43.Statistics
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical1 methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated2 to keeping orderly records of government units (states and statistics come from the same Latin root status) and a gentlemanly gambling3 father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds4 in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating5, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Describing collections involves tabulating, depicting6 and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative7 such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level------variables that are characterized by an underlying8 continuum---or the data may represent qualitative9 variables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent10 wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated11 for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient12 to question each child: the proportion for the sample of as few as 100 children. Thus , the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的早期發(fā)展受到兩種截然不同的影響。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有一個"母親"，她致力于井井 有條地記錄政府機(jī)構(gòu)的文件(國家和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一 個有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數(shù)學(xué)來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。"母親"對 其子女統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計(jì)數(shù)、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。所有這些導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生。
由于"父親"的影響則產(chǎn)生了完全基于概率論原理的現(xiàn)代推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)涉及對所收集數(shù)據(jù)的制表、制圖和描述。這些數(shù)據(jù)可以是數(shù)量性的數(shù)據(jù)，
如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數(shù)據(jù)--具有連續(xù)性的變量--或數(shù)據(jù)也可以代表性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型等等。
數(shù)量龐大的數(shù)據(jù)通常必須經(jīng)過概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或刪減，
使其變成能為人理解的東西。推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類問題。
這類問題的顯著特點(diǎn)是試圖通過取樣調(diào)查來作出預(yù)測。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中，不吃早飯就上學(xué)的學(xué)生、已經(jīng)做過防感冒
免疫的學(xué)生，或其它任何類型的學(xué)生占多大比例。若具備一些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的知識，這位督察應(yīng)明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用100
個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當(dāng)精確地得出這些孩子占整個學(xué)區(qū)的比例了。因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的就是通過了解一個群
體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進(jìn)行推測和估算。
1 statistical
adj.統(tǒng)計(jì)的，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的
參考例句：
He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用統(tǒng)計(jì)表顯示價格的波動。
They're making detailed statistical analysis.他們正在做具體的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2 dedicated adj.一心一意的；獻(xiàn)身的；熱誠的
參考例句：
He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他獻(xiàn)身于教育事業(yè)。
His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改進(jìn)這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)上了。
3 gambling
n.賭博；投機(jī)
參考例句：
They have won a lot of money through gambling.他們賭博贏了很多錢。
The men have been gambling away all night.那些人賭了整整一夜。
4 odds n.讓步，機(jī)率，可能性，比率；勝敗優(yōu)劣之別
參考例句：
The odds are 5 to 1 that she will win.她獲勝的機(jī)會是五比一。
Do you know the odds of winning the lottery once?你知道贏得一次彩票的幾率多大嗎？
5 tabulating 把（數(shù)字、事實(shí)）列成表( tabulate的現(xiàn)在分詞 )； 制表
參考例句：
The Census Office did not finish tabulating the results until 1888. 直到1888年，人口普查辦公室才完成統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表格。
By 1890 a revolutionary electrical tabulating system was available. 到了1890年，一種具有革命意義的電動制表裝置投入使用。
6 depicting
描繪，描畫( depict的現(xiàn)在分詞 )； 描述
參考例句：
a painting depicting the Virgin and Child 一幅描繪童貞馬利亞和圣子耶穌的畫
The movie depicting the battles and bloodshed is bound to strike home. 這部描寫戰(zhàn)斗和流血犧牲的影片一定會取得預(yù)期效果。
7 quantitative
adj.數(shù)量的，定量的
參考例句：
He said it was only a quantitative difference.他說這僅僅是數(shù)量上的差別。
We need to do some quantitative analysis of the drugs.我們對藥物要進(jìn)行定量分析。
8 underlying adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潛在的
參考例句：
The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小說隱含的主題是十分嚴(yán)肅的。
This word has its underlying meaning.這個單詞有它潛在的含義。
9 qualitative
adj.性質(zhì)上的，質(zhì)的，定性的
參考例句：
There are qualitative differences in the way children and adults think.孩子和成年人的思維方式有質(zhì)的不同。
Arms races have a quantitative and a qualitative aspects.軍備競賽具有數(shù)量和質(zhì)量兩個方面。
10 superintendent
n.監(jiān)督人，主管，總監(jiān)；(英國)警務(wù)長
