Lesson 8 Trading standards 貿(mào)易標準
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What makes trading between rich countries difficult?
Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just farmers who are complaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.
As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.【參考譯文】
布魯塞爾的官員說，在美國屠宰的雞不適于用來裝點歐洲的餐桌。不，美國人說，我們的家禽很好，只是我們使用了另一種清洗方式。當前，是各國管理條例上的差異，而不是關(guān)稅阻礙了發(fā)達國家之間的貿(mào)易。并不僅僅是農(nóng)民在抱怨。一把符合歐洲聯(lián)盟安全標準的電動剃須刀必須得到美國檢測人員的認可，方可在美國市場上銷售；而美國制造的透析儀也要得到歐盟的首肯才能進入歐洲市場。
碰巧在歐洲使用安全的剃須刀不大可能使美國人觸電身亡，因此，大西洋兩岸的企業(yè)都在問，當一套測試可以解決問題時，為什么需要兩套呢？政治家在原則上同意了， 因此，美國和歐洲一直在尋求達成協(xié)議，以便為許多產(chǎn)品取消雙重檢查。他們希望盡早達成協(xié)議，為5月28日舉行的美國和歐洲貿(mào)易的通級會議作準備。然談判代表持樂觀態(tài)度，但協(xié)議細節(jié)如此復(fù)雜，他們所面臨的困難很可能使他們無法取得一致。
為什么呢？困難之一是起草這些協(xié)議。美國人很愿意就醫(yī)療器械的標準達成一個協(xié)議，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵蓋 -- 比如說 -- 電子產(chǎn)品和藥品的生產(chǎn)。歐洲人遵循優(yōu)良的大陸傳統(tǒng)，則希望就普遍的原則取得一致，而這些原則適用于許多不同產(chǎn)品，同時可能延伸到其它國家。1.slaughter v.屠宰
2.fit adj.適合
3.grace v.給...增光 例句：His Eminence graced the banquet by his presence. 主教閣下的出席給宴會增添了光輝。
4.tariff n.關(guān)稅
5.standard n.標準 6.dialysis n.分離，分解；透析，滲析 例句：Another method of getting rid of salt is by electro-dialysis. 另一種除鹽的方法是電解法。
7.electrocute v.使觸電身亡 例句：He wired his spectacles to the mains to try to electrocute himself - but he only succeeded in leaving an outline of his glasses burned on to his face. 結(jié)果這事也沒辦成，更糟的是眼鏡還在他的臉上灼了個大印。
8.eliminate v.消滅 例句：Our goal is to eliminate poverty. 我們的目標是消滅貧困。
9.accord n.協(xié)議
10.device n.儀器，器械
11.hammer out v.推敲
12.pact n.合同，條約，公約1.Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. be fit to適合 例句：This kind of food is not fit to eat. 這種食物不適宜食用。 claim officials,claim在這里的用法相當于say，在遇到第三人稱時通常將主語放在后面。 2.These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. 這個句子是It is that強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)的是differences in national regulations。關(guān)于強調(diào)句型的詳細內(nèi)容，可以參考語法部分。 3.An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe. 達到……標準用meet來表示。另外，滿足要求也可以用Meet來表示。 4.Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. in principle原則上,大體上 例句：An idea that is acceptable in principle. 大體可以接受的想法 We should try to avoid making mistakes in principle at any time. 任何時候我們都要盡量避免犯原則性錯誤。 5.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. hammer out錘成,苦心想出,推敲出 例句：The government tried to hammer out an agreement with workers. 政府費煞思量設(shè)法和工人達成一項協(xié)議。 say在這里相當于for example，舉例說，例如。it強調(diào)句型 一、強調(diào)句型的用法 在英語中，我們常用It is／was… who/that結(jié)構(gòu)來突出強調(diào)句子的某一成分(一般是句子中主語，賓語或狀語)。在這個句型中，it沒有詞匯意義，只是引出被強調(diào)的成分。如果被強調(diào)的成分是表示人的詞，用who或that來連接都可以。如果是其它成分，則一律用that來連接。 E.g. It is my mother who／that cooks every day. E.g. It was yesterday that Tom passed in the maths exam． 二、使用本句型的幾個注意事項 1．被強調(diào)成分是主語，who／that之后的謂語動詞應(yīng)該在人稱和數(shù)上與原句中的主語保持一致。 e.g. It is I who am right． e.g. It is he who is wrong． e.g. It is the students who are lovely． 2．即使被強調(diào)成分是句子中的時間狀語，地點狀語，原因狀語等，也不能用when，where, because，要用 that。 E.g. It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again . E.g. It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed． E.g. It was because of the heavy rain that he came late． 3．如果被強調(diào)的成分有同位語，同位語也應(yīng)提前。 It was from him，his chemistry teacher，that Paul learned to watch carefully in class． 4．被強調(diào)成分是作主語的代詞，用主格，是作賓語的代詞，用賓格 It was he that helped me yesterday. It was me that he helped yesterday. 5．被強調(diào)部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who lt was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about． 三、區(qū)分定語從句和強調(diào)句型某些定語從句和強調(diào)句型形式差不多，容易混淆。如果去掉it is／ was ...that句子仍然通順成立，則為強調(diào)句型，不成立不通順，則為定語從句。 E.g. It was three years ago that he went to American for a further study·去掉It was that句子為Three years ago he went to America for a further study．句子通順，意思完整，那么，這就是一個強調(diào)句型。1.Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. 布魯塞爾的官員說，在美國屠宰的雞不適于用來裝點歐洲的餐桌。 2.These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. 當前，是各國管理條例上的差異，而不是關(guān)稅阻礙了發(fā)達國家之間的貿(mào)易。 3.Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. 政治家在原則上同意了， 因此，美國和歐洲一直在尋求達成協(xié)議，以便為許多產(chǎn)品取消雙重檢查。 4.They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. 他們希望盡早達成協(xié)議，為5月28日舉行的美國和歐洲貿(mào)易的通級會議作準備。 5.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. 美國人很愿意就醫(yī)療器械的標準達成一個協(xié)議，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵蓋 -- 比如說 -- 電子產(chǎn)品和藥品的生產(chǎn)。
