第一篇
Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy ( 樹冠 ) of taller indigenous (土生土長的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat.
Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and"bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grown coffee is more expensive than sun-grown coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show __________.
A. the positive effects of coffee
B. a change of coffee growth
C. something that is the most important
D. how coffee production used to be
33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. more insects
B. better quality coffee
C. larger farms
D. higher profits
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT __________.
A. insects
B. air
C. birds
D. humans
第二篇
Soot (煤煙灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination
New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes (緯度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (反照率), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
36. Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true?
A. It absorbs sun's heat.
B. It is responsible for climate change.
C. It reflects sunlight.
D. It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century.
37. Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect?
A. Ice sea areas.
B. Areas with black carbon.
C. Areas covered with white snow.
D. Melting glaciers.
38. "This forcing" in Paragraph 5 refers to __________.
A. sun's heating on snow surface
B. soot's increased absorption of solar energy
C. carbon-dioxide's warming effect
D. snow's increased reflection of sunlight
39. What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century?
A. Soot.
B. Snow.
C. Greenhouse gases.
D. Wind.
40. The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with __________.
A. thinning sea ice and insufficient sunlight
B. light snow cover and sufficient sunlight
C. heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight
D. thick sea ice and insufficient sunlight
第三篇
A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before-- at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world. On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart:sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder--a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.
"This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance," says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "But what is really important is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance."
Opportunity
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars I0 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life, such as the possible presence of water.
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.
During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.
Marathon Rover The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.
Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.
41. Opportunity is a record-breaking rover in the sense of __________.
A. how long it has stayed in space
B. how far it has traveled
C. how much investment it has involved
D. how many facilities it has been equipped with
42. What does John Callas say about Opportunity's long distance travel?
A. It hasn't met scientists' expectation yet.
B. It hasn't been appreciated appropriately.
C. It is secondary to what has been discovered.
D. It is what scientists have been aiming at.
43. One of the objectives of sending Opportunity and Spirit to Mars is to__________.
A. collect soil and send back to Earth
B. develop multinational space experiments
C. test how well solar-powered rovers work in solar space
D. look for the possible presence of life
44. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Opportunity?
A. It will come back to Earth soon.
B. Another rover will be sent to replace it.
C. It is traveling to another important star.
D. It will work with other rovers exploring Mars.
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.
A. experts know how far Opportunity will walk on Mars
B. researchers are working on sending many rovers to Mars
C. Mars' ancient environment might be explored with the help of Opportunity
D. Opportunity is supposed to collect clay minerals from Marathon Valley
2014年真題
第一篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different. Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities. Psychologists have two different views on intelligence. Some believe there is one general intelligence. Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.
These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests. They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests. Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence. The brain of intelligent people use less energy during problem solving. The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction. Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test. Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling. He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.
These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life. Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences. Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology. For example, when one .part of the brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work. People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing. So, there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic( 身體動(dòng)覺的), and naturalistic.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that
A. children have different intelligences
B. all children are alike
C. children should take one intelligence test
D. there is no general intelligence
34. According to Gardner, schools should __________.
A. test students' IQs
B. train students who do poorly on tests
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students
D. promote development of all intelligences
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a __________.
A. musical foundation
B. biological foundation
C. intrapersonal foundation
D. linguistic foundation
第二篇
Compact Disks
If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( 隆起 )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns (微米) wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes (探測(cè)儀) communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk (軟盤). Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
36. Music is recorded onto CDs as __________.
A. laser beams
B. digital codes
C. musical notes
D. special sounds
37. E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to show __________.
A. the variety of digital communications
B. the development of new technologies
C. the usefulness of digital codes
D. the relationship between communication and technology
38. One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs is __________.
A. CD-ROMs can be used for longer time
B. CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten on
C. CD-RWs hold more information
D. CD-RWs are merely used for music recording
39. CDs can last a long time if__________.
A. they are seldom used
B. they play well and sound fine
C. their users take good care of them
D. they are developed with new technology
40. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
A. CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDs
B. new technology for music recording is being developed
C. the author likes listening to music
D. floppy disks are no longer in use
第三篇
Music
Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function: it not only moves people but also can shock people.
Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels (分貝 ) . Once sound exceeds this limit, even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health. A strong blast ( 響聲 ) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.
In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 hz is called ultrasonic (超音波的). Dolphins,whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound. It does no harm to health.
Sound less than 20 hz is called infrasonic ( 次聲 ) waves. When we move, the air will vibrate.
The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves. As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance (共振) in human bodies. As a result, people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture (斷裂). However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low, it won't damage internal organs or a person's health. If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.
41. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. The power of music.
B. The harms of noises.
C. The magic of sound.
D. The discovery of infrasonic waves.
42. What does the author say about music?
A. It may be harmful to people's health.
B. It always cheers people up.
C. It is very often difficult to understand.
D. It sounds better when it is loud enough.
43. It is ture that the sound__________.
A. of nature is the most beautiful
B. of high intensity benefits animals
C. in movies is pleasing to the ear
D. over 80 decibels is harmful to people
44. An ultrasonic sound__________.
A. is very loud
B. does harm to people's health
C. is produced by the hero in movies
D. cannot be heard by people
45. It can be found from the last paragraph that infrasonic waves __________.
A. are harmless to people's health
B. exist in people's intemal organs
C. can be used as deadly weapons
D. can improve eyesight
2013年真題
第一篇
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租憑)both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal (地?zé)? resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours (千瓦時(shí)) of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B. Half of US energy is produced there.
C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D. Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that __________.
A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge
B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because __________.
A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy
B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when __________.
A. energy development restrictions are effective
B. federal land managers grant permissions
C. they go through the land use planning process
D. there is enough federal budget
第二篇
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels (太陽能電池板) for decades. But plants are the real experts. They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳), and water into sugars and starches( 淀粉 ), stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis (光合作用 ) . Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo, is working with green algae (水藻). She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. "But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen," Ghirardi says.
For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate ( 硫酸鹽) from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: "You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms."
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A. They are the real experts in producing it.
B. They have been a source of it.
C. They have been used to produce it.
D. They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to __________.
A. improve the efficiency of it
B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy
C. make green plants a new source of energy
D. get more sugars and starches from plants
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when__________.
A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles
B. there is enough oxygen in the air
C. enough starches is stored
D. there is no oxygen in the air
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because __________.
A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production
B. it is hard to create an airfree environment
C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment
D. the algae's cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A. They grow faster in a reactor.
13. They will be planted everywhere.
C. They are cheap to eat.
D. They can be a good energy source.
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers ( 獾 ). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers' movements and behavior as discreetly (謹(jǐn)慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal's reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new," he says. "That, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture.
If they sense you have food, for example, they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (兇惡的) . Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal's fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey ( 獵物 ). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.
They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity--or a sudden aggression.
The badgers' eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers' relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To catch some honey badgers for food.
C. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
D. To observe how honey badgers behave.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They are always looking for food.
B. They do not enjoy human company.
C. It is common for them to attack people.
D. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
D. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don't run very quickly.
B. They defend their territory from other badgers.
C. They hunt over a very large area.
D. They are more aggressive than females.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They lost interest in people.
B. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
答案與解析
2015年真題
第一篇
31．A。主旨題。題干：這篇文章的大意為__________。從各段的首尾句來看，第二段至第四段談?wù)摰氖窍蜿柗N植咖啡的弊端，第五段談的是人們開始在陰面種植咖啡，由此可以看出人們種植咖啡的方式發(fā)生了改變，所以該題答案為A。
32．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：第二段中“traditionally”一詞的功能是為了說明__________。利用題目關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段的首句，從中可知“傳統(tǒng)上，咖啡樹被種植在高大的樹的樹冠之下”，后一句“但是，拉美地區(qū)越來越多的農(nóng)民砍伐森林來種植完全向陽的咖啡樹”，由此可知前后句就咖啡樹的種植方式形成對(duì)比，因此traditionally是為了說明過去與現(xiàn)在種植方式的不同，因而答案為B。選項(xiàng)D具有較大的迷惑性，但是第一句和第二句談?wù)摰氖强Х鹊姆N植，而非咖啡的生產(chǎn)。
33．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：向陽種植的咖啡產(chǎn)量增加導(dǎo)致了什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞increased production可以定位到第二段最后一句，可知產(chǎn)量的增加帶來了利潤的增加，故D是正確答案。
34．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：農(nóng)民如何找到更多的地來向陽種植咖啡?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞find moreland可以定位到第二段的第二句，可知越來越多的拉美人正在砍伐森林來種植咖啡樹，故B是正確答案。
35．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：向陽種植咖啡的方法可能對(duì)下列之外都有影響。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以定位到第三和四段，如第三段提到因?yàn)榉N植咖啡樹，本地的鳥類賴以筑巢和躲避捕食者的樹木被砍掉了，第四段提到化肥和殺蟲劑殺死了以咖啡樹為食的昆蟲，而鳥類吃了這些中毒的昆蟲而死亡，化學(xué)物質(zhì)殺死動(dòng)物或使其生病，然后將毒性帶入到人們飲水的水域中，所以可見昆蟲、鳥類和人類都受到了影響，故本題答案為B。
第二篇
36．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列關(guān)于soot的說法不正確的是哪項(xiàng)?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞soot無法定位到相關(guān)信息，可以改為定位選項(xiàng)。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，利用選項(xiàng)A的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段的首句，可知地球高緯地區(qū)冰雪覆蓋，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太陽熱能，所以選項(xiàng)A與原文信息一致；利用選項(xiàng)B的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段首句，可知冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對(duì)氣候變化可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用，所以選項(xiàng)B與原文信息一致；利用選項(xiàng)C的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的首句，可知美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新調(diào)查顯示，黑色煤煙的排放改變了冰雪對(duì)陽光的反射方式，而不是反射太陽光，所以選項(xiàng)C與原文信息不一致；利用選項(xiàng)D的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的最后一句，可知上世紀(jì)觀測(cè)到的全球變暖有25％是黑煤灰引起的，所以D項(xiàng)與原文信息一致。因此，該題答案為C(黑色煤煙能反射陽光)。
37．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪個(gè)區(qū)域表現(xiàn)出較大的溫室效應(yīng)?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞warming effect可以定位到第三段的前兩句，可知冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對(duì)氣候變化可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用。而且一旦覆蓋大地的冰雪開始融化，煤灰就會(huì)更加固著于冰面，從而加劇溫室效應(yīng)，所以可知覆蓋了煤灰的雪所產(chǎn)生的溫室效應(yīng)比較大，根據(jù)第二段的最后一句可知深黑色的碳就是煤灰，因此該題選B項(xiàng)(覆蓋了黑色的碳的地區(qū))。
38．B。詞匯題。題干：第五段中的“This forcing”指的是__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞“This forcing”可以定位到第五段。代詞的含義一般在其前的句子中。前一句提到煤灰對(duì)太陽熱能的大量吸收是全球氣候變暖的重要因素，然后說這種強(qiáng)力是非常有效的，溫室作用是同量二氧化碳強(qiáng)度的兩倍，這種強(qiáng)力指的是煤灰對(duì)太陽熱能的吸收，故本題答案為B(煤灰逐漸的吸收太陽熱能)。
39．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：上個(gè)世紀(jì)氣候變暖的主要原因是什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞climate warming和the past century可以定位到倒數(shù)第二段的第一句，可知Hansen又提醒說盡管煤灰對(duì)全球氣候變化的作用重大，但這并不能改變一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是溫室氣體是上世紀(jì)氣候變暖的首要原因，所以該題答案為C(溫室氣體)。
40．c。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：的溫室效應(yīng)發(fā)生在北半球__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞the largest warming effects和Northern Hemisphere可以定位到最后一段，可知研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)北半球觀測(cè)到的變暖現(xiàn)象大多發(fā)生在中高緯地區(qū)的冬春兩季，這樣的觀測(cè)結(jié)果與氣象模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)相吻合，表明部分大規(guī)模的溫室效應(yīng)發(fā)生在有厚雪覆蓋層和充足的日照的時(shí)期。因此，該題答案為選項(xiàng)C(厚雪覆蓋層和充足的日照)。
第三篇
41．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車是一輛破紀(jì)錄的漫游車，從__________角度而言。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity和record—breaking rover可以定位到第一段的前兩句，可知美國宇航局的火星漫游車“機(jī)遇號(hào)”到達(dá)了其他任何漫游車都沒能到達(dá)的地方__________至少從距離上來說是如此，而且自2004年“機(jī)遇號(hào)”到達(dá)火星以來，它已經(jīng)行駛了25．01英里，比任何外星漫游車走的距離都長，所以該題答案為B(它行走的距離)。
42．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：John Callas對(duì)“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車的長途行駛說了什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞John Callas可以定位到第二段和第三段，可知火星探測(cè)漫游車項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人JohnCallas解釋說，這是一項(xiàng)不同尋常的成就，因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”本來預(yù)定只能行駛大約1000米，并不是為長途行駛而設(shè)計(jì)的，但是重要的不是漫游車行進(jìn)了多少距離，而是在這個(gè)距離上我們進(jìn)行了多少探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知最重要的不是行駛的距離而是探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以該題的正確答案為C(不如所獲得的發(fā)現(xiàn)重要)，這里be secondaryto為固定搭配，意為“次要的，居于次要地位”。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：發(fā)射“機(jī)遇號(hào)”和“勇氣號(hào)”漫游車到火星的目標(biāo)之一是__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity和Spirit可以定位到第四段的最后一句，可知漫游車的目的是幫助科學(xué)家進(jìn)一步了解火星，并且搜尋生命跡象，比如可能存在的水的跡象，所以該題的正確答案為D(搜尋可能的生命跡象)。