參考例句：
He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升為對外貿(mào)易總監(jiān)。
He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他決定給樓房管理員打電話。
11 vaccinated
[醫(yī)]已接種的，種痘的，接種過疫菌的
參考例句：
I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接種了破傷風(fēng)疫苗。
Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小時候打過天花疫苗嗎？
12 inefficient adj.效率低的，無效的
參考例句：
The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的運(yùn)作使該公司損失了許多錢。
Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他們的通訊系統(tǒng)效率非常差。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的早期發(fā)展受到兩種截然不同的影響。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有一個"母親"，她致力于井井 有條地記錄政府機(jī)構(gòu)的文件(國家和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一 個有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數(shù)學(xué)來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。"母親"對 其子女統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計(jì)數(shù)、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。所有這些導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生。
由于"父親"的影響則產(chǎn)生了完全基于概率論原理的現(xiàn)代推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)涉及對所收集數(shù)據(jù)的制表、制圖和描述。這些數(shù)據(jù)可以是數(shù)量性的數(shù)據(jù)，
如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數(shù)據(jù)--具有連續(xù)性的變量--或數(shù)據(jù)也可以代表性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型等等。
數(shù)量龐大的數(shù)據(jù)通常必須經(jīng)過概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或刪減，
使其變成能為人理解的東西。推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類問題。
這類問題的顯著特點(diǎn)是試圖通過取樣調(diào)查來作出預(yù)測。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中，不吃早飯就上學(xué)的學(xué)生、已經(jīng)做過防感冒
免疫的學(xué)生，或其它任何類型的學(xué)生占多大比例。若具備一些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的知識，這位督察應(yīng)明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用100
個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當(dāng)精確地得出這些孩子占整個學(xué)區(qū)的比例了。因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的就是通過了解一個群
體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進(jìn)行推測和估算。
1 statistical
adj.統(tǒng)計(jì)的，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的
參考例句：
He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用統(tǒng)計(jì)表顯示價格的波動。
They're making detailed statistical analysis.他們正在做具體的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2 dedicated adj.一心一意的；獻(xiàn)身的；熱誠的
參考例句：
He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他獻(xiàn)身于教育事業(yè)。
His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改進(jìn)這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)上了。
3 gambling
n.賭博；投機(jī)
參考例句：
They have won a lot of money through gambling.他們賭博贏了很多錢。
The men have been gambling away all night.那些人賭了整整一夜。
4 odds n.讓步，機(jī)率，可能性，比率；勝敗優(yōu)劣之別
參考例句：
The odds are 5 to 1 that she will win.她獲勝的機(jī)會是五比一。
Do you know the odds of winning the lottery once?你知道贏得一次彩票的幾率多大嗎？
5 tabulating 把（數(shù)字、事實(shí)）列成表( tabulate的現(xiàn)在分詞 )； 制表
參考例句：
The Census Office did not finish tabulating the results until 1888. 直到1888年，人口普查辦公室才完成統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表格。
By 1890 a revolutionary electrical tabulating system was available. 到了1890年，一種具有革命意義的電動制表裝置投入使用。
6 depicting
描繪，描畫( depict的現(xiàn)在分詞 )； 描述
參考例句：
a painting depicting the Virgin and Child 一幅描繪童貞馬利亞和圣子耶穌的畫
The movie depicting the battles and bloodshed is bound to strike home. 這部描寫戰(zhàn)斗和流血犧牲的影片一定會取得預(yù)期效果。
7 quantitative
adj.數(shù)量的，定量的
參考例句：
He said it was only a quantitative difference.他說這僅僅是數(shù)量上的差別。
We need to do some quantitative analysis of the drugs.我們對藥物要進(jìn)行定量分析。
8 underlying adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潛在的
參考例句：
The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小說隱含的主題是十分嚴(yán)肅的。
This word has its underlying meaning.這個單詞有它潛在的含義。
9 qualitative
adj.性質(zhì)上的，質(zhì)的，定性的
參考例句：
There are qualitative differences in the way children and adults think.孩子和成年人的思維方式有質(zhì)的不同。
Arms races have a quantitative and a qualitative aspects.軍備競賽具有數(shù)量和質(zhì)量兩個方面。
10 superintendent
n.監(jiān)督人，主管，總監(jiān)；(英國)警務(wù)長
參考例句：
He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升為對外貿(mào)易總監(jiān)。
He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他決定給樓房管理員打電話。
11 vaccinated
[醫(yī)]已接種的，種痘的，接種過疫菌的
參考例句：
I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接種了破傷風(fēng)疫苗。
Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小時候打過天花疫苗嗎？
12 inefficient adj.效率低的，無效的
參考例句：
The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的運(yùn)作使該公司損失了許多錢。
Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他們的通訊系統(tǒng)效率非常差。