2.fit adj.適合
3.grace v.給...增光 例句：His Eminence graced the banquet by his presence. 主教閣下的出席給宴會增添了光輝。
4.tariff n.關(guān)稅
5.standard n.標準 6.dialysis n.分離，分解；透析，滲析 例句：Another method of getting rid of salt is by electro-dialysis. 另一種除鹽的方法是電解法。
7.electrocute v.使觸電身亡 例句：He wired his spectacles to the mains to try to electrocute himself - but he only succeeded in leaving an outline of his glasses burned on to his face. 結(jié)果這事也沒辦成，更糟的是眼鏡還在他的臉上灼了個大印。
8.eliminate v.消滅 例句：Our goal is to eliminate poverty. 我們的目標是消滅貧困。
9.accord n.協(xié)議
10.device n.儀器，器械
11.hammer out v.推敲
12.pact n.合同，條約，公約1.Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. be fit to適合 例句：This kind of food is not fit to eat. 這種食物不適宜食用。 claim officials,claim在這里的用法相當于say，在遇到第三人稱時通常將主語放在后面。 2.These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. 這個句子是It is that強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)的是differences in national regulations。關(guān)于強調(diào)句型的詳細內(nèi)容，可以參考語法部分。 3.An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe. 達到……標準用meet來表示。另外，滿足要求也可以用Meet來表示。 4.Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. in principle原則上,大體上 例句：An idea that is acceptable in principle. 大體可以接受的想法 We should try to avoid making mistakes in principle at any time. 任何時候我們都要盡量避免犯原則性錯誤。 5.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. hammer out錘成,苦心想出,推敲出 例句：The government tried to hammer out an agreement with workers. 政府費煞思量設(shè)法和工人達成一項協(xié)議。 say在這里相當于for example，舉例說，例如。it強調(diào)句型 一、強調(diào)句型的用法 在英語中，我們常用It is／was… who/that結(jié)構(gòu)來突出強調(diào)句子的某一成分(一般是句子中主語，賓語或狀語)。在這個句型中，it沒有詞匯意義，只是引出被強調(diào)的成分。如果被強調(diào)的成分是表示人的詞，用who或that來連接都可以。如果是其它成分，則一律用that來連接。 E.g. It is my mother who／that cooks every day. E.g. It was yesterday that Tom passed in the maths exam． 二、使用本句型的幾個注意事項 1．被強調(diào)成分是主語，who／that之后的謂語動詞應(yīng)該在人稱和數(shù)上與原句中的主語保持一致。 e.g. It is I who am right． e.g. It is he who is wrong． e.g. It is the students who are lovely． 2．即使被強調(diào)成分是句子中的時間狀語，地點狀語，原因狀語等，也不能用when，where, because，要用 that。 E.g. It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again . E.g. It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed． E.g. It was because of the heavy rain that he came late． 3．如果被強調(diào)的成分有同位語，同位語也應(yīng)提前。 It was from him，his chemistry teacher，that Paul learned to watch carefully in class． 4．被強調(diào)成分是作主語的代詞，用主格，是作賓語的代詞，用賓格 It was he that helped me yesterday. It was me that he helped yesterday. 5．被強調(diào)部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who lt was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about． 三、區(qū)分定語從句和強調(diào)句型某些定語從句和強調(diào)句型形式差不多，容易混淆。如果去掉it is／ was ...that句子仍然通順成立，則為強調(diào)句型，不成立不通順，則為定語從句。 E.g. It was three years ago that he went to American for a further study·去掉It was that句子為Three years ago he went to America for a further study．句子通順，意思完整，那么，這就是一個強調(diào)句型。1.Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. 布魯塞爾的官員說，在美國屠宰的雞不適于用來裝點歐洲的餐桌。 2.These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. 當前，是各國管理條例上的差異，而不是關(guān)稅阻礙了發(fā)達國家之間的貿(mào)易。 3.Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. 政治家在原則上同意了， 因此，美國和歐洲一直在尋求達成協(xié)議，以便為許多產(chǎn)品取消雙重檢查。 4.They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH. 他們希望盡早達成協(xié)議，為5月28日舉行的美國和歐洲貿(mào)易的通級會議作準備。 5.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. 美國人很愿意就醫(yī)療器械的標準達成一個協(xié)議，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵蓋 -- 比如說 -- 電子產(chǎn)品和藥品的生產(chǎn)。