44．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車的說法哪項(xiàng)是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity無法快速定位最直接的信息，可以改為定位選項(xiàng)。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第七段的首句，可知該漫游車還沒有停止工作，所以可以排除A(將會(huì)很快返回地球)和B(將會(huì)被另一輛漫游車所替代)，再根據(jù)第七段的尾句，可知之所以把這個(gè)地方叫做馬拉松谷就是因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”從登陸火星并到達(dá)這個(gè)位置所經(jīng)過的距離就是一個(gè)馬拉松的長度，而且從最后一段的首句可知研究人員認(rèn)為馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì)含有與火星早期環(huán)境有關(guān)的線索，因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車還在火星上，所以C項(xiàng)(它將飛往另一個(gè)重要的星球)是錯(cuò)誤的，所以該題答案為D(將與其他的漫游車一起工作來探索火星)。
45．C。推斷題。題干：從最后一段可以推斷出__________。從最后一段來看，研究人員認(rèn)為馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì)含有與火星早期環(huán)境有關(guān)的線索，“機(jī)遇號(hào)”接下來的工作將有助于研究人員實(shí)施人類最終移居火星的計(jì)劃，所以“機(jī)遇號(hào)”將被用于探索火星的早期環(huán)境，從而決定人類最終移居火星的計(jì)劃的實(shí)施，所以該題答案為C(將在機(jī)遇號(hào)的幫助下進(jìn)行火星的早期環(huán)境的研究)，這里的干擾項(xiàng)是D(“機(jī)遇號(hào)”將收集馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì))，從第六段可知“機(jī)遇號(hào)”是用它的照相機(jī)拍攝了大約187000張火星的全景和微觀影像并傳回地球，所以并非收集具體的黏土物質(zhì)。
2014年真題
第一篇
31．A。主旨題。題干：這篇文章的主要大意是什么?利用短文的題目“Approaches to UnderstandingIntelligences”，即“理解智力的模式”，可知本文關(guān)注的是如何理解智力，因而答案為A。
32．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪一項(xiàng)關(guān)于普遍智力的說法是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞generalintelligence可以定位到第一段“Some believe there is one general intelligence．Others believe there are many different intelligences”，即“有的人認(rèn)為有一種普遍的智力，而其他人則認(rèn)為有多種類型的智力”，根據(jù)這句話無法確定答案；可以利用定位選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行解答，分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段“…people who do well on one kind oftest for mental ability do well on other tests．They do well on tests using words，numbers or pictures．
They do well on individual or group tests，and wfitten or oral tests．”，即“那些在一種類型的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)好的人在其他測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好。他們?cè)谑褂迷~匯、數(shù)字和圖片的測(cè)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)好。他們無論是在個(gè)人的還是團(tuán)隊(duì)的測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好，在書面的或口語的測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好”，由此可知B為正確答案。
33．．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Gardner認(rèn)為__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner可以定位到第四段和第五段，但是無法確定相關(guān)的原句，所以還需要通過定位選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞來進(jìn)行解答。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第四段“He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test”，即“他認(rèn)為所有孩子是不同的，而且不應(yīng)該通過一種智力測(cè)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行測(cè)驗(yàn)”，由此可知A為正確答案。
34．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)Gardner，學(xué)校應(yīng)該__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner和school可以定位到第四段“Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences”,即“Gardner認(rèn)為學(xué)校的目的就是鼓勵(lì)我們所有人的智力發(fā)展”。因而D為正確答案。
35．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Gardner認(rèn)為他的理論有__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner和theory可以定位到第五段“Gardner says that his theory is based on biology”，即“Gardner認(rèn)為他的理論是基于生物學(xué)的”，所以B為正確答案。
第二篇
36．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：音樂是以__________形式錄制進(jìn)CD中的。由第一段中的In fact，he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code可知，本題正確答案為B。
37．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：第三段提及電子郵件是為了證明__________。例子是為了證明文章的觀點(diǎn)，該段的主題是Digital codes are used with many technologies，即數(shù)碼在很多技術(shù)方面都得以運(yùn)用，由此可知C為正確選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)是混淆項(xiàng)，該項(xiàng)的中心詞為variety(各種各樣的形式)，該段也確實(shí)羅列了電話、電郵等各種形式，但列舉這些形式的目的也都是為了證明數(shù)碼的有用性。因此C是選項(xiàng)。
38．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：CD-RWs和CD-ROMs的區(qū)別是__________。第四段中有相關(guān)信息：CD．RW能重寫，而CD．ROM能容納很多信息，并能存儲(chǔ)游戲和音樂等，因此B選項(xiàng)是正確答案：CD-ROM不能重寫，只能保存。
39．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：CD能持續(xù)很長時(shí)間如果__________。從倒數(shù)第二段中Ofcourse，you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them可知，CD壽命長需要得到很好的保管。故本題答案選C。B選項(xiàng)為混淆項(xiàng)，盡管是文章中的事實(shí)，但與題干并不吻合，即答非所問，故不能選擇。
40．B。推理題。題干：從文中可推理得知__________。除了B選項(xiàng)，其他選項(xiàng)均能在文中得到很明顯的排除。而作者在文末說到“你仍然可以聽你CD上最愛的音樂，玩CD-ROM上的電腦游戲”并不能推理得知作者也很喜歡聽音樂。B選項(xiàng)是正確的，因?yàn)樽髡呤褂昧恕癐t may not be many more years…”，即有新技術(shù)指日可待，證明新技術(shù)正在研發(fā)中，因此本題答案為B。
第三篇
41．C。主旨題。題干：本文的題目是什么?盡管本文開篇講到Music is one ofthe most beautiful forms ofartistic expressions ever invented，即音樂是最美麗的藝術(shù)表達(dá)形式，但從第二段開始列舉各種頻段的聲音及其用途，因此全文首句只是個(gè)引子，真正的主題是sounds。故只有C選項(xiàng)全面描述了本文內(nèi)容，其他選項(xiàng)均為某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)。
42．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：作者陳述了音樂的什么內(nèi)容?通過第二段中的Once sound exceeds this
limit，even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health可知，音樂并非聲音越大越好，一旦聲音超過了某個(gè)限度，再美麗的音樂都將成為刺耳的噪音，傷害身體。因此本題答案為A。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：聲音__________是真的。通過第二段的前兩句可知，正常聲音的分貝在20．80之間，超過這個(gè)限度對(duì)人體健康有害。由此可知，超過80分貝的聲音對(duì)健康有害是正確的。
