuffered.(what做從句的賓語)你不知道我所遭受的痛苦.通過以上例句及解釋我們可以得出：what常用來引導名詞性從句，即主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句.what在引導名詞性從句時有兩個重要的特點：一是它在相應(yīng)的名詞性從句中一定有含義，常表示“什么”，“所…的”，“…的樣子”等.二是它在相應(yīng)的名詞性從句中一定做成分，而且常做主語，賓語或表語.1. Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise,regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time;they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.
1.在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。
2.This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science.
2.要求減少噪音是件好事，但是如果與拙劣的科學摻雜在一起的話，就不會被人們所信任，這是很遺憾的。
3.Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her,and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
3.另有一位病人可能同樣有理由抱怨說，她的鄰居們正在聯(lián)合起來對她進行誹謗和迫害，不過，人們不會輕信她的抱怨。
4.But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.
4.但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。
5.It must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.
5.那也一定是微乎其微，以致現(xiàn)代的精神病診斷方法還發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。
Lesson 25 Non-auditory effects of noise噪音的非聽覺效應(yīng)
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What conclusion does the author draw about noise and health in this piece?
Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one can not distinguish cause and affect.Was the noise a cause of illness?Or the complaints of noise were merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is a mental health hazard.【參考譯文】
在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。另一方面，那些討厭噪音的人有時會用不充分的證據(jù)來支持他們希望有一個較為安靜的社會環(huán)境的要求。要求減少噪音是件好事，但是如果與拙劣的科學摻雜在一起的話，就不會被人們所信任，這是很遺憾的。
常見的一種指責是，噪音能引起精神病。例如，近一家周報刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插圖，是一位表情沮喪的女子。圖的文字說明：“她是又一個受害者，成了只會尖叫的可憐蟲?！碑斎藗兗鼻械乜赐暾暮?，便知道這女子是個打字員，辦公室打字機的聲音使她越來越煩，終住進了精神病醫(yī)院。這類奇聞的疑難之處是無法區(qū)別因果關(guān)系。是噪音引起了（精神）病呢，還是（精神）病的癥狀之一是對噪音的抱怨？另有一位病人可能同樣有理由抱怨說，她的鄰居們正在聯(lián)合起來對她進行誹謗和迫害，不過，人們不會輕信她的抱怨。
對于噪音問題，需要對大量生活在噪音中的人進行研究，看一看他們是否比其他人更易患精神病。例如，美國海軍前些時候調(diào)查了許多在航空母航上工作的人，這次調(diào)查被稱之為：“安內(nèi)英工程”。即使住在離機場幾英里以外的地方，機場的噪音也會使人難受。因此，如果你能想像出和幾個中隊的噴氣機同在一個甲板上是什么滋味兒的話，你就會認識到現(xiàn)代海軍是研究噪音的好地方。但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。這個結(jié)果只不過證實了美國和英國早些時候的研究結(jié)論：如果噪音對精神健康有影響的話，那也一定是微乎其微，以致現(xiàn)代的精神病診斷方法還發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。這并不是證實不存在噪音對健康的影響。但它確實說明，噪音的危險性 -- 比如說 -- 比在孤兒院長大所受的危害要小一些，孤兒院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。1.auditory adj. 聽覺的
例句：We are interested in understanding the rules of auditory learning in adults.
我很想明白成年人如何運用聽力學習的。
2.inadequate adj.不適當?shù)?BR> 例句：The clergyman's health is so inadequate to sustain the hardships of a forest life.
這位牧師的健康狀況極不適合忍受森林中的艱苦生活。
3.plea n.要求
4.abatement n.減少
5.discredit v.懷疑
例句：His theories were discredited by scientists.
他的理論科學家很懷疑。
6.allegation n.斷言
7.caption n.插圖說明
8.wreck n.殘廢人
9.snag n.疑難之處，障礙
例句：The attack hit a snag and made no headway.
進攻受阻，攻不進去。
10.anecdote n.軼聞
例句：He introduced his speech with a humorous anecdote.
他以一則幽默軼事開始了他的演講。
11.slander v.誹謗
例句：He slandered his opponent's good name.
他詆毀對手的美名。
12.persecute v.迫害
例句：They persecute those who do not conform to their ideas.
他們迫害那些與他們觀點不一致的人。
13.squadron n.中隊
14.psychiatric adj.精神病學的
15.diagnosis n.診所
16.orphanage n.孤兒院1.May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.
參考翻譯：在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。
講解：regard as認為……
consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“認為是”，兩者常可換用。前者偏重經(jīng)過考慮后的看法，后者則偏重“把...看作”的含義，且必須與介詞as連用。如：
例句：They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.
他們認為沈小姐是一位優(yōu)秀的英語教師。
I regard her as my own sister.
我把她看作自己的親妹妹。
They regarded me as their best friends.
他們把我看作是好的朋友。
2.On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.
參考翻譯：另一方面，那些討厭噪音的人有時會用不充分的證據(jù)來支持他們希望有一個較為安靜的社會環(huán)境的要求。
講解：on the other hand另一方面，通常連接起來用：on one hand,on the other hand
On the one hand I have to work; on the other hand I have many visitors to see.
一方面我必須工作；另一方面我有許多來賓要照看。
3. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.
參考翻譯：常見的一種指責是，噪音能引起精神病。
講解：often made是過去分詞做后置定語，修飾allegation，用過去分詞表示allegation和make之間是被動的關(guān)系。
4.A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'.
參考翻譯：例如，近一家周報刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插圖，是一位表情沮喪的女子。圖的文字說明：“她是又一個受害者，成了只會尖叫的可憐蟲?！?BR> 講解：for instance例如,譬如,比如,比方說
Take general elections for instance.
比如講普選
was headed with標題是……
5.What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are.
參考翻譯：對于噪音問題，需要對大量生活在噪音中的人進行研究，看一看他們是否比其他人更易患精神病。
講解：what引導主語從句，what引導從句是非常常見的情況，詳細可見語法部分。
6.But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.
參考翻譯：但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。
講解：neither…nor…，其意為“既不…也不…”、“…和…都不”：
I have neither time nor money. 我既無時間又無錢。
I neither smoke nor drink. 我既不抽煙也不喝酒。
He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他對所發(fā)生的事不聞不問。
This is neither my fault nor yours. 這既不怪我，也不怪你。
「注」通常應(yīng)連接兩個相同性質(zhì)的句子成分，但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的詞。若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致：Mary neither likes maths nor （likes） history. 瑪麗既不喜歡數(shù)學也不喜歡歷史。
7.That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard.
參考翻譯：這并不是證實不存在噪音對健康的影響。但它確實說明，噪音的危險性 -- 比如說 -- 比在孤兒院長大所受的危害要小一些，孤兒院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。
講解：bring up教育,培養(yǎng),提出,(軍隊等)調(diào)上來,(船)抵達目的地
例句：There the birds nest and bring up their young.
這些鳥在那里筑巢并哺育幼鳥。
The ship struck a shoal and brought up all standing.
那艘船撞上了淺灘突然停住。
His remark brought me up short/sharp/with a jerk.
他的話我聽后一下子楞住了.what引導從句的情況無處不在。
一.引導主語從句
1)What we need is moretime.(what做need的賓語)我們所需要的是更多的時間.2)Whatreally matters is that shewore a pair of whiteshoes.(what做matters的主語)真正麻煩的是她穿了一雙白鞋.
二.引導賓語從句
1)People were perhaps more honest a long time ago when lifewasvery different from what itistoday.(what做從句中is的表語)很久以前當生活與現(xiàn)在的生活完全不同時，人們或許更誠實.2)People haveheardwhat the President has said;they are waiting to see what hewilldo.(what分別做動詞heard和see的賓語)人們已經(jīng)聽到了總統(tǒng)所說的；他們正等著看總統(tǒng)會做什么.
三.引導表語從句
1)Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is justwhatworries the public.(what做從句中的主語)是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是所令民眾擔心的事兒.2)Thatiswhat I want to tell you.(what做從句中的賓語)那就是我想告訴你的事兒.3)The littlegirlis no longer what she used tobe.(what做從句中的表語)這個小女孩不再是過去的樣子了.
四.引導同位語從句
1)They have no idea at all what he isworkingon.(what做從句的賓語)他們一點兒都不知道他正在做什么.2)You have no idea whatIsuffered.(what做從句的賓語)你不知道我所遭受的痛苦.通過以上例句及解釋我們可以得出：what常用來引導名詞性從句，即主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句.what在引導名詞性從句時有兩個重要的特點：一是它在相應(yīng)的名詞性從句中一定有含義，常表示“什么”，“所…的”，“…的樣子”等.二是它在相應(yīng)的名詞性從句中一定做成分，而且常做主語，賓語或表語.1. Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise,regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time;they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.
1.在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊中服役的許多人對噪聲音有切身的體會，他們認為對這個問題進行調(diào)查中浪費時間，甚至不愿承認噪音可能對人有影響。
2.This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science.
2.要求減少噪音是件好事，但是如果與拙劣的科學摻雜在一起的話，就不會被人們所信任，這是很遺憾的。
3.Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her,and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
3.另有一位病人可能同樣有理由抱怨說，她的鄰居們正在聯(lián)合起來對她進行誹謗和迫害，不過，人們不會輕信她的抱怨。
4.But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.
4.但是，不管進行精神病學的調(diào)查訪問，還是進行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。
5.It must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.
5.那也一定是微乎其微，以致現(xiàn)代的精神病診斷方法還發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。