Lesson 18 The Social Founction of Science 科學(xué)的社會(huì)作用
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking. weigh 起作用 (1) 稱重：I weigh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight. How much do you weight? What is your weight? (2)起作用：It weighs much.這相當(dāng)重要=matters (3)對(duì)誰(shuí)有利： weigh in favor of be weighed in favor of load in favor of be loaded in favor of (4)對(duì)誰(shuí)不利：be weighed against load/be loaded against The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant.(被告) 原告：plaintiff effectiveness 成效 work.,effective(有效果的) efficient高效的 effect：come into effect, take effect in so far as 因此 since, in that, as for as sb, is concerned 贊成：sgree ,support ,stant by your side inquiry 調(diào)查研究 investigation(case) examination(有癥結(jié)所在作為前提) check(不清楚有無(wú)毛病) research(科研) inquiry into(scientific, a case) inquire into sth. inquire about(formal) inquire after sb. considerably相當(dāng)?shù)?程度詞 considerate:體貼的， 考慮周到的 sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative considerable+sth. I make considerable money.(=substantial) positive 確實(shí)的 The result is positive. His words are positively right. 只做程度副詞 He is positive in the class.(活躍、積累) positive:成陽(yáng)性的 patent 獲得…專利權(quán) My invention is patented. I’ll/I’d like to paten my invention. 獲得：take out a patent 專利局 patent office 專利人：patentee 專利權(quán)許可者 (adj.)明顯的，顯著的=obvious It is patent that he loves the girl. seek for 尋求 seek for freedom seek truth seek for true love seek for justice seek after(指人) 過(guò)去分詞:sought He is much sought after. 搶手 紅得發(fā)紫 The book is sought after.暢銷 chance 偶然性的 It is my chance discovery.隨便得到 chance companion萍水相逢 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there. extent 程度 to some extent /degree agent 情報(bào)人員 be likely to…可能會(huì)….. it+possible it/sb.+likely 可能性：likelihood Two factors:兩個(gè)因素 weigh against:不利 heavily-副詞 effectiveness:效果 給出主題句 general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性 atmosphere:氛圍，氣氛 it-research One …,the other the tack of freedom of the individual research worker. 只有并列結(jié)構(gòu)可以省掉謂語(yǔ) My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse. lack of freedom 沒有自由度(個(gè)體區(qū)別) general atmosphere(大環(huán)境) research worker:研究者 In so far as 由于，因?yàn)?主語(yǔ)it-resarch limit=prewent:阻止，限制 engaged in---后置定語(yǔ) limit from :阻止 contact 交流 effective有效的 fellow scientists同行 often enough 平凡 firm公司 contact with保持聯(lián)系 (v.) contact me (n.)keep contact with me touch keep in tuch vary變化=is diffient It varies from one family to another. be of 結(jié)構(gòu) general普遍的，基礎(chǔ)的 fundamental基礎(chǔ)的 such…..that a positive advantage-主語(yǔ) to them 對(duì)他們而言 it---not to keep them secret(形式主語(yǔ)) be open to any advice and suggestion yet-轉(zhuǎn)折 process研究過(guò)程 such research---general and fundamental are sought for被追求表示狀語(yǔ)：with complete secrecy until:直到 industries:各個(gè)行業(yè) where…..---表原因 chance discoveries:偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn) part：作用 they do---chance discoveries highly predictable高度可預(yù)測(cè)性 go to達(dá)到 such….that如此,以至于 nature本性，特點(diǎn) for instance 比如說(shuō)（插入語(yǔ)） have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries….. 他們有極大困難獲得專業(yè)的科普書籍 difficulty=trouble have a difficulty=unwilling to do sth. they are unwilling to 他們不想這樣做 enter進(jìn)入，簽名sign簽名=have sth. done have taken out借書 for fear(虛擬)唯恐，擔(dān)心 trace蹤跡 have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做….. I have a difficulty shopping with you.(強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性) =I am unwilling to shop with you.(更強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀性) as 作為 for fear唯恐（一見這個(gè)詞，就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣） in case , lest+(should ) do so as not to (口) trace=find:發(fā)現(xiàn) trace the route:尋覓蹤跡 undertaking(=carry out) 從事 Cheshire:郡=county to such an extent 達(dá)到如此的效果 The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher.