44 D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：超聲__________。由第三段中的In nature，there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing．In physics，the sound that exceeds 20，000 hz is called ultrasonic(超聲波的)可知，自然界中，有種聲音是聽不到的(beyond ourhearing)，因此超聲是人們聽不到的聲音。故選D。
45．C。推理題。題干：從最后一段可知次聲波__________。根據(jù)最后一段可知，次聲波與人體器官的頻率相近，但對(duì)人體是否有害取決于聲音的密度(intensity)。并由此可推理次聲波可以被用來充當(dāng)致命的武器，盡管目前科學(xué)家們只是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里制造出了次聲波武器。
2013年真題
第一篇
31．B。主旨題。題干：本文的主要大意是什么?主旨題可以利用短文題目和段落的首尾句進(jìn)行解答。文章的標(biāo)題“Energy and Public Lands”，即能源和公共土地，首段總述了文章的中心思想，主要講公共土地在能源生產(chǎn)方面發(fā)揮的巨大作用。故B(公共土地在能源生產(chǎn)方面的重要作用)是正確答案。
32．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下面關(guān)于美國公共土地的陳述哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段最后一句：“Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas．”可知，據(jù)估計(jì)聯(lián)邦土地蘊(yùn)藏未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的美國石油儲(chǔ)量的68％年D未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的天然氣約74％。故A(未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)天然氣都儲(chǔ)藏于此)是正確答案。
33．A。例證題。題干：文章第四段以地?zé)?、風(fēng)力和水力為例是為了證明例子之前或之后的論點(diǎn)。根據(jù)第四段首句可知，盡管來自聯(lián)邦土地的新能源產(chǎn)量可觀，但是生產(chǎn)落后于傳統(tǒng)能源。隨后列舉了地?zé)?、風(fēng)力和水力的例子，就是為了證明新能源產(chǎn)量可觀。故A(公共土地可生產(chǎn)的能源是巨大的)是正確答案。
34．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：公共土地滿足美國能源要求的壓力增大是因?yàn)開_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段首句，可知因?yàn)槊绹鴮?duì)能源需求的不斷增長以及公眾對(duì)國家依賴外來能源的不安使得公共土地滿足美國能源需求的壓力越來越強(qiáng)烈。由此可知，A(美國需要越來越多的能源)是正確答案。
35．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在__________情況下公共土地可以用來發(fā)展能源。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞energy development可以定位到最后一段的第二句，可知公共土地只有在通過土地利用規(guī)劃評(píng)審程序后才可用于能源發(fā)展。故C(它們需要經(jīng)過土地使用規(guī)劃評(píng)審)是正確答案。
第二篇
36．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：植物與太陽能是如何發(fā)生聯(lián)系的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞plant和solar energy可以定位到第一段最后一句，可知幾十億年來，植物一直把陽光作為能源。故D項(xiàng)(幾十億年來，植物從來就是利用陽光作為能源的)是正確答案。
37．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：科學(xué)家研究光合作用如何發(fā)揮作用是因?yàn)樗麄兿隷_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞photosynthesis可以定位到文中第三段，科學(xué)家企圖將植物或植物類生物細(xì)胞作為微型光合能源供應(yīng)站來研究，并舉例說，他們正在用綠藻進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，若成功，綠藻所產(chǎn)生的氫將可用來為汽車的燃料電池充電。故C(讓綠色植物成為新能源)是正確答案。
38．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：當(dāng)__________時(shí)，藻類能夠利用太陽能產(chǎn)生氫氣。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Algae和hydrogen可以定位到文中第四段最后兩句，可知藻類會(huì)在隔絕空氣的環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生氫氣，因?yàn)榭諝庵械难鯕庾柚咕G藻制造氫，故D(空氣中沒有氧氣)是正確答案。
39．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)很難使藻類有效地生產(chǎn)氫氣，是因?yàn)開_________。根據(jù)文中第六段首句“Unfortunately,removing the sulfate also makes the algae’s cells work very slowly,and not much hydrogen is produced．”可知，消除硫酸鹽的工作不僅使藻類細(xì)胞的工作速度減慢，而且大大減少了氫的數(shù)量，故A(消除硫酸鹽使氫的生產(chǎn)速度減慢)是正確答案。
40．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于藻類，Ghirardi說了什么?根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Ghirardi定位到文中最后一段第一句，可知研究人員們希望，總有一天藻類會(huì)成為很容易使用的燃料來源，故D(它們可以是很好的能源)是正確答案。
第三篇
41．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：為什么野生動(dòng)物專家要去非洲卡拉哈里沙漠?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞wildlifeexpert和Kalahari Desea可以定位到第一段的第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers’movements and behavior”，可知其主要目的是研究蜜獾的行動(dòng)和行為，所以D(蜜獾是如何行動(dòng)的)為正確答案。
42．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于蜜獾，Kitso Khama說了些什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Kitso Khama等可以定位到第二段，即“蜜獾的問題在于它們天生就是富有好奇心的動(dòng)物，尤其在看見新東西的時(shí)候。這種好奇心加上其難以預(yù)測(cè)的天性就成了危險(xiǎn)因素。如果它們覺得你有食物，它們直接跑到你面前要東西吃，一點(diǎn)也不會(huì)害羞。它們實(shí)際上是人類周圍環(huán)境中非常友善的動(dòng)物，但它們一旦感到有危險(xiǎn)就會(huì)變得非常兇惡”。由此可知，A沒有提到，B和C與原文都不一致，所以正確答案為D(它們對(duì)不熟悉的東西感興趣)。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：這個(gè)研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)蜜獾的什么?題干無明顯關(guān)鍵詞，就可以利用選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞定位。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第三段，由第二旬可知“蜜獾吃任何它們能抓住和殺死的動(dòng)物”，由第三句可知“甚至像多數(shù)動(dòng)物害怕和躲避的毒蛇，碰到它們時(shí)也不安全”，由第四句可知“蜜獾喜歡吃當(dāng)?shù)氐奈鞴?，可能因?yàn)槲鞴现械妮^多的水分含量”，由最后一句可知“他們確認(rèn)了之前研究的結(jié)果，包括雌性蜜獾彼此之間從不交往的事實(shí)”。由此A、B、C都是錯(cuò)誤的，所以正確答案為D(他們從水果中得到部分所需的水分)。
44．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪一個(gè)是雄性蜜獾的典型特征?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞territory,run，a large area等可以定位到第四段第一句，即“跟蹤雄性蜜獾是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗鼈兡茉诤芏痰臅r(shí)間內(nèi)在很大的區(qū)域內(nèi)活動(dòng)”。由此可知，C(它們可以在很大區(qū)域內(nèi)狩獵)為正確答案。
45．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：當(dāng)蜜獾習(xí)慣了周圍有人后會(huì)怎么樣?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞be used to可以定位到最后一段，即“當(dāng)蜜獾習(xí)慣于周圍有人存在的時(shí)候，人就可以接近它們，而它們也對(duì)人不再好奇或突然進(jìn)攻”。be used t0與be accustomed to同義，意為“習(xí)慣于……”，故A(它們對(duì)人失去興趣)是正確答案。
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy ( 樹冠 ) of taller indigenous (土生土長的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat.
Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and"bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grown coffee is more expensive than sun-grown coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show __________.
A. the positive effects of coffee
B. a change of coffee growth
C. something that is the most important
D. how coffee production used to be
33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. more insects
B. better quality coffee
C. larger farms
D. higher profits
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT __________.
A. insects
B. air
C. birds
D. humans
第二篇
Soot (煤煙灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination
New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes (緯度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (反照率), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
36. Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true?
A. It absorbs sun's heat.
B. It is responsible for climate change.
C. It reflects sunlight.
D. It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century.
37. Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect?
A. Ice sea areas.
B. Areas with black carbon.
C. Areas covered with white snow.
D. Melting glaciers.
38. "This forcing" in Paragraph 5 refers to __________.
A. sun's heating on snow surface
B. soot's increased absorption of solar energy
C. carbon-dioxide's warming effect
D. snow's increased reflection of sunlight
39. What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century?
A. Soot.
B. Snow.
C. Greenhouse gases.
D. Wind.
40. The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with __________.
A. thinning sea ice and insufficient sunlight
B. light snow cover and sufficient sunlight
C. heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight
D. thick sea ice and insufficient sunlight
第三篇
A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before-- at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world. On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart:sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder--a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.
"This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance," says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "But what is really important is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance."
Opportunity
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars I0 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life, such as the possible presence of water.
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.
During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.
Marathon Rover The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.
Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.
41. Opportunity is a record-breaking rover in the sense of __________.
A. how long it has stayed in space
B. how far it has traveled
C. how much investment it has involved
D. how many facilities it has been equipped with
42. What does John Callas say about Opportunity's long distance travel?
A. It hasn't met scientists' expectation yet.
B. It hasn't been appreciated appropriately.
C. It is secondary to what has been discovered.
D. It is what scientists have been aiming at.
43. One of the objectives of sending Opportunity and Spirit to Mars is to__________.
A. collect soil and send back to Earth
B. develop multinational space experiments
C. test how well solar-powered rovers work in solar space
D. look for the possible presence of life
44. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Opportunity?
A. It will come back to Earth soon.
B. Another rover will be sent to replace it.
C. It is traveling to another important star.
D. It will work with other rovers exploring Mars.
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.
A. experts know how far Opportunity will walk on Mars
B. researchers are working on sending many rovers to Mars
C. Mars' ancient environment might be explored with the help of Opportunity
D. Opportunity is supposed to collect clay minerals from Marathon Valley
2014年真題
第一篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different. Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities. Psychologists have two different views on intelligence. Some believe there is one general intelligence. Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.
These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests. They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests. Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence. The brain of intelligent people use less energy during problem solving. The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction. Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test. Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling. He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.
These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life. Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences. Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology. For example, when one .part of the brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work. People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing. So, there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic( 身體動(dòng)覺的), and naturalistic.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that
A. children have different intelligences
B. all children are alike
C. children should take one intelligence test
D. there is no general intelligence
34. According to Gardner, schools should __________.
A. test students' IQs
B. train students who do poorly on tests
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students
D. promote development of all intelligences
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a __________.
A. musical foundation
B. biological foundation
C. intrapersonal foundation
D. linguistic foundation
第二篇
Compact Disks
If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( 隆起 )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns (微米) wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes (探測(cè)儀) communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk (軟盤). Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
36. Music is recorded onto CDs as __________.
A. laser beams
B. digital codes
C. musical notes
D. special sounds
37. E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to show __________.
A. the variety of digital communications
B. the development of new technologies
C. the usefulness of digital codes
D. the relationship between communication and technology
38. One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs is __________.
A. CD-ROMs can be used for longer time
B. CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten on
C. CD-RWs hold more information
D. CD-RWs are merely used for music recording
39. CDs can last a long time if__________.
A. they are seldom used
B. they play well and sound fine
C. their users take good care of them
D. they are developed with new technology
40. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
A. CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDs
B. new technology for music recording is being developed
C. the author likes listening to music
D. floppy disks are no longer in use
第三篇
Music
Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function: it not only moves people but also can shock people.
Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels (分貝 ) . Once sound exceeds this limit, even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health. A strong blast ( 響聲 ) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.
In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 hz is called ultrasonic (超音波的). Dolphins,whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound. It does no harm to health.
Sound less than 20 hz is called infrasonic ( 次聲 ) waves. When we move, the air will vibrate.
The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves. As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance (共振) in human bodies. As a result, people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture (斷裂). However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low, it won't damage internal organs or a person's health. If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.
41. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. The power of music.
B. The harms of noises.
C. The magic of sound.
D. The discovery of infrasonic waves.
42. What does the author say about music?
A. It may be harmful to people's health.
B. It always cheers people up.
C. It is very often difficult to understand.
D. It sounds better when it is loud enough.
43. It is ture that the sound__________.
A. of nature is the most beautiful
B. of high intensity benefits animals
C. in movies is pleasing to the ear
D. over 80 decibels is harmful to people
44. An ultrasonic sound__________.
A. is very loud
B. does harm to people's health
C. is produced by the hero in movies
D. cannot be heard by people
45. It can be found from the last paragraph that infrasonic waves __________.
A. are harmless to people's health
B. exist in people's intemal organs
C. can be used as deadly weapons
D. can improve eyesight
2013年真題
第一篇
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租憑)both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal (地?zé)? resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours (千瓦時(shí)) of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B. Half of US energy is produced there.
C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D. Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that __________.
A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge
B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because __________.
A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy
B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when __________.
A. energy development restrictions are effective
B. federal land managers grant permissions
C. they go through the land use planning process
D. there is enough federal budget
第二篇
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels (太陽能電池板) for decades. But plants are the real experts. They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳), and water into sugars and starches( 淀粉 ), stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis (光合作用 ) . Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo, is working with green algae (水藻). She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. "But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen," Ghirardi says.
For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate ( 硫酸鹽) from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: "You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms."
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A. They are the real experts in producing it.
B. They have been a source of it.
C. They have been used to produce it.
D. They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to __________.
A. improve the efficiency of it
B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy
C. make green plants a new source of energy
D. get more sugars and starches from plants
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when__________.
A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles
B. there is enough oxygen in the air
C. enough starches is stored
D. there is no oxygen in the air
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because __________.
A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production
B. it is hard to create an airfree environment
C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment
D. the algae's cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A. They grow faster in a reactor.
13. They will be planted everywhere.
C. They are cheap to eat.
D. They can be a good energy source.
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers ( 獾 ). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers' movements and behavior as discreetly (謹(jǐn)慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal's reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new," he says. "That, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture.
If they sense you have food, for example, they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (兇惡的) . Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal's fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey ( 獵物 ). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.
They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity--or a sudden aggression.
The badgers' eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers' relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To catch some honey badgers for food.
C. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
D. To observe how honey badgers behave.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They are always looking for food.
B. They do not enjoy human company.
C. It is common for them to attack people.
D. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
D. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don't run very quickly.
B. They defend their territory from other badgers.
C. They hunt over a very large area.
D. They are more aggressive than females.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They lost interest in people.
B. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
答案與解析
2015年真題
第一篇
31．A。主旨題。題干：這篇文章的大意為__________。從各段的首尾句來看，第二段至第四段談?wù)摰氖窍蜿柗N植咖啡的弊端，第五段談的是人們開始在陰面種植咖啡，由此可以看出人們種植咖啡的方式發(fā)生了改變，所以該題答案為A。
32．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：第二段中“traditionally”一詞的功能是為了說明__________。利用題目關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段的首句，從中可知“傳統(tǒng)上，咖啡樹被種植在高大的樹的樹冠之下”，后一句“但是，拉美地區(qū)越來越多的農(nóng)民砍伐森林來種植完全向陽的咖啡樹”，由此可知前后句就咖啡樹的種植方式形成對(duì)比，因此traditionally是為了說明過去與現(xiàn)在種植方式的不同，因而答案為B。選項(xiàng)D具有較大的迷惑性，但是第一句和第二句談?wù)摰氖强Х鹊姆N植，而非咖啡的生產(chǎn)。
33．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：向陽種植的咖啡產(chǎn)量增加導(dǎo)致了什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞increased production可以定位到第二段最后一句，可知產(chǎn)量的增加帶來了利潤的增加，故D是正確答案。
34．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：農(nóng)民如何找到更多的地來向陽種植咖啡?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞find moreland可以定位到第二段的第二句，可知越來越多的拉美人正在砍伐森林來種植咖啡樹，故B是正確答案。
35．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：向陽種植咖啡的方法可能對(duì)下列之外都有影響。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以定位到第三和四段，如第三段提到因?yàn)榉N植咖啡樹，本地的鳥類賴以筑巢和躲避捕食者的樹木被砍掉了，第四段提到化肥和殺蟲劑殺死了以咖啡樹為食的昆蟲，而鳥類吃了這些中毒的昆蟲而死亡，化學(xué)物質(zhì)殺死動(dòng)物或使其生病，然后將毒性帶入到人們飲水的水域中，所以可見昆蟲、鳥類和人類都受到了影響，故本題答案為B。
第二篇
36．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列關(guān)于soot的說法不正確的是哪項(xiàng)?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞soot無法定位到相關(guān)信息，可以改為定位選項(xiàng)。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，利用選項(xiàng)A的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段的首句，可知地球高緯地區(qū)冰雪覆蓋，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太陽熱能，所以選項(xiàng)A與原文信息一致；利用選項(xiàng)B的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段首句，可知冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對(duì)氣候變化可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用，所以選項(xiàng)B與原文信息一致；利用選項(xiàng)C的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的首句，可知美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新調(diào)查顯示，黑色煤煙的排放改變了冰雪對(duì)陽光的反射方式，而不是反射太陽光，所以選項(xiàng)C與原文信息不一致；利用選項(xiàng)D的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段的最后一句，可知上世紀(jì)觀測(cè)到的全球變暖有25％是黑煤灰引起的，所以D項(xiàng)與原文信息一致。因此，該題答案為C(黑色煤煙能反射陽光)。
37．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪個(gè)區(qū)域表現(xiàn)出較大的溫室效應(yīng)?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞warming effect可以定位到第三段的前兩句，可知冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對(duì)氣候變化可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用。而且一旦覆蓋大地的冰雪開始融化，煤灰就會(huì)更加固著于冰面，從而加劇溫室效應(yīng)，所以可知覆蓋了煤灰的雪所產(chǎn)生的溫室效應(yīng)比較大，根據(jù)第二段的最后一句可知深黑色的碳就是煤灰，因此該題選B項(xiàng)(覆蓋了黑色的碳的地區(qū))。
38．B。詞匯題。題干：第五段中的“This forcing”指的是__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞“This forcing”可以定位到第五段。代詞的含義一般在其前的句子中。前一句提到煤灰對(duì)太陽熱能的大量吸收是全球氣候變暖的重要因素，然后說這種強(qiáng)力是非常有效的，溫室作用是同量二氧化碳強(qiáng)度的兩倍，這種強(qiáng)力指的是煤灰對(duì)太陽熱能的吸收，故本題答案為B(煤灰逐漸的吸收太陽熱能)。
39．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：上個(gè)世紀(jì)氣候變暖的主要原因是什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞climate warming和the past century可以定位到倒數(shù)第二段的第一句，可知Hansen又提醒說盡管煤灰對(duì)全球氣候變化的作用重大，但這并不能改變一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是溫室氣體是上世紀(jì)氣候變暖的首要原因，所以該題答案為C(溫室氣體)。
40．c。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：的溫室效應(yīng)發(fā)生在北半球__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞the largest warming effects和Northern Hemisphere可以定位到最后一段，可知研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)北半球觀測(cè)到的變暖現(xiàn)象大多發(fā)生在中高緯地區(qū)的冬春兩季，這樣的觀測(cè)結(jié)果與氣象模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)相吻合，表明部分大規(guī)模的溫室效應(yīng)發(fā)生在有厚雪覆蓋層和充足的日照的時(shí)期。因此，該題答案為選項(xiàng)C(厚雪覆蓋層和充足的日照)。
第三篇
41．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車是一輛破紀(jì)錄的漫游車，從__________角度而言。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity和record—breaking rover可以定位到第一段的前兩句，可知美國宇航局的火星漫游車“機(jī)遇號(hào)”到達(dá)了其他任何漫游車都沒能到達(dá)的地方__________至少從距離上來說是如此，而且自2004年“機(jī)遇號(hào)”到達(dá)火星以來，它已經(jīng)行駛了25．01英里，比任何外星漫游車走的距離都長，所以該題答案為B(它行走的距離)。
42．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：John Callas對(duì)“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車的長途行駛說了什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞John Callas可以定位到第二段和第三段，可知火星探測(cè)漫游車項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人JohnCallas解釋說，這是一項(xiàng)不同尋常的成就，因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”本來預(yù)定只能行駛大約1000米，并不是為長途行駛而設(shè)計(jì)的，但是重要的不是漫游車行進(jìn)了多少距離，而是在這個(gè)距離上我們進(jìn)行了多少探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知最重要的不是行駛的距離而是探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以該題的正確答案為C(不如所獲得的發(fā)現(xiàn)重要)，這里be secondaryto為固定搭配，意為“次要的，居于次要地位”。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：發(fā)射“機(jī)遇號(hào)”和“勇氣號(hào)”漫游車到火星的目標(biāo)之一是__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity和Spirit可以定位到第四段的最后一句，可知漫游車的目的是幫助科學(xué)家進(jìn)一步了解火星，并且搜尋生命跡象，比如可能存在的水的跡象，所以該題的正確答案為D(搜尋可能的生命跡象)。
44．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于“機(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車的說法哪項(xiàng)是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Opportunity無法快速定位最直接的信息，可以改為定位選項(xiàng)。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第七段的首句，可知該漫游車還沒有停止工作，所以可以排除A(將會(huì)很快返回地球)和B(將會(huì)被另一輛漫游車所替代)，再根據(jù)第七段的尾句，可知之所以把這個(gè)地方叫做馬拉松谷就是因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”從登陸火星并到達(dá)這個(gè)位置所經(jīng)過的距離就是一個(gè)馬拉松的長度，而且從最后一段的首句可知研究人員認(rèn)為馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì)含有與火星早期環(huán)境有關(guān)的線索，因?yàn)椤皺C(jī)遇號(hào)”漫游車還在火星上，所以C項(xiàng)(它將飛往另一個(gè)重要的星球)是錯(cuò)誤的，所以該題答案為D(將與其他的漫游車一起工作來探索火星)。
45．C。推斷題。題干：從最后一段可以推斷出__________。從最后一段來看，研究人員認(rèn)為馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì)含有與火星早期環(huán)境有關(guān)的線索，“機(jī)遇號(hào)”接下來的工作將有助于研究人員實(shí)施人類最終移居火星的計(jì)劃，所以“機(jī)遇號(hào)”將被用于探索火星的早期環(huán)境，從而決定人類最終移居火星的計(jì)劃的實(shí)施，所以該題答案為C(將在機(jī)遇號(hào)的幫助下進(jìn)行火星的早期環(huán)境的研究)，這里的干擾項(xiàng)是D(“機(jī)遇號(hào)”將收集馬拉松谷附近的黏土物質(zhì))，從第六段可知“機(jī)遇號(hào)”是用它的照相機(jī)拍攝了大約187000張火星的全景和微觀影像并傳回地球，所以并非收集具體的黏土物質(zhì)。
2014年真題
第一篇
31．A。主旨題。題干：這篇文章的主要大意是什么?利用短文的題目“Approaches to UnderstandingIntelligences”，即“理解智力的模式”，可知本文關(guān)注的是如何理解智力，因而答案為A。
32．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪一項(xiàng)關(guān)于普遍智力的說法是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞generalintelligence可以定位到第一段“Some believe there is one general intelligence．Others believe there are many different intelligences”，即“有的人認(rèn)為有一種普遍的智力，而其他人則認(rèn)為有多種類型的智力”，根據(jù)這句話無法確定答案；可以利用定位選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行解答，分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段“…people who do well on one kind oftest for mental ability do well on other tests．They do well on tests using words，numbers or pictures．
They do well on individual or group tests，and wfitten or oral tests．”，即“那些在一種類型的智力測(cè)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)好的人在其他測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好。他們?cè)谑褂迷~匯、數(shù)字和圖片的測(cè)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)好。他們無論是在個(gè)人的還是團(tuán)隊(duì)的測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好，在書面的或口語的測(cè)驗(yàn)中也表現(xiàn)好”，由此可知B為正確答案。
33．．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Gardner認(rèn)為__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner可以定位到第四段和第五段，但是無法確定相關(guān)的原句，所以還需要通過定位選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞來進(jìn)行解答。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第四段“He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test”，即“他認(rèn)為所有孩子是不同的，而且不應(yīng)該通過一種智力測(cè)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行測(cè)驗(yàn)”，由此可知A為正確答案。
34．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)Gardner，學(xué)校應(yīng)該__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner和school可以定位到第四段“Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences”,即“Gardner認(rèn)為學(xué)校的目的就是鼓勵(lì)我們所有人的智力發(fā)展”。因而D為正確答案。
35．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Gardner認(rèn)為他的理論有__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Gardner和theory可以定位到第五段“Gardner says that his theory is based on biology”，即“Gardner認(rèn)為他的理論是基于生物學(xué)的”，所以B為正確答案。
第二篇
36．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：音樂是以__________形式錄制進(jìn)CD中的。由第一段中的In fact，he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code可知，本題正確答案為B。
37．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：第三段提及電子郵件是為了證明__________。例子是為了證明文章的觀點(diǎn)，該段的主題是Digital codes are used with many technologies，即數(shù)碼在很多技術(shù)方面都得以運(yùn)用，由此可知C為正確選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)是混淆項(xiàng)，該項(xiàng)的中心詞為variety(各種各樣的形式)，該段也確實(shí)羅列了電話、電郵等各種形式，但列舉這些形式的目的也都是為了證明數(shù)碼的有用性。因此C是選項(xiàng)。
38．B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：CD-RWs和CD-ROMs的區(qū)別是__________。第四段中有相關(guān)信息：CD．RW能重寫，而CD．ROM能容納很多信息，并能存儲(chǔ)游戲和音樂等，因此B選項(xiàng)是正確答案：CD-ROM不能重寫，只能保存。
39．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：CD能持續(xù)很長時(shí)間如果__________。從倒數(shù)第二段中Ofcourse，you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them可知，CD壽命長需要得到很好的保管。故本題答案選C。B選項(xiàng)為混淆項(xiàng)，盡管是文章中的事實(shí)，但與題干并不吻合，即答非所問，故不能選擇。
40．B。推理題。題干：從文中可推理得知__________。除了B選項(xiàng)，其他選項(xiàng)均能在文中得到很明顯的排除。而作者在文末說到“你仍然可以聽你CD上最愛的音樂，玩CD-ROM上的電腦游戲”并不能推理得知作者也很喜歡聽音樂。B選項(xiàng)是正確的，因?yàn)樽髡呤褂昧恕癐t may not be many more years…”，即有新技術(shù)指日可待，證明新技術(shù)正在研發(fā)中，因此本題答案為B。
第三篇
41．C。主旨題。題干：本文的題目是什么?盡管本文開篇講到Music is one ofthe most beautiful forms ofartistic expressions ever invented，即音樂是最美麗的藝術(shù)表達(dá)形式，但從第二段開始列舉各種頻段的聲音及其用途，因此全文首句只是個(gè)引子，真正的主題是sounds。故只有C選項(xiàng)全面描述了本文內(nèi)容，其他選項(xiàng)均為某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)。
42．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：作者陳述了音樂的什么內(nèi)容?通過第二段中的Once sound exceeds this
limit，even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health可知，音樂并非聲音越大越好，一旦聲音超過了某個(gè)限度，再美麗的音樂都將成為刺耳的噪音，傷害身體。因此本題答案為A。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：聲音__________是真的。通過第二段的前兩句可知，正常聲音的分貝在20．80之間，超過這個(gè)限度對(duì)人體健康有害。由此可知，超過80分貝的聲音對(duì)健康有害是正確的。
44 D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：超聲__________。由第三段中的In nature，there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing．In physics，the sound that exceeds 20，000 hz is called ultrasonic(超聲波的)可知，自然界中，有種聲音是聽不到的(beyond ourhearing)，因此超聲是人們聽不到的聲音。故選D。
45．C。推理題。題干：從最后一段可知次聲波__________。根據(jù)最后一段可知，次聲波與人體器官的頻率相近，但對(duì)人體是否有害取決于聲音的密度(intensity)。并由此可推理次聲波可以被用來充當(dāng)致命的武器，盡管目前科學(xué)家們只是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里制造出了次聲波武器。
2013年真題
第一篇
31．B。主旨題。題干：本文的主要大意是什么?主旨題可以利用短文題目和段落的首尾句進(jìn)行解答。文章的標(biāo)題“Energy and Public Lands”，即能源和公共土地，首段總述了文章的中心思想，主要講公共土地在能源生產(chǎn)方面發(fā)揮的巨大作用。故B(公共土地在能源生產(chǎn)方面的重要作用)是正確答案。
32．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下面關(guān)于美國公共土地的陳述哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段最后一句：“Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas．”可知，據(jù)估計(jì)聯(lián)邦土地蘊(yùn)藏未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的美國石油儲(chǔ)量的68％年D未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的天然氣約74％。故A(未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)天然氣都儲(chǔ)藏于此)是正確答案。
33．A。例證題。題干：文章第四段以地?zé)?、風(fēng)力和水力為例是為了證明例子之前或之后的論點(diǎn)。根據(jù)第四段首句可知，盡管來自聯(lián)邦土地的新能源產(chǎn)量可觀，但是生產(chǎn)落后于傳統(tǒng)能源。隨后列舉了地?zé)?、風(fēng)力和水力的例子，就是為了證明新能源產(chǎn)量可觀。故A(公共土地可生產(chǎn)的能源是巨大的)是正確答案。
34．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：公共土地滿足美國能源要求的壓力增大是因?yàn)開_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段首句，可知因?yàn)槊绹鴮?duì)能源需求的不斷增長以及公眾對(duì)國家依賴外來能源的不安使得公共土地滿足美國能源需求的壓力越來越強(qiáng)烈。由此可知，A(美國需要越來越多的能源)是正確答案。
35．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：在__________情況下公共土地可以用來發(fā)展能源。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞energy development可以定位到最后一段的第二句，可知公共土地只有在通過土地利用規(guī)劃評(píng)審程序后才可用于能源發(fā)展。故C(它們需要經(jīng)過土地使用規(guī)劃評(píng)審)是正確答案。
第二篇
36．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：植物與太陽能是如何發(fā)生聯(lián)系的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞plant和solar energy可以定位到第一段最后一句，可知幾十億年來，植物一直把陽光作為能源。故D項(xiàng)(幾十億年來，植物從來就是利用陽光作為能源的)是正確答案。
37．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：科學(xué)家研究光合作用如何發(fā)揮作用是因?yàn)樗麄兿隷_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞photosynthesis可以定位到文中第三段，科學(xué)家企圖將植物或植物類生物細(xì)胞作為微型光合能源供應(yīng)站來研究，并舉例說，他們正在用綠藻進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，若成功，綠藻所產(chǎn)生的氫將可用來為汽車的燃料電池充電。故C(讓綠色植物成為新能源)是正確答案。
38．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：當(dāng)__________時(shí)，藻類能夠利用太陽能產(chǎn)生氫氣。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Algae和hydrogen可以定位到文中第四段最后兩句，可知藻類會(huì)在隔絕空氣的環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生氫氣，因?yàn)榭諝庵械难鯕庾柚咕G藻制造氫，故D(空氣中沒有氧氣)是正確答案。
39．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)很難使藻類有效地生產(chǎn)氫氣，是因?yàn)開_________。根據(jù)文中第六段首句“Unfortunately,removing the sulfate also makes the algae’s cells work very slowly,and not much hydrogen is produced．”可知，消除硫酸鹽的工作不僅使藻類細(xì)胞的工作速度減慢，而且大大減少了氫的數(shù)量，故A(消除硫酸鹽使氫的生產(chǎn)速度減慢)是正確答案。
40．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于藻類，Ghirardi說了什么?根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Ghirardi定位到文中最后一段第一句，可知研究人員們希望，總有一天藻類會(huì)成為很容易使用的燃料來源，故D(它們可以是很好的能源)是正確答案。
第三篇
41．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：為什么野生動(dòng)物專家要去非洲卡拉哈里沙漠?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞wildlifeexpert和Kalahari Desea可以定位到第一段的第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers’movements and behavior”，可知其主要目的是研究蜜獾的行動(dòng)和行為，所以D(蜜獾是如何行動(dòng)的)為正確答案。
42．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：關(guān)于蜜獾，Kitso Khama說了些什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞Kitso Khama等可以定位到第二段，即“蜜獾的問題在于它們天生就是富有好奇心的動(dòng)物，尤其在看見新東西的時(shí)候。這種好奇心加上其難以預(yù)測(cè)的天性就成了危險(xiǎn)因素。如果它們覺得你有食物，它們直接跑到你面前要東西吃，一點(diǎn)也不會(huì)害羞。它們實(shí)際上是人類周圍環(huán)境中非常友善的動(dòng)物，但它們一旦感到有危險(xiǎn)就會(huì)變得非常兇惡”。由此可知，A沒有提到，B和C與原文都不一致，所以正確答案為D(它們對(duì)不熟悉的東西感興趣)。
43．D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：這個(gè)研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)蜜獾的什么?題干無明顯關(guān)鍵詞，就可以利用選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞定位。分別定位四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞，可以定位到第三段，由第二旬可知“蜜獾吃任何它們能抓住和殺死的動(dòng)物”，由第三句可知“甚至像多數(shù)動(dòng)物害怕和躲避的毒蛇，碰到它們時(shí)也不安全”，由第四句可知“蜜獾喜歡吃當(dāng)?shù)氐奈鞴?，可能因?yàn)槲鞴现械妮^多的水分含量”，由最后一句可知“他們確認(rèn)了之前研究的結(jié)果，包括雌性蜜獾彼此之間從不交往的事實(shí)”。由此A、B、C都是錯(cuò)誤的，所以正確答案為D(他們從水果中得到部分所需的水分)。
44．C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪一個(gè)是雄性蜜獾的典型特征?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞和選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞territory,run，a large area等可以定位到第四段第一句，即“跟蹤雄性蜜獾是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗鼈兡茉诤芏痰臅r(shí)間內(nèi)在很大的區(qū)域內(nèi)活動(dòng)”。由此可知，C(它們可以在很大區(qū)域內(nèi)狩獵)為正確答案。
45．A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：當(dāng)蜜獾習(xí)慣了周圍有人后會(huì)怎么樣?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞be used to可以定位到最后一段，即“當(dāng)蜜獾習(xí)慣于周圍有人存在的時(shí)候，人就可以接近它們，而它們也對(duì)人不再好奇或突然進(jìn)攻”。be used t0與be accustomed to同義，意為“習(xí)慣于……”，故A(它們對(duì)人失去興趣)是正確答案。