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking. weigh 起作用 (1) 稱重：I weigh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight. How much do you weight? What is your weight? (2)起作用：It weighs much.這相當(dāng)重要=matters (3)對(duì)誰(shuí)有利： weigh in favor of be weighed in favor of load in favor of be loaded in favor of (4)對(duì)誰(shuí)不利：be weighed against load/be loaded against The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant.(被告) 原告：plaintiff effectiveness 成效 work.,effective(有效果的) efficient高效的 effect：come into effect, take effect in so far as 因此 since, in that, as for as sb, is concerned 贊成：sgree ,support ,stant by your side inquiry 調(diào)查研究 investigation(case) examination(有癥結(jié)所在作為前提) check(不清楚有無(wú)毛病) research(科研) inquiry into(scientific, a case) inquire into sth. inquire about(formal) inquire after sb. considerably相當(dāng)?shù)?程度詞 considerate:體貼的， 考慮周到的 sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative considerable+sth. I make considerable money.(=substantial) positive 確實(shí)的 The result is positive. His words are positively right. 只做程度副詞 He is positive in the class.(活躍、積累) positive:成陽(yáng)性的 patent 獲得…專利權(quán) My invention is patented. I’ll/I’d like to paten my invention. 獲得：take out a patent 專利局 patent office 專利人：patentee 專利權(quán)許可者 (adj.)明顯的，顯著的=obvious It is patent that he loves the girl. seek for 尋求 seek for freedom seek truth seek for true love seek for justice seek after(指人) 過(guò)去分詞:sought He is much sought after. 搶手 紅得發(fā)紫 The book is sought after.暢銷 chance 偶然性的 It is my chance discovery.隨便得到 chance companion萍水相逢 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there. extent 程度 to some extent /degree agent 情報(bào)人員 be likely to…可能會(huì)….. it+possible it/sb.+likely 可能性：likelihood Two factors:兩個(gè)因素 weigh against:不利 heavily-副詞 effectiveness:效果 給出主題句 general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性 atmosphere:氛圍，氣氛 it-research One …,the other the tack of freedom of the individual research worker. 只有并列結(jié)構(gòu)可以省掉謂語(yǔ) My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse. lack of freedom 沒有自由度(個(gè)體區(qū)別) general atmosphere(大環(huán)境) research worker:研究者 In so far as 由于，因?yàn)?主語(yǔ)it-resarch limit=prewent:阻止，限制 engaged in---后置定語(yǔ) limit from :阻止 contact 交流 effective有效的 fellow scientists同行 often enough 平凡 firm公司 contact with保持聯(lián)系 (v.) contact me (n.)keep contact with me touch keep in tuch vary變化=is diffient It varies from one family to another. be of 結(jié)構(gòu) general普遍的，基礎(chǔ)的 fundamental基礎(chǔ)的 such…..that a positive advantage-主語(yǔ) to them 對(duì)他們而言 it---not to keep them secret(形式主語(yǔ)) be open to any advice and suggestion yet-轉(zhuǎn)折 process研究過(guò)程 such research---general and fundamental are sought for被追求表示狀語(yǔ)：with complete secrecy until:直到 industries:各個(gè)行業(yè) where…..---表原因 chance discoveries:偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn) part：作用 they do---chance discoveries highly predictable高度可預(yù)測(cè)性 go to達(dá)到 such….that如此,以至于 nature本性，特點(diǎn) for instance 比如說(shuō)（插入語(yǔ)） have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries….. 他們有極大困難獲得專業(yè)的科普書籍 difficulty=trouble have a difficulty=unwilling to do sth. they are unwilling to 他們不想這樣做 enter進(jìn)入，簽名sign簽名=have sth. done have taken out借書 for fear(虛擬)唯恐，擔(dān)心 trace蹤跡 have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做….. I have a difficulty shopping with you.(強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性) =I am unwilling to shop with you.(更強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀性) as 作為 for fear唯恐（一見這個(gè)詞，就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣） in case , lest+(should ) do so as not to (口) trace=find:發(fā)現(xiàn) trace the route:尋覓蹤跡 undertaking(=carry out) 從事 Cheshire:郡=county to such an extent 達(dá)到如此的效果 The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher.